三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载能力综合评价

从湿地水资源、土地资源、水环境、生物资源等多方面入手，研究湿地生态系统的承载能力，采用分级评价方法，建立分级评价指标和承载模式，评价了沼泽湿地生态系统的生态弹性度、资源与环境承载力和承载压力度。利用基于加速遗传算法的层次分析技术确定承载模型的权重，计算得出的排序权值具有结果稳定、计算精度高的特点。应用到三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载力的综合评价中，结果表明整个三江平原大部分生态系统处于中稳、较高承载、中低压区。这说明三江平原生态承载能力比较高，人口压力不大，但要进一步提高生态承载能力，则需改善沼泽湿地生态环境，提高水资源利用效率。     

贵州麻若平台泥炭藓沼泽中泥炭藓持水特性及其与土壤营养元素关系研究

泥炭藓属（Sphagnum）植物的持水特性在泥炭湿地形成过程中起着重要作用,研究其与土壤营养元素之间的关系有助于地区湿地保护和退化湿地的修复。以贵州麻若平台分布的泥炭沼泽为对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析和冗余分析等方法对沼泽内泥炭藓的生物量、蓄水量、吸水率和土壤营养元素含量等进行研究。结果显示,该区域泥炭藓物种组成主要包括狭叶泥炭藓（Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh.）、多纹泥炭藓（Sphagnum multifibrosum X.J.Li&M.Zang）和卵叶泥炭藓（Sphagnum ovatum Hampe.）3种,狭叶泥炭藓为优势种,占泥炭藓总盖度的87.2%。沼泽中泥炭藓的生物量为（0.62 ±0.01）kg/m²,自然蓄水量为（9.42 ±0.45）kg/m²,饱和吸水率达1827.41%±34.56%,说明泥炭藓具有很强的持水能力。RDA分析表明,泥炭藓的生物量、饱和吸水量和饱和吸水率主要受沼泽土壤总钾、总磷、有效磷、有效氮、有效钾的影响,泥炭藓的鲜重、自然蓄水量和自然吸水率受土壤pH和水位的影响较大。泥炭藓的生物量、饱和蓄水量、饱和吸水率与土壤总钾含量呈正相关,与土壤总磷、有效磷、总钾、有效氮、总氮、有机质含量呈负相关,说明土壤总磷、有效磷、有效钾、有效氮、总氮、有机质对沼泽中泥炭藓的持水能力具有抑制作用。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散发估测

2006年5—9月，利用涡度相关技术对三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散发进行了连续观测，在分析生长季内沼泽湿地蒸散发时间动态的基础上，采用Penman-Monteith（PM）和Priestley-Taylor（PT）模型分别模拟了沼泽湿地的日蒸散发，并利用实测值对两种模型的模拟精度进行了验证.结果表明：生长季内（5—9月），研究区沼泽湿地蒸散发具有明显的季节变化，月均日蒸散量在5月最低、7月最高；生长季内平均蒸散发为1.94 mm·d^-1，总蒸散量293 mm.生长季前期和后期，与蒸散发实测值相比，PM模型的模拟值存在明显低估现象；PT模型模拟值与实测值在整个生长季内的一致性较好，且PT模型的形式简单、所需参数少，更适于沼泽湿地的蒸散发模拟.     

浙江四明山沼泽湿地植物功能性状研究

为理解浙东亚高山沼泽湿地不同植物的生态策略，收集了浙江四明山12种典型沼泽湿地植物，对其主要功能性状进行了统计比较。结果表明：(1)不同沼泽湿地植物功能性状变异程度不同，变异系数(CV)最大为叶片密度(216.16%),最小为相对叶绿素含量(22.84%),平均变异为112.86%。(2)叶周长分别和叶面积、叶干重、叶长和叶长宽比呈显著正相关(P<0.05);叶形指数与叶面积、叶长、叶长宽比和叶片密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);棘刺与比叶面积呈显著正相关(P<0.05);生活史与相对叶绿素含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);根状茎或匍匐茎与叶形指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05);生活型与异形叶性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。(3)17项功能性状主成分分析(PCA)的前3大主成分累计贡献率达到71.47%,可综合表征和概述为：植物叶片的质量和大小(35.72%)、对水分和氮素的吸收(18.74%)、植物抵御草食动物的能力和强光下的自我保护能力(17.01%)。(4)物种-功能性状排序图结合UPGMA聚类分析均支持将12种植物划分为2个功能组，第1功能组包...     

