谈两种马鞭草科植物

豆腐柴(Premna microphylla)和化石树(Clerodendrum japonicum)都是马鞭草科(Vebenaceae)植物,前者属臭黄荆属(Premna)、后者属赪桐属(Clerodendrum) 一、豆腐柴,又名豆腐木,多年生灌木,叶有臭味,分布于华东、中南、西南各省区,生山坡林下,其叶可制豆腐。夏秋之际,采摘其叶片,加水揉成汁,再用纱布滤浆,在滤过的绿色汁液中,加少量草木灰水,即可制成开胃、清凉解毒的绿色豆腐。以此豆腐生拌辣酱食用,风味独特,素油煮食,则鲜香可口。生化分析表明,叶片中含有30%左右的果胶,这是能被做成豆腐的主要原因。它是提取果胶的理想材料。叶片蛋白质含量     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆（Vitex simplicifolia）模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆（V.negundo）并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆(Vitex simplicifolia)模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆(V.negundo)并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

豆腐柴的开发与利用

一、概述豆腐柴Premna microphylla Turez,又名臭黄荆、豆腐木、腐婢。属马鞭草科多年生落叶灌木。豆腐柴的鲜叶或干叶经加工后,可提取果胶、蛋白质、脂肪等,广泛用于食品工业,化工、医药方面的添加剂。加工后的残渣或鲜叶可直接用作牲畜的补充饲料。除此之外,其根、叶性味“苦、微辛、凉”是治疗疮、痢疾、肝火头痛、毒蛇咬伤,无名肿毒、创     

臭曲霉(Aspergillus foetidus)启动子H8片段克隆及其序列

使用原核及真核菌通用的挑选启动子克隆载体pJGI,从臭曲霉菌体总DNA中分离到具有较好活性的启动子H8片段。根据Southern blot证明该启动子来自臭曲霉菌;H8全片段DNA序列分析结果表明其含有7 50bp,内含典型真核启动子功能序列(TA TA box)及增强子GTGG：TTTAAAG的相似序列,分析证实是一个新的臭曲霉启动子。初步实验表明该启动子不但在臭曲霉菌内有启动功能;并第一次证明来自臭曲霉菌的启动子在原核细胞中也具有启动子活性,能够表达完整的Lacz基因。     

不同坡度下植物散流-过滤带对地表股流氮磷的消除效果

在植物过滤带前设置0.8~1.2 m宽的散流带,能提高过滤带对地表股流中氮、磷营养物质的去除,发生明显增效作用。之前研究均基于平缓的坡度(4%~6%),对较倾斜坡度,设置散流带是否具有增效作用尚不清楚。研究通过在黄荆(Vitex negundo)过滤带前设置五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)散流带,观测五节芒-黄荆和纯黄荆过滤带在5%、10%、15%坡度下对氮、磷的消除,探讨散流带在不同坡度下对过滤带的增效作用。结果表明:五节芒-黄荆和黄荆过滤带对总氮、铵氮、硝氮、总磷的去除均随坡度的增加而减小,在15%坡度下的去除效率最低;3种坡度下,五节芒-黄荆对总氮、铵氮、硝氮、总磷的消除均极显著(P0.01)或显著性(P0.05)高于黄荆过滤带,表明在较大坡度下(10%、15%),五节芒散流带对黄荆缓冲带的增效作用仍然存在。研究结果能深化植物散流-过滤带水质保护功能的认识,为农业非点源污染管理提供启示。     

凹耳臭蛙消化系统解剖学及组织学观察

对凹耳臭蛙Odorrana tormota消化系统进行了解剖学及组织学观察。消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠,末端开口于泄殖腔。肝脏和胰腺为消化腺。消化道管壁的组织结构均为4层结构,由管腔向外依次为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜。胃黏膜层中含有许多胃腺,可明显分为腺颈部和腺体部。小肠含有十二指肠腺,直肠含有直肠腺。肝脏发达,分为左、中、右3叶,肝小叶界限不明显。胰腺中的腺泡由腺细胞围成。凹耳臭蛙肠全长与头体长之比为0.44～0.91,是迄今为止报道的无尾两栖类中最小的。     

黄荆叶提取液抑菌作用的研究

用黄荆叶的乙醇提取物对 6种细菌、2种酵母菌、3种霉菌三大类微生物进行抑菌实验 ,得出其最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。由结果推断出黄荆叶提取物不失为一种良好的天然抗菌剂 ,可添加于食品和药物中     

中国黄荆属一新种

中国黄荆属一新种林秉南,王苏文（连云港经济技术开发区绿化公司,２２２０４７）（连云港海滨公园,２２２０４２）关键词黄荆属,单叶黄荆ＡＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＶＩＴＥＸＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＬｉｎＢｉｎｇｎａｎ（ＬｉａｎｙｕｎｇａｎｇＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ＆Ｔ...     

