基于协整分析的安徽省能源消费碳排放库兹涅茨曲线

碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线研究,能预判碳排放拐点出现时间,可揭示出经济发展与碳排放之间的动态关系。依据IPCC碳排放计算方法,以能源消费数据为基础,对安徽省1995—2010年碳排放及碳排放强度进行了动态测度,借助EKC模型简化式构建了安徽省碳排放总量、人均碳排放量、碳排放强度的EKC模型,基于协整OLS回归方法对安徽省碳排放、碳排放强度EKC曲线进行了探析。结果表明:安徽省碳排放总量由1995年的4420.58×104t增加到2010年的11913.32×104t,人均碳排放量由1995年的0.74t增加到2010年的1.74t,均呈持续增长态势,碳排放总量,而碳排放强度由1995年的每万元2.44t持续下降至2010年的0.97t。安徽省碳排放EKC曲线呈N型,通过作散点图并添加趋势线表明,N型关系非常微弱,短期内EKC曲线不存在拐点,拐点出现时间为2027年;安徽省碳排放强度EKC曲线也呈N型,通过作散点图并添加趋势线表明,N型关系也非常微弱,短期内EKC曲线不存在拐点,而呈递减趋势;安徽省人均碳排放量不支持EKC曲线。研究结果有利于了解未来碳排放态势,从而为制定出相应的减排政策提供依据。     

苏州市经济增长与工业污染物排放的关系：EKC如何

基于对苏州市1991—2005年经济增长与工业污染物排放之间关系的研究,选用多种函数对苏州市的环境库兹涅茨(EKC)曲线进行估计,并分析原因.结果表明：苏州市的EKC曲线不具有典型特征;经济规模增长对苏州工业污染增加的贡献十分显著,产业结构调整因素还未产生明显环境效益,技术减排作用突出;与GDP增加相比, 工业污染排放增量较为缓和.环境政策总体上具有成效,但苏州经济增长与工业污染排放关系仍未呈现良性态势.苏州要实现经济增长和污染削减的双赢,必须进一步优化产业结构,大力推进节能减排,加大环境保护投资力度,实行最严格的环境与产业政策,突破传统倒U型EKC曲线,实现新型的倒V型EKC曲线.     

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的EKC检验

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是国家重大发展战略。运用黄河流域29个市2007-2017年的面板数据，对黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的关系进行了EKC检验。结果显示，流域内污水处理厂集中处理率和生活垃圾无害化处理率的EKC曲线呈"N"型，一般工业固体废物综合利用率的EKC曲线呈"倒U"型，工业废水排放量和工业SO₂排放量的EKC曲线呈"倒N"型。黄河流域生态保护的人均GDP拐点出现在11.8-14.4万元/人，截止到2017年，各市均未跨过第一拐点，由此可见，该区域生态保护力度及经济高质量发展水平均有待提升。政府部门应继续加大生态保护力度，防止出现污染排放与经济共同增长的现象；同时，应促进人口集聚和发展服务业以抑制生态污染排放并提高污染处理率。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的我国大气污染防治重点区域环境空气质量与经济增长关系研究

改革开放以来，中国经济迅猛发展，但大气污染等环境问题日益突出。进入21世纪，我国通过颁布实施多项大气污染防治政策，将京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区等大气污染较严重的区域划定为重点区域，针对性制定治污措施和实施减排工程，努力推动区域环境空气质量改善。基于2000-2019年我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）（以下简称31个省份）GDP，以及SO₂、PM₁₀、NO₂三项大气污染物浓度数据，利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC，Environmental Kuznets Curve）模型，对31个省份和京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区的经济增长情况、大气污染物浓度演变以及二者之间的关系进行了系统全面的分析评估。研究结果显示：（1）近年来实施的各项大气污染防治政策，特别是2013年以来颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》，推动环境空气质量改善的同时，促进了经济发展与环境保护长期关系协调性逐步增强，除NO₂浓度呈U型外，31个省份SO₂浓度、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP的EKC曲线呈倒U型和倒N型，并处于快速下降阶段。（2）京津冀及周边地区SO₂浓度与人均GDP呈倒U型，且处于快速下降阶段；PM₁₀和NO₂浓度均呈现U型关系，且均处于上升期。（3）长三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP呈现倒U型和U型，但均处于下降阶段；NO₂浓度与人均GDP无相关关系。（4）珠三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀和NO₂浓度与人均GDP均呈现倒U型关系，且均处于下降阶段。为此，建议"十四五"期间我国政府要继续实施新一轮的大气污染防治行动计划，聚焦机动车NO_x污染管控，大力推动NO₂浓度稳步下降，以实现我国环境空气质量持续改善，为统筹经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护奠定坚实基础。     