若尔盖高原退化沼泽群落植物多样性及种间相关性沿排水梯度的变化

植物多样性与种间相关性是植物群落生态学和生物多样性研究的核心问题, 然而有关二者之间关系的综合研究尚不多见。该文以若尔盖高原排水干扰下不同退化阶段的沼泽湿地植被为研究对象, 应用Spearman秩相关、回归分析等方法, 分析了沼泽植物群落物种多样性和种间相关性的变化及二者相互关系。结果表明: 沿排水梯度, 从相对原生沼泽至极度退化沼泽, 不同植物种群均有其特定的生态分布范围; 群落总种数、样方物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Whittaker指数均单调增加; 植物种间相关强度增加; 正相关种对比例呈逐渐增加的趋势, 以极重度和极度退化阶段的较高, 相对原生沼泽和轻度退化阶段的较低, 负相关种对比例的变化趋势与之相反; Shannon-Wiener指数与正负相关种对比例均具有显著线性关系(p < 0.05), Whittaker指数均无显著关系(p > 0.05)。人为排水作用通过提高群落生境异质性, 促进正相关种对的共存, 增加沼泽群落植物多样性。     

洪河国家级自然保护区最小生态需水量与补水分析

湿地生态水文及其水资源优化配置已成为湿地研究中的重大科学问题之一.该研究基于湿地最小生态水位,以湿地静态补水与动态补水的定量方法,对洪河国家级自然保护区湿地最小生态需水量进行估算.研究结果表明:洪河湿地最小生态水位为51.5 m,静态需水量1863×104 m3,动态补水方案为1级补水量867.4×104 ～ 1518.0×104 m3/月,2级补水量693.9×104 ～ 1214.4×104 m3/月,3级补水量520.4×104 ～ 910.8×104 m3/月,4级补水量173.5×104 ～ 303.6×104 m3/月,5级补水量0.0×104 m3/月.研究确定的最小生态水位具有一定科学性,湿地生态水位提高30cm,能够为该区湿地植被群落的水生演替提供适宜生境.该研究结果可为其他湿地自然保护区的科学、有效管理提供理论依据.     

1954-2015年三江平原沼泽湿地变化的区域分异及影响因素

以湿地变化较为剧烈的三江平原为研究区域,结合GIS和RS技术,利用动态度、景观指数和地理探测器模型,在流域尺度上对1954-2015年三江平原沼泽湿地变化的区域分异及影响因素进行定量分析。结果表明：1954-2015年,三江平原各流域沼泽湿地面积呈现减少趋势,其中挠力河流域和同抚流域沼泽湿地面积丧失最多,安邦河流域、萝北流域和倭肯河流域沼泽湿地丧失速率较快;三江平原各流域沼泽湿地格局变化特征具有一定的差异性,倭肯河流域沼泽湿地斑块的集中化程度逐渐增强且破碎化程度逐渐减少,其他流域沼泽湿地的集中化程度逐渐减弱且破碎化程度增加,各子流域沼泽湿地斑块之间的连接性和稳定性均呈下降趋势,其中安邦河流域下降幅度最大,最能表现三江平原各子流域沼泽湿地景观格局变化的指数是斑块密度;人为干扰是影响三江平原各子流域沼泽湿地变化的主要因素,自然因素中对沼泽湿地变化影响最大的是地形地貌,其次是气温和降水量。     