多效唑对不同立地条件下黄荆生长及生理特征的影响

该试验以绿化卷材为基质材料,对沙场、渣场和混凝土屋面3种立地条件下生长的黄荆进行不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400mg·L~(-1))多效唑处理,研究根施多效唑对黄荆生长和生理特征的影响以及不同立地环境的应用差异。结果显示:(1)随多效唑浓度升高,3种立地类型黄荆株高和生物量呈降低趋势,冠幅、基径、叶面积、根幅、主根长和主根径呈减小趋势,叶片长宽比和根冠比表现出增大的趋势;多效唑处理使黄荆叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,使丙二醛含量下降。(2)不同立地条件下黄荆对多效唑处理的表现具有一定差异,隶属函数法综合评价显示,对沙场、渣场和屋面3种立地类型的黄荆生长调控效果最佳的多效唑浓度分别为400mg·L~(-1)、300mg·L~(-1)、100mg·L~(-1)。(3)当多效唑浓度在渣场和屋面分别为400、300mg·L~(-1)时,黄荆叶片开始受到伤害,对多效唑的耐受阈值表现为沙场渣场屋面。研究认为,多效唑可有效调控黄荆的形态和生物量分配,增强细胞渗透调节和抗氧化损伤能力,从而提高黄荆的抗逆性和环境适应性,但在应用时应考虑不同立地背景的差异,因地制宜地选择使用浓度和用量,使其更好地应用于人工植被恢复与建设。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效分析

目的：分析激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法：将120例处于增殖期血管瘤患儿分成观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗,对照组采用激光治疗,比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果：观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．7％和66．7％,两组比较具有显著差异,P〈0．05;对于表浅病灶,观察组治疗的有效率为96．8％,对照组为84．8％,两组之间无差异,P〉0．05;对于深部病灶,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．6％和44．4％,具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤具有较好的疗效,尤其对深部增殖期的血管瘤具有较好的效果,适合在临床推广应用。     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes

The availability of multiple, complete eukaryotic genome sequences allows one to address many fundamental evolutionary questions on genome scale. One such important, long-standing problem is evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes. Analysis of orthologous genes from completely sequenced genomes revealed numerous shared intron positions in orthologous genes from animals and plants and even between animals, plants and protists. The data on shared and lineage-specific intron positions were used as the starting point for evolutionary reconstruction with parsimony and maximum-likelihood approaches. Parsimony methods produce reconstructions with intron-rich ancestors but also infer lineage-specific, in many cases, high levels of intron loss and gain. Different probabilistic models gave opposite results, apparently depending on model parameters and assumptions, from domination of intron loss, with extremely intron-rich ancestors, to dramatic excess of gains, to the point of denying any true conservation of intron positions among deep eukaryotic lineages. Development of models with adequate, realistic parameters and assumptions seems to be crucial for obtaining more definitive estimates of intron gain and loss in different eukaryotic lineages. Many shared intron positions were detected in ancestral eukaryotic paralogues which evolved by duplication prior to the divergence of extant eukaryotic lineages. These findings indicate that numerous introns were present in eukaryotic genes already at the earliest stages of evolution of eukaryotes and are compatible with the hypothesis that the original, catastrophic intron invasion accompanied the emergence of the eukaryotic cells. Comparison of various features of old and younger introns starts shedding light on probable mechanisms of intron insertion, indicating that propagation of old introns is unlikely to be a major mechanism for origin of new ones. The existence and structure of ancestral protosplice sites were addressed by examining the context of introns inserted within codons that encode amino acids conserved in all eukaryotes and, accordingly, are not subject to selection for splicing efficiency. It was shown that introns indeed predominantly insert into or are fixed in specific protosplice sites which have the consensus sequence (A/C)AG|Gt.     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

Evaluation of new biomarkers of stress in saliva of sheep

Some routine handling procedures can produce stress in farm animals, and an adequate control of these stressors is important to avoid the negative effects on animal health and production. The measurement of biomarkers in saliva can be a suitable tool for the evaluation and control of stress. In this report, lipase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total esterase (TEA) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in the saliva of sheep were evaluated as biomarkers of stress. For this purpose, they were measured after inducing stress by facing a dog (experiment 1) and shearing (experiment 2), and comparing them to other stress salivary biomarkers such as α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol, as well as heart rate (HR). Each analyte was measured at the basal time, and during and just after the end of the stressful stimulus, and at various times for the first hour after the period of stress induction. Values were compared with those obtained from a control group. Lipase was the only analyte that showed significant changes between the stress and the control group in both experiments. Although TEA and ADA increased after stress, no significant differences were seen compared with the control group. Lipase was correlated highly with sAA and HR, in experiment 1; and correlated moderately with cortisol and HR in experiment 2. Lipase showed the greatest percentage increase after the stressful stimuli and less overlap with the control group in the two experiments. From the results of this study it can be concluded that lipase, TEA, BChE and ADA are enzymes present in the saliva of sheep and that they can be measured by using simple and fast colorimetric methods. Further studies should be undertaken with regard to the possible application of lipase as a biomarker of stress in sheep.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.