西部地区中心城市碳排放与经济发展关系研究——以西安市为例

以西安市为研究对象, 通过拟合人均碳排放与人均GDP的线性关系以检验其是否符合环境库兹涅茨曲线。选取1997—2016年规模以上工业企业9种能源消费量计算得到的人均碳排放数据, 并绘制时间序列曲线。时间序列曲线具有波动式上升的特征, 但近年来处于明显的下降阶段; 通过拟合人均碳排放与人均GDP之间的关系, 发现二者之间呈现倒“U”型曲线关系, 西安市人均碳排放与人均GDP之间的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线, 并且碳排放随着经济的发展已经超过峰值, 说明随着人均GDP增长环境污染已有所改善。结合同期GDP总量、城镇化水平、产业结构及其变化以及技术进步系数进行了灰色关联分析, 表明人均碳排放与这些指标均存在相当的关联度。     

“世博”背景下上海经济与环境的耦合演化

综合运用社会经济统计与环境监测数据,揭示了"世博"背景下,上海城市内部经济发展和环境保护关系的耦合演化特征。结果发现,2002-2010年各区县经济差异明显扩大。在总体差异中,主要表现为主城区内部和郊区内部差异,主城区和郊区间的差异较小;2006年后,主城区内部差异贡献进一步增加,郊区内部差异贡献开始下降,但各区环境质量有明显改善。2006年和2010年经济环境耦合关系都满足环境库兹涅兹曲线规律,但2010年拐点处的经济水平与环境质量都明显优于2006年,各区县分布格局差异较大。研究揭示了经济结构调整与全球化、多层次城市规划体系以及世博会影响是区域经济差异及环境库兹涅茨曲线演化的主要驱动因素。建议快速发展的城市应该加速产业转型升级、发挥产业布局与城市规划作用、抓住举办城市重大活动机遇,优化经济环境耦合关系,实现城市的可持续发展。     

耦合生态系统服务供求关系的生态安全格局动态分析——以闽三角城市群为例

实现分区管理是缓解城市群生态安全空间差异的有利途径。基于供求理论构建了生态系统服务供求关系动态模型框架,并利用供给与需求的象限区划表征闽三角城市群生态安全格局;在不同的尺度变换上,运用价值单量修正模型、INVEST生境质量模型、景观指数模型、生态韧性模型、熵权法等方法综合测度城市群生态系统服务供求水平,实现生态安全格局的分区化;引入环境库兹涅茨曲线理论解析区域生态安全格局现状和成因;数据分析借助Arc GIS可视化表示。研究发现:(1)闽三角城市群存在50%区域属于生态安全高供给失衡区,其中70%属漳州市境内;32.14%属于高需求失衡区,集中于市辖区与沿海地区;17.86%属于双维度失衡区;未存在单元位于双维度共赢区上。(2)区域生态系统服务供给颇佳而需求滞后,城市群东南沿海区域与周边区域格局差异明显,供给(需求)呈现由沿海向内陆梯次增(减)的空间分异规律。(3)城市群尚处于生态安全库兹涅茨曲线的"两难阶段",同时导致了城市群生态安全格局空间异质性的产生。     

辽河流域辽宁段水环境演变与流域经济发展的关系

以流域为单元进行社会经济发展与环境保护调控,是实现可持续发展的有效途径,因此以流域为单元开展社会经济发展与水环境变化相互作用的研究方兴未艾。运用多元线性回归分析,选取社会经济指标(第一产业生产总值、第二产业生产总值、年末总人口)为自变量,水质指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)为因变量定量研究了2001—2010年辽河水环境演变与流域内社会经济发展之间的关系;并采用经济增长指标(人均GDP)、水环境指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)作为模型中指标,进行了环境库兹涅茨曲线模拟与分析。根据研究结果推断:第二产业生产总值、人口是影响辽河水质化学需氧量浓度变化的社会经济重要因素,影响氨氮浓度变化的因素众多;辽河流域经济增长与水环境之间的关系曲线不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。随着经济快速增长,应在开展工业点源污染达标排放控制的同时,加强农业面源污染的治理力度。     

