种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田后土壤中Bt蛋白的变化及其对土壤养分的影响

在大棚水泥池内种植两个Bt玉米(5422Bt1和5422CBCL)及其同源常规玉米5422,研究了种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田过程中根际土、根围土、3层根外土(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)中Bt蛋白含量的时空动态特征及其对土壤养分含量的影响．结果表明： 种植Bt玉米和常规玉米后,根围土(种植后90 d)和3层根外土(种植后30、60和90 d)中均检测到少量的Bt蛋白(含量<0.5 ng·g^-1),在Bt玉米5422Bt1和5422CBCL根际土中则分别检测到1.59和2.78 ng·g^-1的Bt蛋白．玉米秸秆还田后,Bt蛋白能在3 d内快速降解,在还田后第7天只检测到少量的Bt蛋白．与常规玉米5422相比,种植Bt玉米5422Bt1 90 d后根围土和3层根外土中有机质、速效养分(碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾)和全量养分(全氮、全磷和全钾)含量均没有显著差异;5422Bt1秸秆还田60 d后0～20 cm土层的有机质和全氮含量显著升高,速效钾含量显著降低,而其他养分指标则没有显著差异,20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层的所有养分指标均没有明显差异．种植Bt玉米5422CBCL后根围土中仅速效磷含量显著低于种植常规玉米5422,但0～20 cm土层中全磷含量显著提高,其他养分指标均没有差异;还田5422CBCL秸秆后仅0～20 cm土层的速效磷含量显著高于常规玉米5422．研究结果表明,通过玉米根系分泌和秸秆分解进入土壤的Bt蛋白不会在土壤中累积,对养分含量也基本没有显著影响.
     

大田环境下转Bt基因玉米对土壤酶活性的影响

在大田自然条件下,比较研究了转Bt基因玉米和非转基因亲本玉米在种植和秸秆分解时对土壤酶活性影响的差异。结果表明,与亲本非转基因玉米相比,在各生育期内种植转Bt玉米对土壤蛋白酶和土壤脲酶活性均没有显著影响;在喇叭口期和抽雄期,土壤蔗糖酶和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高。在秸秆还田后,两种玉米秸秆对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响没有显著差异,但使用转Bt玉米秸秆的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶和土壤蛋白酶的活性则有显著提高。与亲本玉米相比,在所有观测期内,种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,在影响的幅度及趋势上随玉米生育期和土壤酶种类的不同而产生差异,但没有观测到显著不利影响;商业化Bt玉米的环境释放仍有待长期定位观测和评价。     

玉米秸秆还田配施生防放线菌S024对麦田土壤微生物及小麦纹枯病的影响

采用大田人工接种的方法,研究了玉米秸秆不同还田量以及玉米秸秆还田与生防放线菌S024同时施用对麦田土壤微生物、小麦纹枯病和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量;秸秆还田同时施用生防菌,拔节期土壤放线菌数量与不还田(对照)相比,平均增加50%,土壤中小麦纹枯病菌的数量与对照相比减少了20%。秸秆还田处理在拔节期对小麦纹枯病有较好的防病效果,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田(9000kg.hm-2)处理的防病效果最好,病情指数减退率达57.4%。玉米秸秆还田对小麦有一定增产作用,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田处理增产幅度最大,增产23.1%。     

