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1.
西部七省区作物秸秆资源分布及利用现状   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
基于统计数据和农户调研数据,估算了西部七省区农作物秸秆资源量、秸秆资源密度、人均占有秸秆数量和秸秆养分资源量,分析了秸秆资源量变化趋势(1997—2011年)及资源分布利用现状,讨论了制约秸秆综合利用的因素和提高秸秆利用率的途径.结果表明:2009年西部七省区农作物秸秆资源理论数量达到8.82×107t,谷物类秸秆占总量的63.1%;秸秆养分还田总量达1.20×106t,还田率达50.5%.西部七省区秸秆资源密度低于全国平均水平,人均秸秆占有量略高于全国平均水平.秸秆资源主要用作燃料、饲料、工业原料、基质和直接还田,分别占资源总量的33.8%、29.3%、5.2%、1.8%和13.5%,焚烧和废弃的秸秆分别占秸秆资源的11.1%和5.3%.  相似文献   

2.
基于贝叶斯Schaefer模型的阿根廷滑柔鱼资源评估与管理   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用基于贝叶斯统计方法的Schaefer模型对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼资源量进行评估,并对评估结果进行风险分析.结果表明:正态分布方案和基准方案两个模型参数的预测值及估算的生物学参考点接近,但均大于对数正态分布方案.3种方案下,2001-2010年的捕捞死亡率都远低于限制参考点F0.1,2001-2010年的渔获量也小于最大可持续产量(MSY),表明西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼资源目前处于良好开发状况,没有遭受过度捕捞.决策分析表明,在相同的收获率情况下,对数正态分布方案得到的2025年资源量最低、资源崩溃的概率最大.3种方案下2025年渔获量最大时的收获率均为0.6,但是若将管理策略定为收获率0.6,则2025年以后资源量存在一定风险,因此较为保守的管理策略应将收获率控制在0.4左右,渔获量在55万t左右.  相似文献   

3.
中国农业生态系统昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值评估   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
所有开花植物中大约有80%的物种需要动物作为授粉媒介。系统介绍了中国重要栽培作物花的结构和类型,授粉过程、媒介和方式,作物对昆虫授粉的依赖程度,昆虫授粉功能与服务的概念,以及昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值量的评估方法;同时评估了我国各省农业生态系统中昆虫对重要作物的授粉功能量与服务价值量。结果表明:粮食作物、水果作物、蔬菜作物和经济作物不同程度的依赖昆虫授粉。根据2015年主要农作物产量、作物产品价格、昆虫授粉依赖程度等数据,计算得出昆虫对我国22类主要农作物的授粉功能量为1.8亿吨农产品产量和授粉服务价值为8860.5亿元(占当年GDP的1.3%),具有巨大的经济价值。2015年昆虫对主要栽培作物的授粉功能量和服务价值排在前五名的都是山东、河南、河北、陕西和新疆,年授粉服务价值均大于500亿元,反映出这5个省的主要农作物对昆虫授粉依赖程度较高。昆虫对作物的授粉功能量评价有助于了解昆虫对作物生物量或产量的生物学和生态学效应以及作物对昆虫授粉的需求。昆虫对作物的授粉服务价值评估有助于掌握昆虫授粉为人类所带来的经济效应或经济价值,并帮助决策维持或增强授粉昆虫多样性和种群数量的人力、物力和财力投入。  相似文献   

4.
机械化保护性耕作条件下土壤质量的数值化评价   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
通过9年的长期田间定位试验研究了陕西关中平原中部冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下深松耕(ST)、旋耕(RT)、秸秆还田(SR)、免耕(NTS)等保护性耕作措施及传统耕作(TT)对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响,并采用主成分分析方法进行土壤质量的综合评价.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作模式提高了土壤肥力质量,改善了土壤物理环境条件;显著提高了土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;除秸秆覆盖免耕处理的玉米和小麦产量低于传统耕作外,其他保护性耕作措施均不同程度地提高了作物产量,其中小麦增产13%~28%,玉米增产3%~12%.与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作土壤质量指数提高了19.8%~44.0%.综合考虑经济效应和生态效益,隔年深松、秸秆粉碎联合旋耕作业以及秸秆覆盖联合深松作业不仅能增加作物产量还可改善土壤质量,可在研究区进行推广应用.  相似文献   