北京市环境污染水平和经济增长关系的计量模型

选取1992-2008年北京市主要环境污染物排放量作为北京市的环境污染水平表征指标,以人均GDP表示经济发展水平,通过分析北京市主要环境污染物的排放量与人均GDP之间的关系并建立计量模型,以此探究北京市的经济发展对与环境质量的影响.研究表明,北京市1992-2008年的人均GDP和主要污染物排放量之间的关系可以用EKC曲线进行描述,而且目前的北京部分污染物如工业废水、工业COD、石油类、工业烟尘等的排放量随着人均GDP的增加呈显著下降的趋势,表明现在主要污染物的排放量均已越过拐点,北京市进入经济与环境协调发展的阶段.分析其因为,主要得益于研究时段内北京市产业结构大力调整、环境污染治理投资增加和严格的环境管理政策等多项措施的综合实施.基于过去的经验分析,北京市在发展经济的同时,应该进一步深化调整产业结构,减少工业生产污染物排放并加强环境政策的制定和实施力度,才能保证经济进一步发展的同时使环境得到持续改善.     

煤电一体化开发对锡林郭勒盟环境经济的影响

国家“十二五”规划确定将在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟建设国家重点大型煤电基地.煤电一体化开发将大大地推动锡盟的区域经济发展,但也可能会对这一典型草原地区和重要生态屏障地区的生态环境造成不利影响.采用物料平衡法和指数增长模型对2001-2009年锡林郭勒盟SO2排放量与人均GDP做了相关性分析,发现二者关系基本符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,呈较缓和倒U型曲线,拐点在人均GDP35000-40000元,目前已过曲线拐点,SO2排放量缓步下降.对锡盟煤电一体化开发情景下(2012-2020)的SO2排放及人均GDP进行预测,结果显示SO2排放量将随经济发展呈上升趋势,表明煤电一体化开发会使环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点后延,虽然到2020年SO2排放量仍然没有超出区域大气环境容量,但将接近环境容量极限,会给当地环境带来明显压力;基于以上判断,进而从制度、技术、市场三方面出发,探讨了促进锡盟煤电一体化产业建设与环境保护协调发展的对策.     

Economic growth and environmental impacts: An analysis based on a composite index of environmental damage

The conflict between economic growth and the environment is complex and sharper today than ever before. Indeed, the relationship between economic growth and the sustainability of ecosystems has been extensively discussed in the literature, but the results remain controversial.This paper reviews the use of single and composite indicators of environmental damage and questions whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis sufficiently mirrors the relationship between economic growth and ecological damage. Ecological Indicators are relevant when they potentially inform society about ecological developments in a reliable way. We use the modified composite index of environmental performance (mCIEP) to measure environmental damage, and GDP per capita to represent economic growth. The econometric model is developed using panel data composed of 152 countries and a period of 6 years. The model is estimated for the full sample, for three different sets of countries, by level of development, and a decomposition analysis is carried out, which corresponds to the study of the CIEP individual dimensions.Our results reveal that, at present, the EKC hypothesis is not proved. We conclude that it is critical to be clear that economic growth alone is not enough to improve environmental quality. Therefore, creating a consistent, coherent and effective environmental policy framework is essential in order to improve environmental quality that supports wellbeing and enables long-term economic development.     

Environmental Kuznets curve estimation for NO2 emission: A case of Indian cities

Interaction between environmental degradation and economic growth is a growing matter of interest among policymakers. Here we have estimated environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for 139 Indian cities considering NO₂ emissions. Study has been done for 2001–2013, and the data have been segregated by residential and industrial areas, and as well as low, medium, and high income areas. By virtue of different forms of EKC being found, policy level decisions have been designed. Moreover, non-rejection of EKC hypothesis reemphasized the impact of growth catalyzing economic policy decisions on environment.     

Estimation of environmental Kuznets curve for SO2 emission: A case of Indian cities

Interaction between environmental degradation and economic growth is a growing matter of interest among policymakers. Here we have estimated Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for 139 Indian cities considering SO₂ emissions. Study has been done for 2001–2013, and the data have been segregated by residential and industrial areas, and as well as low, medium, and high income areas. By virtue of different forms of EKC being found, policy level decisions have been designed. Moreover, non-rejection of EKC hypothesis reemphasized the impact of growth catalyzing economic policy decisions on environment.     

Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation

This study investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ninety-three countries were examined, categorized by income. The fixed effects and the generalized method of moments results clearly showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between the ecological footprint and GDP growth, which represents the EKC hypothesis in upper middle- and high-income countries but not in low- and lower middle-income countries. This relationship only occurs in a stage of economic development in which technologies are available that improve energy efficiency, energy saving and renewable energy, which are not accessible for countries with low income due to their high cost. Moreover, energy consumption, urbanization, and trade openness increase environmental damage through their positive effect on the ecological footprint of most countries across all income groups. However, financial development reduces environmental degradation in lower middle-, upper middle- and high-income countries. This relationship confirms that loans from banks are primarily given to firms that establish investments in projects that are mostly environmentally friendly. From the results of this study, a number of recommendations can be provided for the investigated countries.     

Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Asian countries

The aim of this study is to test the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 14 Asian countries spanning the period 1990–2011. We focused on how both income and policies in these countries affect the income–emissions (environment) relationship. The GMM methodology using panel data is employed in a multivariate framework to test the EKC hypothesis. The multivariate framework includes: CO₂ emissions, GDP per capita, population density, land, industry shares in GDP, and four indicators that measure the quality of institutions. In terms of the presence of an inverted U-shape association between emissions and income per capita, the estimates have the expected signs and are statistically significant, yielding empirical support to the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.     

The linkages between deforestation,energy and growth for environmental degradation in Pakistan

This study explores the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Pakistan using time series data from 1980–2013 with deforestation as an indicator (dependent variable) for environmental degradation, and four independent variables (economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and population) were also examined. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and the VECM–Granger causality test were applied. The results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables both in long- and short-run paths. However, the diminishing negative impact of economic growth on deforestation in the long-run confirms the EKC hypothesis for deforestation in Pakistan. Moreover, economic growth and energy consumption Granger cause deforestation. A bidirectional causal effect is detected between economic growth and energy consumption, however, in the long-run, economic growth and trade openness Granger cause energy consumption. This study was designed with several significant tests to ensure the reliability of results for policy use and to contribute to future studies on the environment-growth-energy nexus.     

Estimating the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint at the global level: A spatial econometric approach

The national ecological footprint of both consumption and production are significantly spatially autocorrelated at global level. This violates the assumption of independently distributed errors of most conventional estimation techniques. Using a spatial econometric approach, this paper re-examine the relationship between economic growth and environmental impact for indicator of ecological footprint. The results do not show evidence of inverted U-shape Environmental Kuznets Curve. The domestic ecological footprint of consumption (or production) was obviously influenced by the ecological footprint of consumption (or production), income and biocapacity in neighborhood countries. We also found that the consumption footprint is more sensitive to domestic income, while production footprint is more sensitive to domestic biocapacity, which is often unnoticed in EKC hypothesis analyses that focus exclusively on the consumption-based or production-based indictors.     

Analysis of relationship between Beijing's environment and development based on Environmental Kuznets Curve

Urbanization nowadays is a very important driving force for China's social and economic development, but the resource shortage and pollution accompanied have troubled China especially in the urban areas. As the capital of China, Beijing is a mega-city and densely populated. Its development and prosperity is supported by a large amount of material consumption, rendering a severe shortage of natural resources and serious pollution. Underlying the premise of maintaining its development and prosperity, Beijing is facing an enormous challenge in dealing with heavy pollution load. Therefore, it is a very important step to decouple the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution. This paper makes a study on the relationship between the economic growth and pollution load for Beijing based on the analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC) which builds an econometric model using data over the period 1990–2014. We found the intensity of most pollutants have arrived at the turning point around 2006 while the total amount of most emissions remain at a high level, this is a favorable initiation for the transforming the development patterns as it has begun to decouple the pollution intensity and economy. Based on the statistics, this paper further analyzes the driving factors behind the active change. We found that the adjustment of industrial structure, a reasonable city planning, powerful measures in pollutants control and technology advance, contribute a lot to the transformation. Especially in the recent years, Beijing and correlative regions took joint measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, which have an apparent functions. Finally, this paper proposes several suggestions for Beijing to decouple the economic growth and environmental pollution load, based on these important conclusions.