秸秆还田与施肥对土壤酶活性和作物产量的影响

通过大田定位试验,在小麦-玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种‘西农889’和玉米品种‘郑单958’为供试作物,采取不施肥秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆还田(S)、秸秆还田+腐熟有机肥(SM)、秸秆还田+氮肥(SN)、秸秆还田+氮肥+磷肥(SNP)共5种处理,对不同处理下土壤电导率、蔗糖酶活性和脲酶活性的动态变化及作物产量进行了研究。结果显示:(1)秸秆还田后土壤的电导率变化呈先上升后下降趋势,不同处理间周年电导率平均值表现为SNP>SN>SM>S>CK,且差异显著。(2)秸秆还田配合施用氮肥处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性和脲酶活性最高,蔗糖酶活性最大值(70.62mg.g-1.d-1)为对照的1.36倍,脲酶活性最大值(3.58mg.g-1.d-1)比对照提高了9.15%。(3)土壤有机碳含量在S、SM处理之间差异不显著,而S、SM处理与CK、SN、SNP处理之间差异显著,SM处理比对照处理提高了8.91%。(4)土壤全氮含量在不同处理之间差异显著,并以SNP处理最高,其次是SM处理,S、SN处理再次之,且SNP、SM、S、SN处理土壤全氮含量分别比对照提高了19.8%、11.1%、9.88%和7.41%。(5)秸秆还田处理的作物产量显著高于CK,并以秸秆配施氮磷肥处理的小麦产量最高,比CK提高了50.6%;秸秆配施氮肥处理的玉米产量最高,比CK提高了34.3%。研究表明,秸秆还田配施有机肥、无机肥可以有效促进有机物矿质化,显著增加土壤养分含量,增强土壤酶活性,提高土壤有机碳含量,从而促进作物增产。     

Bt抗虫棉秸秆还田对土壤养分特征的影响

【目的】研究转基因作物秸秆或残茬还田可能对土壤养分特性造成的影响。【方法】以不同抗虫水平Bt棉花和常规棉花(泗棉3号)为研究材料,分别在经过一、二个生长周期后将秸秆机械粉碎后原位还田,40 d后测定分析土壤中Bt蛋白含量及肥力相关的养分含量变化。【结果】Bt棉秸秆还田后,所有品种棉花土壤中Bt蛋白含量与还田前无显著增加,且转Bt基因棉与非转基因棉还田对土壤Bt蛋白含量的影响并无显著差异。同时,棉秸秆还田可显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全磷和全钾含量,提升土壤pH值;增加幅度在不同抗虫水平Bt棉花间及与非转基因常规棉花品种间皆无显著性差异。【结论】秸秆还田对土壤肥力的提升与Bt棉的抗虫水平无关。“转Bt基因”不成为Bt棉秸秆还田提高土壤肥力的限制性因素,其秸秆还田不会对土壤肥力质量产生负面影响,可使土壤养分含量增加,有效提升土壤肥力。秸秆原位还田简单、无害又提升肥力,有条件作为转Bt基因植物秸秆无害化处理的理想方式。     

秸秆集中深还田对设施连作土壤微生物区系和甜瓜根系生长的影响

为解决设施土壤的连作障碍,以开沟起垄的方式,研究不同秸秆深还田对连作土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及甜瓜根系生长的影响。结果表明:秸秆深还田2年后可以改善连作土壤的酸碱度,显著提高土壤有机质含量,其中玉米秸秆还田有机质含量可达17.08 g·kg·~(-1),比对照处理提高12.8%;同时还明显提高了土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶等活性,加快了设施土壤中矿质元素的释放,土壤中速效钾、速效磷含量也有所增加,而碱解氮含量则有所降低。与对照相比,秸秆还田丰富了连作土壤中微生物数量,尤其是玉米秸秆还田处理的连作土壤微生物数量最多,比对照增加了30.1%,连作土壤中细菌和放线菌数量增加,但连作土壤中的真菌数量降低。秸秆深还田显著提高了甜瓜根系鲜重和根系活力,其中玉米秸秆还田的根系鲜重和根系活力分别为8.3 g·plant~(-1)和70.4μg·g~(-1)FW;总之,设施连作土壤秸秆开沟起垄深还田显著改良了设施土壤,促进甜瓜根系生长,其中玉米秸秆还田效果较好,其次是花生秸秆。     

Bt玉米秸秆杀虫蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓酶活性的影响

Bt玉米分泌的Bt蛋白可通过秸秆还田、根系分泌、花粉飘落等途径进入土壤.本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加5%或7.5%的Bt玉米及其同源常规玉米秸秆饲养赤子爱胜蚓,分别于7、14d后检测蚯蚓总蛋白含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.结果表明:同一玉米品种,同一秸秆添加量处理下,与培养7d相比,培养14d的蚯蚓总蛋白含量下降,AchE、CAT和SOD酶活性提高,GSH-PX酶活性降低.同一培养时间、同一秸秆添加量处理下,与常规相比,Bt玉米培养的蚯蚓SOD活性提高,AchE和GSH-PX活性下降,总蛋白含量和CAT活性无显著变化.表明Bt玉米秸秆处理对蚯蚓总蛋白没有抑制作用,能降低AchE和GSH-PX活性,对CAT没有诱导作用,但在短时间内能诱导蚯蚓SOD酶活性.     