贵州麻若平台泥炭藓沼泽中泥炭藓持水特性及其与土壤营养元素关系研究

泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物的持水特性在泥炭湿地形成过程中起着重要作用,研究其与土壤营养元素之间的关系有助于地区湿地保护和退化湿地的修复。以贵州麻若平台分布的泥炭沼泽为对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析和冗余分析等方法对沼泽内泥炭藓的生物量、蓄水量、吸水率和土壤营养元素含量等进行研究。结果显示,该区域泥炭藓物种组成主要包括狭叶泥炭藓(Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh.)、多纹泥炭藓(Sphagnum multifibrosum X. J. LiM. Zang)和卵叶泥炭藓(Sphagnum ovatum Hampe.) 3种,狭叶泥炭藓为优势种,占泥炭藓总盖度的87.2%。沼泽中泥炭藓的生物量为(0.62±0.01) kg/m~2,自然蓄水量为(9.42±0.45) kg/m~2,饱和吸水率达1827.41%±34.56%,说明泥炭藓具有很强的持水能力。RDA分析表明,泥炭藓的生物量、饱和吸水量和饱和吸水率主要受沼泽土壤总钾、总磷、有效磷、有效氮、有效钾的影响,泥炭藓的鲜重、自然蓄水量和自然吸水率受土壤pH和水位的影响较大。泥炭藓的生物量、饱和蓄水量、饱和吸水率与土壤总钾含量呈正相关,与土壤总磷、有效磷、总钾、有效氮、总氮、有机质含量呈负相关,说明土壤总磷、有效磷、有效钾、有效氮、总氮、有机质对沼泽中泥炭藓的持水能力具有抑制作用。     

沼泽湿地主要类型英文词汇内涵及辨析

沼泽湿地是最主要的湿地类型,对于维持全球生态平衡与生态安全具有极其重要的作用。与其他类型湿地相比,沼泽湿地具有生态系统的高度多样性和结构复杂性,类型划分更为困难,这导致许多学者在进行沼泽湿地研究时研究对象对应的英文用词不当,混用、误用现象普遍,严重影响科学研究成果的传播和正确使用。通过查阅大量国内外湿地研究领域权威学术资料,并结合野外实际工作经验,本文阐述沼泽湿地主要类型的英文词汇(swamp,marsh,peatland,bog,fen等)的内涵,并将相近的沼泽湿地类型两两对比,简明扼要地揭示其主要的区分特征。在以上工作的基础上,阐明造成沼泽湿地主要类型英文词汇混淆的主要原因为:1)不同国家或地区间的语言差异;2)不同国家或地区的文化和研究习惯差异;3)部分沼泽湿地自身的独特性难以明确区分;4)不同时期对沼泽湿地的认识不同。本研究结果能够为从事湿地科学研究及管理的相关人员提供一定的科学依据,更好地促进湿地科学领域研究成果的正确、广泛传播。     

北方典型沼泽湿地高低土壤水分下植物群落特征

北方沼泽湿地在水源供给、缓解水土流失、遏制草地沙化等方面具有重要作用,明确其植物群落物种组成和多样性特征对提升其生态系统服务功能具有重要意义。目前,在北方地区开展大尺度湿地植被调查的研究仍相对较少。土壤水分是驱动植物群落发展的主导环境因素之一,为了解高低土壤水分背景下湿地植物群落特征差异及关键驱动要素,对我国7个北方典型沼泽湿地的植物群落物种组成及多样性特征进行了调查,分析了植物群落物种组成及多样性特征与环境因子的关系,以及沼泽湿地植物群落内克隆植物的分布特征。研究结果发现不同沼泽湿地的植物群落物种组成和多样性差异显著,但无明显的地带性分布规律,物种分布呈现区域性。群落物种多样性受降水、温度、土壤养分等多种环境因素的共同影响。沼泽湿地高低土壤水分背景下植物群落的物种组成和多样性差异显著,低土壤水分下植物群落物种多样性指数显著高于高土壤水分下植物群落。低土壤水分下物种多样性主要受降水和总氮影响,而高土壤水分下物种多样性主要受温度和总磷的影响。高土壤水分下克隆植物物种数和盖度在沼泽湿地植物中占有较高的比例,表明克隆植物比非克隆植物更适应高土壤水分环境。研究结果表明了7个沼泽湿地植被的区域性...     

Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in mitigated and natural wetlands

Many wetlands have been constructed in West Virginia as mitigation for a variety of human disturbances, but no comprehensive evaluation on their success has been conducted. Macroinvertebrates are extremely valuable components of functioning wetland ecosystems. As such, benthic and water column invertebrate communities were chosen as surrogates for wetland function in the evaluation of 11 mitigation and 4 reference wetlands in West Virginia. Mitigation wetlands ranged in age from 4 to 21 years old. Overall familial richness, diversity, density and biomass were similar between mitigation and reference wetlands (p > 0.05). Within open water habitats, total benthic invertebrate density was higher in reference wetlands, but mass of common taxa from water column samples was higher in mitigation wetlands (p < 0.05) Planorbidae density from benthic samples in emergent habitats was higher in reference than mitigated wetlands. Benthic Oligochaeta density was higher across open water habitats in mitigation wetlands. All other benthic taxa were similar between wetland types. Among the most common water column orders, Isopoda density was higher in reference wetlands, but Physidae density was higher in mitigation wetlands. Within mitigation wetlands, emergent areas contained higher richness and diversity than open areas. These data indicate that mitigation and reference wetlands generally support similar invertebrate assemblages, especially among benthic populations. The few observed differences are likely attributable to differences in vegetative community composition and structure. Mitigation wetlands currently support abundant and productive invertebrate communities, and as such, provide quality habitat for wetland dependent wildlife species, especially waterbirds and anurans.     

Hydrologic similarity to reference wetlands does not lead to similar plant communities in restored wetlands

Few wetland restoration projects include long‐term hydrologic and floristic data collection, limiting our understanding of community assembly over restored hydrologic gradients. Although reference sites are commonly used to evaluate outcomes, it remains unclear whether restoring similar water levels to reference sites also leads to similar plant communities. We evaluated long‐term datasets from reference and restored wetlands 15 years after restoration to test whether similar water levels in reference and restored sites led to vegetation similarity. We compared the hydrologic regimes for three different wetland types, tested whether restored wetland water levels were different from reference water levels, and whether hydrologic similarity between reference and restored wetlands led to similarity in plant species composition. We found restored wetlands had similar water levels to references 15 years after restoration, and that species richness was higher in reference than restored wetlands. Vegetation composition was similar across all wetland types and was weakly correlated to wetland water levels overall. Contrary to our hypothesis, water table depth similarity between restored and reference wetlands did not lead to similar plant species composition. Our results highlight the importance of the initial planting following restoration and the importance of hydrologic monitoring. When the restoration goal is to create a specific wetland type, plant community composition may not be a suitable indicator of restoration progress in all wetland types.     

Indicators for contaminant transport in wetlands

Wetlands provide significant ecological services for urban regions in terms of water supply, wastewater treatment, flood storage, drought resistance, etc. For wetland flows, it is crucial to understand the process of contaminant transport as it provides scientific support for applications associated with various urban services. Two indicators respectively as the critical length and duration are frequently adopted for risk assessment of incidental release of toxic or contaminant cloud. This paper presents a review on recent progresses in the analytical study of contaminant transport in wetland flows by Taylor dispersion at the phase-average scale. The method of concentration moments is introduced. Analytical procedures for determining the key quantity of Taylor dispersivity are given for typical wetlands with free water surface, respectively as the steady flow wetlands, tidal flow wetlands, and the two-layer flow wetlands. As an example of applications, critical length and duration of the contaminant cloud in the steady flow wetlands are analyzed based on the obtained Taylor dispersivity. Results show that in contrast to the temporary, localized influence of COD on water quality, the heavy metal Pb can give rise to more severe damage.     

State and management of wetlands in Bangladesh

Wetlands are a vital link between land and water in Bangladesh. A majority of the people of Bangladesh are critically dependent on wetlands. In this paper, the values of wetlands, causes and effects of wetlands degradation, as well as the present wetlands management approach, are analyzed and recommendations for wetlands management are suggested based on participatory rural appraisal (PRA), field visit, personal experience, and existing literature and information. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of ecosystems, but wetlands habitat of Bangladesh is under constant threat due to increase of population, intensive agriculture, overfishing, siltation, pollution, ill-planned infrastructures, lack of institutional coordination, lack of awareness, etc. As a result biodiversity is reducing, many species of flora and fauna are threatened, wetlands-based ecosystem is degenerating, and the living conditions of local people are deteriorating as livelihoods, socioeconomic institutions, and cultural values are affected. Wetlands management is not addressed separately in water management activities of Bangladesh. In order to balance human needs and wetlands conservation, a mainly community-based wetlands management approach has been taken in Bangladesh, but this is not enough to prevent the degradation of wetlands. Therefore, Bangladesh now needs a comprehensive strategy combining political, economic, social, and technological approaches to stop further degradation of wetlands. Therefore, wetlands management should be incorporated into a system of integrated land and water use and, indeed, into the socioeconomic system of the country. Policies, strategies, and management plans for sustainable use and conservation of wetlands of Bangladesh must be based on solid knowledge and understanding of their ecological and socioeconomic functions and processes.     

