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1.
对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草(Kobresiapygmaea)草甸、矮嵩草(K.humilis)草甸、藏嵩草(K.tibetica)沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示:Wi=Ki/(1+exp(Ai-Bit))植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为368.4gm-2a-1、418.5gm-2a-1和518.4gm-2a-1,所固定的太阳能值依次为6655.16kJm-2a-1、7610.09kJm-2a-1、9488.77kJm-2a-1。光能利用率分别为0.1097%、0.1256%、0.1568%。  相似文献   

2.
生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系及其机制是生态学领域的重大科学问题. 人们越来越关注环境因子对多样性-生产力关系的影响. 植物群落组成、物种丰富度、物种特征、生物量的分布结构和植物枯枝落叶对高寒草甸物种多样性和生产力有着重要的影响. 因此, 我们利用2001~2004年中国科学院海北生态系统定位站高寒草甸群落的实测资料, 研究了不同环境梯度(土壤含水量和营养)下, 植物群落生物量, 物种丰富度及组成的变化. 结果表明, 植物群落物种组成的不同反应在生物量的分布上, 以藏嵩草为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落总生物量(地上、地下)最高(13196.96±719.69 g/m2), 次之是以杂类草和莎草科为主的小嵩草草甸(2869.58±147.52 g/m2), 以禾本科和杂类草为主的矮嵩草草甸最低(2153.08±141.95 g/m2). 藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中, 草本植物枯枝落叶显著高于小嵩草、矮嵩草草甸, 土壤含水量对草本植物枯枝落叶有较大的影响. 不同类型草甸群落中, 地上生物量与土壤有机质、全氮和群落盖度之间均呈显著正相关(P < 0.05); 藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中, 总生物量与物种丰富度呈负相关(rs = -0.907, P < 0.05)、地下生物量与土壤含水量呈正相关(rs = -0.900, P < 0.05); 而在小嵩草和矮嵩草草甸中它们之间均没有达到显著水平, 说明不同类型高寒草甸群落生产力除受物种多样性、功能群内物种密度和均匀度的影响, 同时也受物种本身特征和外部环境资源的影响. 不同类型草甸群落生物量的分布与土壤含水量和土壤养分的变化相一致.  相似文献   

3.
三种嵩草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18       下载免费PDF全文
本文利用Levins和Pianka公式,在多维生态因子梯度上测定了海北地区高寒草甸三种嵩草(Kobresia)群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:三种嵩草群落中优势种群的生态位宽度都较大,其中小嵩草(K.pygmaea)在土壤水势、光照强度和坡向等三维因子上的生态位宽度分别是0.918、0.896和0.910;矮嵩草(K.humilis)和藏嵩草(K.tibetlca)在土壤水势维上的生态位宽度分别是0.875和0.866;植物种如具有较大的生态位,则种间的生态位重叠亦较高;植物种对间若有相似的生物学-生态学特征,生态位重叠有降低的趋势;小嵩草和矮嵩草在三维上的重叠值分别是0.671、0.719和0.686;某些杂类草与优质牧草之间存有较大的重叠,这主要与长期过度放牧、优良牧草受到抑制以及生境退化有关。  相似文献   

4.
在青藏高原多年冻土广泛分布的风火山地区,选择小嵩草(Kobresia pygmea)草甸和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸为研究对象,采用开顶增温室(Open top chambers, OTCs)模拟气候变暖,探讨模拟增温对土壤水分差异的两种草甸地下生物量及根系功能性状的影响。结果显示,(1)增温显著增加小嵩草草甸0—20 cm根系生物量,主要是由于表层(0—10 cm)根系生物量显著增加,而对藏嵩草沼泽化草甸根系生物量无影响。(2)增温显著增加了小嵩草草甸根组织密度,同时提高了藏嵩草沼泽化草甸10—20 cm的比根长和比根面积(3)增温降低了小嵩草草甸的根系碳含量及10—20 cm根系氮含量,增加了藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的碳含量及10—20 cm根系氮含量,显著提高了小嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸深层(10—20 cm)根系碳氮比。这些结果预示着增温使得土壤水分较低的小嵩草草甸朝着资源保守的慢速生长型发展,以适应暖干化的环境;土壤水分较高的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸朝着资源获取的快速生长型发展,加速利用土壤中的养分满足植物生长需要。可见,土壤水分可以调节高寒草甸对气候变暖的演变趋势,强调了水分的重要性。  相似文献   