玉米秸秆还田和耕作方式对小麦养分积累与转运的影响

以冬小麦品种‘烟农19’为材料,于2008～2009年在淮北砂姜黑土区,设置玉米秸秆不还田(CK)和玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田——翻埋还田(HM)、旋耕还田(HX)、覆盖还田(HG)4种处理方式,通过大田试验研究玉米秸秆全量还田和耕作方式对小麦干物质和氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响。结果显示:(1)小麦成熟期籽粒是干物质和养分的主要积累器官,其次为茎秆和叶片;在成熟期,籽粒积累的干物质、氮、磷、钾素分别占地上部总积累量的43.31%～46.13%、75.14%～76.83%、75.79%～77.99%、12.37%～12.82%。营养器官花前贮藏干物质和养分的转运量以叶片最高,其次为茎秆和颖壳;营养器官转运干物质和氮、磷、钾素对籽粒的贡献率分别为30.40%～36.54%、81.86%～86.10%、65.34%～74.83%、98.91%～125.85%。(2)玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田处理的小麦干物质和养分积累量与营养器官转运量均显著高于玉米秸秆不还田处理;玉米秸秆还田后不同耕作方式中,玉米秸秆全量覆盖还田处理的小麦籽粒干物质积累量和营养器官干物质转运量显著高于其它耕作方式,但氮、磷、钾的积累量和转运量在各耕作方式间差异均不显著。研究表明,在本试验条件下,在砂姜黑土区玉米秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田处理更有利于小麦群体养分的积累与转运。     

秸秆不同还田方式对棕壤N_2O排放和土壤理化性质的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究秸秆炭化还田和直接还田对棕壤旱田氧化亚氮(N2O)排放和相关土壤理化性质的影响。试验设单施化肥(对照CK)、化肥+玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、化肥+玉米秸秆炭化还田(BC)3个处理,各处理均施用等量化肥。结果表明:(1)各处理土壤N2O排放量差异显著,表现为CKCSBC,BC和CS处理分别比CK降低38.9%和24.0%;(2)BC处理N2O排放强度显著降低,分别比CS和CK处理降低35.0%和39.2%,而CS与CK处理N2O排放强度差异不显著;(3)CS和BC处理均可显著降低土壤容重和氨氧化潜势,增加土壤p H、速效钾和有机碳含量;(4)相关分析结果表明,N2O排放量与土壤温度、土壤容重和氨氧化潜势均呈显著正相关,与土壤p H、硝态氮含量和土壤有机碳含量呈负相关。     

麦秸还田对隔茬冬小麦根系及叶片衰老的影响

对麦秸翻压还田后隔茬冬小麦根系活力、旗叶叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及光合速率等衰老指标进行了测定分析.结果显示,(1)小麦秸秆还田后可显著促进各时期根系的生长并显著提高小麦根系活力,且根系在30cm处土壤中的分布增加;(2)冬小麦生育后期叶片叶绿素以处理Ⅲ(6 000 kg/hm2)的降解速度(18%)最慢,旗叶光合速率在灌浆期和蜡熟期以处理Ⅲ为最高,旗叶丙二醛含量以处理Ⅲ最低,比对照(Ⅰ)低6.78 mmol·g-1FW,丙二醛含量与光合速率呈显著负相关.研究结果表明,适量秸秆还田对接茬玉米的产量影响不显著,但可显著延缓隔茬冬小麦的衰老并显著提高产量,在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区以6 000 kg/hm2的小麦秸秆量还田较适宜.     