水深对塘堰湿地水力性能的影响

塘堰湿地因其良好的生态性能而被广泛用于水稻灌区的排水净化,由于湿地的水力性能及净化效果受到诸多因素影响,客观认识这些因素的作用机理有助于提高湿地设计和运行管理的质量.本文通过示踪剂试验探讨了不同水深（20、40、60 cm）对塘堰湿地水力特性的影响.结果表明： 随着湿地水深的减小,湿地的有效容积率从0.421增加到0.844,水力效率从0.281增加到0.604;在水深较小时（20和40 cm）,湿地前半部分的有效容积率达到0.9以上,明显优于湿地整体情况,湿地前半部分的水流混合情况高,接近于完全混合流.通过对原始示踪曲线的标准化分析发现,矩分析参数与水力参数有较好的数值一致性,水力参数与不受尾部截断误差影响的矩指数之间具有良好的一致性.塘堰湿地水深较小时有利于提高湿地的水力性能,试验结果可为今后塘堰湿地的优化设计提供参考.     

鄱阳湖湿地水位变化的景观响应

根据《湿地公约》和《全国湿地资源调查技术规程(试行)》关于湿地内涵和界定条件,利用现代遥感技术和地理信息技术,提取鄱阳湖湿地面积为3886km²。在此基础上,利用多时段遥感影像,分析了湿地在相似水位条件和不同水位条件下的景观变化。结果表明,在相似水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化主要表现为居民地和裸地面积增加,水域面积变化不明显;在不同水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化比较显著。景观变化驱动力分析表明,湿地水位变化是湿地景观变化的主要因素。     

红树林生态系统服务功能研究综述

红树林湿地是热带亚热带地区陆地生态系统向海洋生态系统过渡的重要生态系统,具有重要的生态环境服务功能。由于其特殊的生态功能和较高的经济、社会价值,近年来成为湿地生态学研究的热点。本文对红树林生态系统在生产有机物、维持热带亚热带河口生态系统、降低风速以及海水流速、防治和减轻灾难、截留碎屑形成陆地、保护海堤、吸附污染物净化水体、提供多种生境、维护生物多样性,以及形成优美的环境开展生态旅游等几个方面的生态服务功能进行了综述,旨在为红树林资源的保护与合理利用提供参考。同时指出,对红树林的上述生态服务功能的内在生态学过程与效应及其价值评估尚需要开展更深入的研究。     

基于CiteSpace的湿地恢复研究进展

由于人类活动、气候变化等影响,全球湿地退化不断加剧,关于湿地恢复的相关研究也越来越多,但缺乏系统的文献梳理,对研究领域的热点演变特征及发展趋势认识不足。基于文献计量学软件CiteSpace.5.5R2及中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science核心数据库检索的文献数据,对湿地恢复领域的发文量、作者群、发文机构、文献共被引、高频关键词及突现等进行可视化分析。结果表明：(1)国内外关于湿地恢复研究的发文量总体上均呈现增长趋势,2008年之后发文量均显著提升,国内研究较国外晚了近10年,但发展迅速,国际影响力提升较快;(2)国外主要研究机构包括United States Geological Survey、Louisiana State University、University Florida、University Wisconsin等,均为美国机构,形成了以William JM-John WD、Zedler JB、Jos TA Verhoeven-Leon P M Lamers、Jeffrey WM等核心研究团队;国内以中国科学院、北京师范大学、中国林业科学研究院为主,形成了崔保...