5.
 对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、矮嵩草(K.humilis)草甸、藏嵩草(K.tibetica)沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示: Wi=Ki/(1+exp(Ai-Bit)) 植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为368.4g·m-2·a-1、418.5g·m-2·a-1和518.4g·m-2·a-1,所固定的太阳能值依次为6655.16kJ·m-2·a-1、7610.09kJ·m-2·a-1、9488.77kJ·m-2·a-1。光能利用率分别为0.1097%、0.1256%、0.1568%。  相似文献   

6.
土壤线虫是良好的指示生物, 是植物群落演替的重要驱动力, 其生态功能影响着生态系统正常生态效应的发挥。该研究以海北矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、西藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸、暗褐薹草(Carex atrofusca)沼泽化草甸和金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛4种不同植物群落类型的土壤线虫为研究对象, 研究不同植物群落类型下的土壤线虫群落组成、分布特征、物种多样性及其营养类群组成, 分析植物类群结构与土壤线虫群落之间的相关性。主要研究结果: (1)在4种植物群落土壤样本中共分离线虫3 800条, 分属于2纲5目15科30属, 线虫平均个体密度为每100 g干土580条, 随土壤深度增加而递减, 具有明显的表聚性。不同植物群落间的土壤线虫群落组成存在一定差异, 矮生嵩草草甸0-40 cm土壤线虫总数(1 811条·392.5 cm-3)显著高于其他植物群落类型, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的土壤线虫总数最少(324条·392.5 cm-3)。4种植物群落下土壤线虫的优势属和营养类群组成存在差异, 这种差异在矮生嵩草草甸与暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸之间表现得尤为明显。 (2)不同植物群落下土壤线虫的多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)均为金露梅灌丛最高, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最低, 其两种植物群落间H′差异显著, 而优势度指数(λ)相反, 为暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最高, 金露梅灌丛最低。表明金露梅灌丛土壤线虫群落多样性最高, 暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸土壤线虫群落多样性最低, 土壤线虫群落趋于单一化。4种植物群落土壤有机质的分解途径均以细菌通道为主。西藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)显著高于矮生嵩草草甸, 表明从高寒沼泽化草甸过渡到高寒灌丛、高寒草甸, 土壤肥力不断降低, 沼泽化草甸有利于食微生物线虫的生长。暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)、成熟度指数(MI)均表现为最低, 表明其生态系统的成熟度较低, 这与暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸土壤含水量较高有关。不同植物群落下的富集指数(EI)、结构指数(SI)均为暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸最高, 由此可以看出暗褐薹草沼泽化草甸的食物网相对连通性较高, 食物链较长, 食物网的阻力相对较小。(3)主成分分析(PCA)结果显示4种植物群落最大贡献属不同。相关性分析表明: 食细菌性线虫数量与西藏嵩草沼泽化草甸有显著的正相关关系; 金露梅灌丛的植物多样性与线虫的H′J′有显著的负相关关系, 与λ则有显著的正相关关系; WI与矮生嵩草草甸的植物多样性有显著的正相关关系, PPI与矮生嵩草草甸的物种多样性指数有显著的负相关关系。综上所述, 植物群落深刻地影响着土壤线虫群落的多样性。  相似文献   