Seed mixtures as a resistance management strategy for European corn borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein

Dispersal of neonate European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in seed mixtures of transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bt+) and nontransgenic corn (Bt-) was evaluated in a 2-yr field study. The main objective was to determine if larval dispersal limits the effectiveness of seed mixtures as a resistance management strategy. Mixtures evaluated included (1) all Bt+ plants, (2) every fifth plant Bt- with remaining plants Bt+, (3) every fifth plant Bt+ with remaining plants Bt-, and (4) all Bt- plants. The transformation events MON 802 (B73 BC1F2 x Mol7) and MON 810 (B73 BC1F1 x Mo17), which express the Cry1Ab endotoxin isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, were used as the sources of Bt+ seed in 1994 and 1995, respectively (YieldGard, Monsanto, St. Louis, MO). At corn growth stage V6-V8, subplots within each mixture (15-20 plants each) were infested so that every fifth plant in mixtures 1 and 4, every Bt- plant in mixture 2, and every Bt+ plant in mixture 3 received two egg masses. Larval sampling over a 21-d period indicated increased neonate dispersal off of Bt+ plants, reduced survival of larvae that dispersed from Bt+ plants to Bt- plants, and a low incidence of late-instar movement from Bt- plants to Bt+ plants. Computer simulations based on mortality and dispersal estimates from this study indicate that seed mixtures will delay the evolution of resistant European corn borer populations compared with uniform planting of transgenic corn. However, resistant European corn borer populations likely will develop faster in seed mixes compared with separate plantings of Bt and non-Bt corn.     

Life history traits of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in eastern North Carolina.

Transgenic varieties of field corn that express the CrylAb B. thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in ear tissue present the potential of reducing ear feeding by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and for reducing the size of populations of the insect infesting other host crops. Life history parameters of H. zea feeding on ears of conventional and Bt field corn varieties were measured in field plots in eastern North Carolina in 1997 and 1998. Transformation events investigated were Mon-810 and Bt-11. Bt corn was found to cause a steady mortality of larvae during development, but permitted approximately 15-40% survival to the prepupal stage compared with non-Bt corn. Mortality of prepupae and pupae from Bt corn was also higher than from non-Bt corn, reducing overall adult production by 65-95%. The larvae that did survive grew more slowly on Bt than on non-Bt corn, and produced pupae that weighed 33% less. Pupation and adult eclosion were delayed by 6-10 d by feeding on Bt corn ears. Corn varieties expressing Bt in ear tissue have the potential to reduce H. zea ear feeding by up to 80%, and the potential to reduce populations emerging from ear-stage corn fields to infest cotton, soybean and other crops by around 75%. To have a measurable effect on area-wide populations, Bt corn varieties would need to be planted in large proportions of corn fields. Extensive planting of varieties such as those tested here, having only moderate effects on H. zea, would raise concerns about rapid evolution of resistance.     

Life history attributes of Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Angoumois grain moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) reared on transgenic corn kernels

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), are two globally distributed stored-grain pests. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the impact that corn (Zea mays L.) kernels (i.e., grain) of some Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) corn hybrids containing CrylAb Bt delta-endotoxin have on life history attributes of Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth. Stored grain is at risk to damage from Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth; therefore, Bt corn may provide a means of protecting this commodity from damage. Thus, the objective of this research was to quantify the effects of transgenic corn seed containing CrylAb delta-endotoxin on Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth survival, fecundity, and duration of development. Experiments with Bt grain, non-Bt isolines, and non-Bt grain were conducted in environmental chambers at 27 +/- 1 degrees C and > or = 60% RH in continuous dark. Fifty eggs were placed in ventilated pint jars containing 170 g of cracked or whole corn for the Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth, respectively. Emergence and fecundity were observed for 5 wk. Emergence and fecundity of Indian meal moth and emergence of Angoumois grain moth were significantly lower for individuals reared on P33V08 and N6800Bt, MON 810 and Bt-11 transformed hybrids, respectively, than on their non-Bt transformed isolines. Longer developmental times were observed for Indian meal moth reared on P33V08 and N6800Bt than their non-Bt-transformed isolines. These results indicate that MON 810 and Bt-11 CrylAb delta-endotoxin-containing kernels reduce laboratory populations of Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth. Thus, storing Bt-transformed grain is a management tactic that warrants bin scale testing and may effectively reduce Indian meal moth and Angoumois grain moth populations in grain without application of synthetic chemicals or pesticides.     

