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1.
弧菌在全球范围内广泛存在,弧菌病的暴发和流行不仅给海水养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,还严重威胁人类健康。一些弧菌可以通过与环境中浮游植物和浮游动物的相互作用提高自身存活率和环境持久性,并进行跨海域传播。本文综述了海洋浮游生物作为部分弧菌物种储库的作用及影响因素,以及气候变化和人类活动等因素驱动下浮游生物间接介导的弧菌传播扩散特性;并重点介绍了弧菌特定的结构、代谢途径和次级代谢产物在其与浮游生物互作过程中发挥的独特作用及其机制;提出今后应从分子层面深入解析浮游生物与弧菌的相互作用机制,从全球尺度阐释浮游生物介导的弧菌跨海域传播机制,建立弧菌疾病传播预测模型和预警系统,为浮游生物介导的弧菌传播扩散风险的防控提供重要信息。  相似文献   

2.
啮齿动物对种子的传播   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
简要介绍了扩散、传播植物种子的啮齿动物种类、它们传播的植物种子种类,以及啮齿动物对植物种子扩散、传播的主动、被动方式及双方在这一体系中的互惠关系和可能存在的协同进化关系。  相似文献   

3.
环境中抗生素抗性基因的水平传播扩散   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,其在不同环境介质中的传播扩散可能比抗生素本身的环境危害更大,其中,水平基因转移是抗生素抗性基因传播的重要方式,是造成抗性基因环境污染日益严重的原因之一.本文系统阐述了抗生素抗性基因在环境中发生水平转移的主要分子传播元件及其影响因素,这对于正确揭示抗性基因的分子传播机制具有重要意义.结合多重抗药性的传播扩散机制,探讨了行之有效的遏制抗生素抗性基因传播扩散的方法和途径,并针对目前的污染现状,对今后有关抗生素抗性基因水平转移的研究重点进行了展望.  相似文献   

4.
公路廊道是外来植物入侵定居和扩散的主要通道之一, 公路沿线频繁的人工干扰与车辆交通, 有利于外来植物种子的传播与扩散, 同时公路和铁路有助于外来植物克服地理或生态的传播阻碍。论文分析云南省公路路网空间分布格局和公路里程与紫茎泽兰传播扩散的关系。结果表明: 云南省路网分布不均匀, 西部公路密度偏低, 中东部地区密集; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积较大的区域其公路里程和路网密度处于中等水平; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积和单位发生面积与省道里程呈显著正相关。紫茎泽兰在快速扩散期时, 省道里程对紫茎泽兰在云南的传播扩散影响最为显著。紫茎泽兰的入侵扩散还受其他人为干扰因素和生境条件的影响, 交通道路干扰可作为评价紫茎泽兰入侵扩散的一个重要指标, 同时, 公路廊道促进紫茎泽兰扩散传播的景观机制应进一步加强研究, 为公路沿线生物入侵防治提供科学依据。  相似文献   

5.
活性污泥抗生素抗性基因研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
抗生素抗性在全球范围内的传播扩散严重威胁人类健康。活性污泥是污水处理系统重要的处理工艺,同时也是抗生素抗性及其发生水平基因转移的一个重要储库和热区。目前,随着研究手段和技术的不断更新,活性污泥中抗生素抗性的研究不断增加,但是仍有许多科学问题亟待解决。本文主要针对活性污泥抗生素抗性的5个主要方面进行深入讨论:(1)活性污泥中抗性基因的丰度和分布的影响因素;(2)污泥抗性基因的研究方法;(3)活性污泥抗性基因的传播与扩散;(4)污泥中抗性基因环境风险评估;(5)研究展望。本综述在活性污泥抗生素抗性研究基础上,阐述了驱动抗生素抗性扩散的基本微生物生态过程研究进展,旨在为污水处理工艺的发展和优化及抗性基因控制政策的制定提供科学基础。  相似文献   

6.
袁福香  刘实  胡艳全  张玉书  戴勇  曹蕊 《生态学报》2014,34(22):6711-6721
基于气候资料和日本松干蚧传播资料,根据传播扩散范围及入侵地的气候特征,分析了日本松干蚧主要影响因子的年代变化对日本松干蚧在东北地区扩散的影响。结果表明:东北地区最冷月各旬及月平均最低气温总的呈升高趋势(r=0.86,P0.05),冬季极端最低气温也有缓慢上升趋势(r=0.93,P0.01),其年代间的冷暖变化与日本松干蚧在东北地区扩散有明显的相关性。1月平均最低气温和冬季极端最低气温明显升高的20世纪70年代和90年代,日本松干蚧快速扩散、危害地虫口密度大、危害程度重。日本松干蚧大范围扩散和爆发都发生在1月份最低气温较高的年份。1月最低气温和冬季极端最低气温升高是日本松干蚧在东北地区传播扩散的重要因素。复苏后的降水量、卵孵化期的空气相对湿度和夏季最高气温的年代变化对日本松干蚧扩散的影响不显著。  相似文献   