7.
高寒草甸不同草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系研究   总被引:33,自引:3,他引:30  
生态系统的结构和功能、生物多样性与生产力的关系问题是近年来群落生态学中研究的中心问题,其中,生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式,用4种不同草地类型探讨自然群落的物种多样性与生产力关系.结果表明,矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落中物种多样性与生产力的关系呈线性增加关系,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中线性增加关系不显著,这表明群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响.不同的环境资源和环境异质性是形成群落结构特征、物种多样性分布格局差异的主要原因之一.  相似文献   

8.
对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草草甸,矮嵩草草甸,藏嵩草沼经草甸地下生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年示动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具有明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示:Wi=Ki(1+exp(Ai-Bit)植物群落地上,地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。  相似文献   

9.
对不同类型草地功能群多样性和组成与植物群落生产力之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)在矮嵩草(Kobresia humlis)草甸和金露梅(Potentilla froticosa)灌丛中,豆科植物的作用比较明显,而其他功能群植物的作用较弱。(2)在藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸和小嵩草(K.pygmaca)草甸中,虽然杂类草、C3植物和莎草科植物功能群的生产力占群落初级生产力的比例较大,但二者在统计上没有显著性差异,这表明群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响,更主要的是受到功能群内物种密度和均匀度的影响,即功能群组成比功能群多样性更能说明对生态系统过程的影响。(3)不同类型草地群落植物功能群盖度与群落初级生产力呈显著的线性相关。(4)不同类型草地群落生产力与功能群内物种数的变化均表现为单峰曲线关系,即功能群内物种数处于中间水平时,群落生产力最高。  相似文献   

10.
人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
随着人类活动干扰(放牧)的增加,青藏高原高寒嵩草甸的退化演替过程依次为禾草-矮嵩草群落、矮嵩草群落、小嵩草群落和杂类草-黑土滩4个阶。其中小嵩草群落又可划分为草毡表层加厚、开裂与塌陷3个子阶段。采用时空转换的方法,研究了人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响。结果表明,随着人类干扰强度的增加,植物群落地上部分有机碳储量逐渐降低,由禾草-矮嵩草群落的(134.7±17.3)gC/m2逐渐降低到杂类草-黑土滩次生裸地(18.96±6.18)gC·m-2。土壤、植物地下部分有机碳贮量呈单峰曲线变化,草毡表层开裂子阶段最高,分别为(49.7±0.83)gC·kg-1和(3596.7±179.8)gC·m-2。;杂类草-黑土滩阶段最低,分别为(19.2±1.13)gC·kg-1和(121.6±6.1)gC·m-2。受植物地下部贮碳的影响,土壤-植被系统呈现逐渐降低的变化特征。随人类活动干扰的加强,高寒嵩草草地植物有机碳地下/地上分配比发生巨大改变,草地草毡表层厚度不高于4.3cm是保证草地生产与生态服功能双赢的重要指标。  相似文献   

11.
Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.  相似文献   

12.
心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。  相似文献   

13.
J.Michael Gould  S. Izawa 《BBA》1974,333(3):509-524
1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e2 = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H2O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H+ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H+ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O2 evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O2 evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O2 evolution and H+ uptake yield an H+/e ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H+/e ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H+ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, Pi and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H+/e ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H2O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e2) and proton uptake (H+/e) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.  相似文献   


14.
Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.  相似文献   

15.
The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.  相似文献   

16.
RUTH MACKLIN 《Bioethics》2010,24(5):211-217
Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.  相似文献   

17.
Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.  相似文献   

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19.
用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
用离散量的方法,对2208个分辨率在2.5I以上的高精度的蛋白质结构中四类超二级结构进行了识别。从蛋白质一级序列出发,以氨基酸(20种氨基酸加一个空位)和其紧邻关联共同为参数,当序列模式固定长取8个氨基酸残基时,对“822”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到78.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到76.7%;当序列模式固定长取10个氨基酸残基时,对“1041”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到83.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到79.8%。  相似文献   

20.
Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H++2e at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.  相似文献   

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