Cannibalism of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn versus non-Bt corn

Because of the importance of cannibalism in population regulation of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn, Zea mays L., it is useful to understand the interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn and cannibalism. To determine the effects of Bt corn on cannibalism in H. zea, pairs of the same or different instars were taken from Bt or non-Bt corn and placed on artificial diet in proximity. Cannibalism occurred in 91% of pairs and was approximately 7% greater for pairs of larvae reared from Bt transgenic corn (95%) than from non-Bt corn (88%). Also, first instar by first instar pairs had a lower rate of cannibalism than other pairs. Time until cannibalism was not different for larvae from Bt corn versus non-Bt corn. Pupation rate of cannibals and surviving victims was not different for pairs from Bt corn versus non-Bt corn. Finally, cannibalism increased pupation rate of cannibals from both Bt and non-Bt corn by approximately 23 and 12%, respectively, although the increases were not significant. Thus, negative effects of Bt on larvae were compensated by increased cannibalism in comparison with larvae reared on non-Bt corn, which increased larval survival to levels comparable with larvae reared on non-Bt plants.     

Impact of Bt corn on rhizospheric and soil eubacterial communities and on beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis in experimental microcosms

A polyphasic approach has been developed to gain knowledge of suitable key indicators for the evaluation of environmental impact of genetically modified Bt 11 and Bt 176 corn lines on soil ecosystems. We assessed the effects of Bt corn (which constitutively expresses the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis, encoded by the truncated Cry1Ab gene) and non-Bt corn plants and their residues on rhizospheric and bulk soil eubacterial communities by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of 16S rRNA genes, on the nontarget mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae, and on soil respiration. Microcosm experiments showed differences in rhizospheric eubacterial communities associated with the three corn lines and a significantly lower level of mycorrhizal colonization in Bt 176 corn roots. In greenhouse experiments, differences between Bt and non-Bt corn plants were detected in rhizospheric eubacterial communities (both total and active), in culturable rhizospheric heterotrophic bacteria, and in mycorrhizal colonization. Plant residues of transgenic plants, plowed under at harvest and kept mixed with soil for up to 4 months, affected soil respiration, bacterial communities, and mycorrhizal establishment by indigenous endophytes. The multimodal approach utilized in our work may be applied in long-term field studies aimed at monitoring the real hazard of genetically modified crops and their residues on nontarget soil microbial communities.     

Impact of Bt Corn on Rhizospheric and Soil Eubacterial Communities and on Beneficial Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Experimental Microcosms

A polyphasic approach has been developed to gain knowledge of suitable key indicators for the evaluation of environmental impact of genetically modified Bt 11 and Bt 176 corn lines on soil ecosystems. We assessed the effects of Bt corn (which constitutively expresses the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis, encoded by the truncated Cry1Ab gene) and non-Bt corn plants and their residues on rhizospheric and bulk soil eubacterial communities by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of 16S rRNA genes, on the nontarget mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae, and on soil respiration. Microcosm experiments showed differences in rhizospheric eubacterial communities associated with the three corn lines and a significantly lower level of mycorrhizal colonization in Bt 176 corn roots. In greenhouse experiments, differences between Bt and non-Bt corn plants were detected in rhizospheric eubacterial communities (both total and active), in culturable rhizospheric heterotrophic bacteria, and in mycorrhizal colonization. Plant residues of transgenic plants, plowed under at harvest and kept mixed with soil for up to 4 months, affected soil respiration, bacterial communities, and mycorrhizal establishment by indigenous endophytes. The multimodal approach utilized in our work may be applied in long-term field studies aimed at monitoring the real hazard of genetically modified crops and their residues on nontarget soil microbial communities.     