7.
瓜实蝇的风险性分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
风险性综合分析表明,瓜实蝇危险性R值为2.22,属于高度危险的有害生物。瓜实蝇在我国传播扩散将成为葫芦科蔬菜的重要害虫,已对我国南方地区的葫芦科蔬菜种植构成较大的潜在威胁。记载瓜实蝇寄主植物超过125种,瓜实蝇适生存范围广,1a多代,而且繁殖能力较强,一旦传播扩散,很难根除,是高度危险的有害生物。  相似文献   

8.
24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征与扩散对策   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
 对准噶尔荒漠中24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征与扩散对策的观测结果表明:种间果实和种子的形态各异,角果开裂与否与其木质化程度 有关。木质化程度较高的角果不开裂。其中长角果以果节为扩散单元自体扩散。而短角果有两种扩散单元,以果实为扩散单元的无辅助扩散结 构或具翅或绵毛,分别进行自体或风媒扩散;以果序的一段为扩散单元的果实具坚硬呈勾状的喙,通过果序梗断裂或附在动物体表散布,兼具 自体扩散和动物体外传播的二重性。木质化程度较低的角果开裂,以种子为单元扩散。其中微尘状种子无辅助扩散结构,在果皮开裂时产生的 张力或风力的作用下散布;粘液种子以水媒为主,兼具风媒和动物传播的特点;粘液和翅并存的种子具有风媒和水媒扩散的二重性。果翅等辅 助扩散结构有利于长距离散布,绵毛及种皮粘液使果实或种子与地表能更好地粘附,木质化结构及种皮粘液还具有保水和保护作用。从扩散的 时空特征看,24种植物在扩散持续时间上有集中扩散和持续扩散两种方式,前者避免了种子干旱失水和被捕食,属逃逸对策;后者形成空气种 子库逐批扩散,属保护对策。从空间上,异果芥(Diptychocarpus strictus)果序上、下部果实的开裂方式与时间、种子形态完全不同, 导 致其扩散时间与距离不同;离子芥(Chorispora tenella)等类群果实不同部位的果节非同步脱落以及爪花芥(Oreoloma sulfureum)果实上、 下部木质化程度及开裂方式不同,导致其果节或种子的扩散时间不同。以上这些特征对于它们在荒漠环境中成功地扩散、定居,抵御干旱、逃 避捕食,避免同胞种子间的竞争、保障物种延续并扩大种群等,具有重要的生态学意义。  相似文献   

9.
陈琳琳  李宝泉 《生态学杂志》2015,26(10):3215-3225
抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型的环境污染物,成为多个学科关注的焦点.其在不同环境介质中的扩散和传播具有极大的环境危害性,对人类健康造成严重威胁.插入序列共同区(insertion sequence common region, ISCR),是一种新发现的抗性基因传播元件,因其特殊的遗传结构,能够通过滚环复制及同源重组等机制移动邻近的任何DNA序列,是ARGs在不同DNA分子或不同种属细菌间水平传播的高效媒介.目前世界上发现了27种ISCR元件.大量间接证据表明,ISCR可能与许多耐药基因的移动和扩散有关,特别是多重耐药性(multiple drug resistance, MDR)形成与传播.因此,ISCR很可能是抗生素抗性基因在环境中扩散传播的关键因子.本文就ARGs水平传播、ISCR结构特征、ISCR种类及其相关ARGs及其研究方法等进行综述,并揭示ISCR元件可能的生态风险,提出了今后的研究重点,以期为今后深入开展相关研究打下基础.  相似文献   

10.
黄祖石 《昆虫知识》2006,43(1):122-122
群种群遗传模型认为建群和扩散是不同的行为。然而,建群和扩散是否真正反映自然界中不同的生物学过程是不清楚的。一个检测这个假设的可能是在严格的雌性个体恋家的物种中估计常染色体和线粒体的遗传结构模式,例如群居繁殖的Bechstein蝙蝠。在这个物种中,线粒体DNA只能当雌性个体建立新的群体的时候才能扩散,常染色体只能在雌性个体与出生于外群的单独生活的雄性个体交配的情况下在群体间传播。  相似文献   

11.
西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是世界性的大害虫,对温室中蔬菜花卉造成巨大的危害。20世纪70年代后在世界范围内广泛而迅速地传播蔓延,近年入侵中国。西花蓟马对农药产生了广泛的抗性,使得生物防治一直作为其综合治理中的主导措施。本文综述了世界上西花蓟马生物防治的现状,以期为中国西花蓟马的治理提供一定的借鉴作用。  相似文献   

12.
Crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. However, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. Results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve Bt resistance. Furthermore, resistance has been documented to Bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to Bt crops in the field. In 2009, fields were discovered in Iowa (USA) with populations of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that had evolved resistance to maize that produces the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Fields with resistant insects in 2009 had been planted to Cry3Bb1 maize for at least three consecutive years and as many as 6years. Computer simulation models predicted that the western corn rootworm might evolve resistance to Bt maize in as few as 3years. Laboratory and field data for interactions between western corn rootworm and Bt maize indicate that currently commercialized products are not high-dose events, which increases the risk of resistance evolution because non-recessive resistance traits may enhance survival on Bt maize. Furthermore, genetic analysis of laboratory strains of western corn rootworm has found non-recessive inheritance of resistance. Field studies conducted in two fields identified as harboring Cry3Bb1-resistant western corn rootworm found that survival of western corn rootworm did not differ between Cry3Bb1 maize and non-Bt maize and that root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize was higher than injury to other types of Bt maize or to maize roots protected with a soil insecticide. These first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm provide an early warning and point to the need to apply better integrated pest management practices when using Bt maize to manage western corn rootworm.  相似文献   

13.
Different assemblages of primary and secondary pest grasshopper species were found in 5 different rangeland plant communities in western North Dakota. The action window for their control (i.e., the interval when control is likely to be efficacious) with short-lived insecticides can be visualized in terms of time, grasshopper phenology, or plant phenology. Action windows ranged from 14 d duration in habitats dominated by western wheatgrass to 38 d duration in habitats dominated by needle-and-thread or by crested wheatgrass. Action windows opened 11-15 d later in rhizominous grass habitats than in bunchgrass habitats because of increased presence of late-hatching secondary pest species. In all habitat types, action windows closed primarily in response to imminent oviposition by a ubiquitous primary pest species, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). In all habitat types, action windows tended to open during seed development of 2 common and conspicuous grasses, needle-and-thread and green needlegrass. No such consistent indicator for closure of action windows was detected.  相似文献   

14.
The efficacy of two trap designs (Pherocon 1C "wing" trap versus Pherocon VI "delta" trap) and two pheromone blends for monitoring obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in Minnesota apple orchards during the 2001 and 2002 field seasons. Two distinct flight periods of C. rosaceana were recorded yearly in Minnesota. Overwintered C. rosaceana larvae resumed activity in the spring at approximately 60 degree-days (DD) base 10 degrees C, whereas adult emergence began approximately 275 DD base 10 degrees C. To determine the optimal pheromone blend for monitoring C. rosaceana in Minnesota, traps were baited with either a three-component pheromone blend (Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, and Z11-14:OH) produced by females in eastern North America, or a four-component blend (Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al) commonly produced by females in western North America. Of the four pheromone-baited traps evaluated, delta traps baited with the four-component western pheromone lure captured the highest number of C. rosaceana males, followed by wing traps baited with western lure. Male C. rosaceana were less attracted to traps containing the three-component eastern lure, and both lure types seemed to be considerably selective against sympatric redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). These results suggest that the pheromonal response of the predominant endemic population of C. rosaceana in Minnesota is similar to the response of the pest in many parts of western North America. The delta trap baited with western pheromone lure of C. rosaceana is recommended for monitoring the pest in Minnesota, and the results are discussed in relation to the development of effective management strategies against this important pest of apple.  相似文献   

15.
外来入侵害虫西花蓟马防控技术研究与示范   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
针对入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)在我国部分地区暴发成灾的形势,公益性行业科研专项"外来入侵害虫西花蓟马防控技术研究与示范"项目组在除西藏、台湾、香港和澳门以外的30个省、区和直辖市开展了西花蓟马的调查、监测、预警和综合防控技术研究与示范。结果表明西花蓟马在北京、云南、浙江、山东等14个省市发生危害,尤以云南和北京两地最为严重,在全国呈快速蔓延趋势。明确了西花蓟马在我国的成灾机制;建立了西花蓟马高效诱捕技术;筛选出4种对西花蓟马具有显著控害潜力的本土天敌昆虫及病原微生物;筛选出5种对西花蓟马高效、对环境友好的防治药剂;明确西花蓟马重要发生区域北京和云南种群对主要化学药剂的抗性和机制;分别组建了基于农业措施防治、色板与引诱剂应用的引诱技术、生物防治和高效环保化学农药综合应用的10套西花蓟马防控技术体系,在我国北京、云南、山东和浙江等西花蓟马主要发生区域累计推广面积2.65万公顷,有效控制了西花蓟马的为害和扩散蔓延。  相似文献   