Sublethal effects of Cry 1F Bt corn and clothianidin on black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval development

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an occasional pest of maize (corn), Zea mays L., that may cause severe stand losses and injury to corn seedlings. The efficacy of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin at two commercially available rates and their interaction with a transgenic corn hybrid (Bt corn), trait expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai insecticidal toxin Cry 1Fa2, against black cutworm larvae was investigated. Clothianidin at a rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) on Bt corn increased larval mortality and reduced larval weight gains additively. In contrast, weights of larvae fed non-Bt corn seedlings treated with clothianidin at a rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) increased significantly, suggesting either compensatory overconsumption, hormesis, or hormoligosis. Both Bt corn alone and clothianidin at a rate of 125 mg kernel(-1) applied to non-Bt corn seedlings caused increased mortality and reduced larval weight gains. In two field trials, plots planted with Bt corn hybrids consistently had the highest plant populations and yields, regardless of whether they were treated with clothianidin at the lower commercial rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) The use of Bt corn alone or in combination with the low rate of clothianidin (25 mg kernel(-1)) seems suitable as a means of suppressing black cutworm in no-tillage cornfields, although rescue treatments may still be necessary under severe infestations. Clothianidin alone at the low rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) is not recommended for black cutworm control until further studies of its effects on larval physiology and field performance have been completed.     

Decomposition rates and residue-colonizing microbial communities of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein Cry3Bb-expressing (Bt) and non-Bt corn hybrids in the field

Despite the rapid adoption of crops expressing the insecticidal Cry protein(s) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), public concern continues to mount over the potential environmental impacts. Reduced residue decomposition rates and increased tissue lignin concentrations reported for some Bt corn hybrids have been highlighted recently as they may influence soil carbon dynamics. We assessed the effects of MON863 Bt corn, producing the Cry3Bb protein against the corn rootworm complex, on these aspects and associated decomposer communities by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Litterbags containing cobs, roots, or stalks plus leaves from Bt and unmodified corn with (non-Bt+I) or without (non-Bt) insecticide applied were placed on the soil surface and at a 10-cm depth in field plots planted with these crop treatments. The litterbags were recovered and analyzed after 3.5, 15.5, and 25 months. No significant effect of treatment (Bt, non-Bt, and non-Bt+I) was observed on initial tissue lignin concentrations, litter decomposition rate, or bacterial decomposer communities. The effect of treatment on fungal decomposer communities was minor, with only 1 of 16 comparisons yielding separation by treatment. Environmental factors (litterbag recovery year, litterbag placement, and plot history) led to significant differences for most measured variables. Combined, these results indicate that the differences detected were driven primarily by environmental factors rather than by any differences between the corn hybrids or the use of tefluthrin. We conclude that the Cry3Bb corn tested in this study is unlikely to affect carbon residence time or turnover in soils receiving these crop residues.     

种植转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤生物学活性的影响

采用温室盆栽实验,研究了种植转Bt基因棉（苏抗103）和同源常规棉（苏棉12）对根际土壤生物学活性的影响。结果表明：与对照常规棉相比,种植转Bt基因棉对根际土壤脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和微生物量C在各生育期均没有显著差异;土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤呼吸分别只在苗期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为25．5％）、花铃期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为21．6％）、花铃期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为36．1％）存在显著差异;土壤磷酸酶在花铃期和吐絮期活性显著下降（降幅分别为22．1％和32．9％）。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为的影响

室内研究了转cry1Ab杀虫蛋白基因的Bt抗虫玉米MON81 0和Bt1 1对亚洲玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的取食行为、取食选择性和存活率的影响。在48h的非选择性试验中玉米螟初孵幼虫在MON81 0和Bt1 1玉米心叶组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加而下降,在对照玉米上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加而上升,两者间差异极显著。初孵幼虫接虫到MON81 0和Bt1 1玉米叶片48h的累计死亡率分别为67 .5 %和47 .5 % ,而在对照玉米上死亡率均为0. 3龄幼虫在Bt和非Bt玉米穗轴组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势,第48h时在Bt和非Bt玉米上的幼虫取食率分别达到77 5 %和1 0 0 % ,差异极显著。选择性试验中,第4～48h内,初孵幼虫在Bt玉米上的幼虫取食率呈下降趋势,第48h时MON81 0和Bt1 1与各自非Bt对照的组合中初孵幼虫的累计死亡率分别为2 5 .0 %和1 7. 5 % ,二者差异不显著。3龄幼虫在Bt玉米和非Bt玉米上的幼虫取食率均随时间的延长而增加,但在非Bt玉米的幼虫取食率增加速度快,与Bt玉米差异极显著。Bt玉米对玉米螟幼虫取食有抑制和忌避作用。