16.
气候变暖情境下松材线虫在我国的适生区范围   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于历史气象数据(1971—2000),利用CLIMEX软件对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus在我国的潜在适生区进行了预测,结果显示:松材线虫在我国的适生范围广、适生程度高,全国除黑龙江、吉林省无适生区外,其余各省市区均有适生区域,其中约2/3的适生区为高度适生区,覆盖整个南方地区,分布北界达内蒙古通辽地区,西至西藏的日喀则地区;进一步结合英国气候变化研究中心提供的气候变暖情境下未来气候模拟数据TYNSC2.0,利用CLIMEX软件预测出未来30年内(2010-2039)松材线虫在我国的潜在适生区,结果发现同历史气候条件下相比,未来30年内松材线虫在我国的适生分布区将呈现范围增加、适生程度增加、向北扩散的趋势,其中分布北界将到达吉林省西部,分布西界则与历史气候条件下预测结果相差无几。  相似文献   

17.
湖南省茶树害虫地理区划分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过湖南省茶树害虫的系统调查,查明湖南省茶树害虫(害螨)共302种,根据其在湖南省各地(市)的分布,编成"0,1"分布数据表,然后进行聚类分析.根据聚类结果,参考地理、气候、茶树的种植历史和种植面积以及其他动物类群方面的研究和前人的工作,把湖南省茶树害虫分成4个区:湘北环湖平原丘岗区,湘中、湘东丘陵区,湘西山区,湘南山地丘陵区,并分别叙述了各区的特点.  相似文献   

18.
Frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important invasive pest worldwide, which can damage various horticultural crops and ornamental plants. F. occidentalis was first intercepted in Kunming, Yunnan province in 2000, and first reported to establish a population in Beijing, China in 2003. Since then, this pest is currently distributed across tens of provinces in mainland China and cause increasingly serious damage and loss. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in China. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on WFT has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for invasive alien species management strategies and techniques in China. This review provides an overview for research on the biology, ecology, prevention, and management of this pest during 15 years in China. Meanwhile, China's “4E action” strategy on F. occidentalis is also discussed in this review.  相似文献   

19.
葡萄斑叶蝉的生物学特性及防治   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
李定旭  田娟 《昆虫知识》1997,34(3):154-156
葡萄斑叶蝉在豫西各地每年发生3代,以成虫在落叶下、杂草丛等越冬。发生盛期在7月下旬及8月上旬。可采用以下方法防治:秋末清扫落叶并销毁;成虫产卵盛期人工摘虫叶;喷洒20%杀灭菊酯3000倍稀释液或50%辛硫磷2000倍稀释液,杀虫效果可达90%。  相似文献   

20.
Abstract: Field trials were carried out at three locations in the cool‐wet western and one location in the semiarid eastern ecozones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on pest infestation and yield losses caused by lepidopterous stemborers in maize and sorghum. Three N fertilizer levels, i.e. 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for maize, and 41, 64, and 87 kg/ha for sorghum, were compared with a zero N treatment. The dominant pest species were the noctuid Busseola fusca (Fuller) and the invasive crambid Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Leaf N content was positively related to N fertilizer dosage. In general, pest density, parasitism, plant growth and borer damage variables increased with crop growth stage. On sorghum, in the cool‐wet western Amhara, increasing levels of N fertilizer also tended to increase pest density, plant growth and damage variables. In the semiarid ecozone, parasitism by the exotic parasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cameron tended to increase with N level. In the cool‐wet ecozone, sorghum yields increased by up to 74% because of fertilization; losses caused by stemborers decreased linearly with N dosage from 49% to 36%. In maize, because of low borer densities, there were no discernable trends for pest infestation and yield losses. In the cool‐wet ecozone, sorghum yields were positively related to insecticide application and plant height, and negatively to damage variables such as tunnelling and peduncle damage. In semiarid eastern Amhara, the effects of fertilizer on pest, damage and yield were low on both crops because of the higher soil fertility. The results indicate that the profitability of nitrogen fertilizer as an integrated pest management tactic in the control of cereal stemborers depends, among others, on the severity of borer damage and the soil fertility status prevailing in an area. It is concluded that N fertilizer helps minimize the impact of borers on grain yields, especially on sorghum and in the cool‐wet ecozone.  相似文献   

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