5.
通过两年田间裂区设计试验,研究了不同土壤耕作方式(常规耕作、深耕、深松)与秸秆还田(秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)对冬小麦一夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤微生物数量、酶活性和作物产量的影响.结果表明:深松(耕)和秸秆还田不仅降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤有机碳含量,而且增加了土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性和作物产量,且二者对夏玉米季的影响大于冬小麦季.与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比,深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田处理的20~30 cm土壤容重分别降低8.5%和6.6%,土壤有机碳含量分别提高14.8%和12.4%,土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性分别提高45.9%、33.9%和34.1%、25.2%,作物产量分别提高18.0%和19.3%,且两处理间无显著差异.说明土壤深松(耕)结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的提高.  相似文献   

6.
农作物秸秆是重要的有机资源,其合理有效利用也越来越受到重视。秸秆还田具有增加作物产量、提高土壤有机碳含量、培肥地力、促进养分循环利用和缓解土壤酸化等特点,对减少化肥施用具有重要作用。随着人们对资源高效利用认识的深入,秸秆还田水平正在不断的提高,国内外在秸秆还田对土壤钾素影响等方面的研究也取得了丰硕的成果。本文主要从秸秆还田对土壤钾素、作物产量的影响以及秸秆钾素与化肥钾的等效性等方面对秸秆还田的钾素效应进行了综述。还田秸秆初期主要是通过自身钾素释放提高当季土壤速效钾含量,而长期秸秆还田还可能促进矿物钾的释放;有效的秸秆还田不仅能够为土壤提供大量氮、磷、钾等速效养分,而且能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源,提高土壤肥力,进而增加作物产量。中国目前秸秆有效还田仍然不足1/3,与欧美国家秸秆还田率相比还具有很大的发展潜力。加强秸秆还田率将能缓解中国耕地土壤钾素缺乏与钾矿资源不足的矛盾。今后应进一步深入研究适宜秸秆还田量及其与化肥钾的合理配置,短期试验结合长期监测以探讨秸秆还田对钾素影响的作用机理,为提高秸秆有效还田,促进土壤-作物钾素高效循环提供理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
姬强  孙汉印  Taraqqi AK  王旭东   《生态学杂志》2014,25(4):1029-1035
在连续8年田间定位试验的基础上,分析了关中平原冬小麦 夏玉米复种连作系统2008—2009年连续两个生长季期间不同耕作措施(结合秸秆还田和不还田)对土壤有机碳和水分利用率的影响.结果表明: 相对于传统耕作,保护性耕作有利于土壤有机碳、水分利用效率和作物产量的提高,其中在“深松+秸秆还田”耕作模式下的增幅最高,土壤有机碳含量在0~30 cm土层增幅达到19.5%,水分利用效率和作物产量提高了16.9%和20.5%,而免耕模式则有效提高了0~10 cm土层有机碳含量.在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松结合秸秆粉碎还田是最理想的耕作模式,最有利于土壤有机碳累积,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量.  相似文献   

8.
根据黑土长期肥料试验1985~1995年期间的作物分析资料,研究了施肥和作物生长状况对大豆、玉米、小麦3种作物体内养分浓度、养分在籽实和秸秆中分配比以及形成1000kg籽实产量的收获养分量等参数的影响,结果表明,在本试验的正常施肥条件下,上述参数十分稳定,受施肥和作物生长状况的影响不大,可直接用于这一地区养分收支的估算  相似文献   

9.
在转基因作物商业化的第一个12年(1996~2007)中,由于能得到持续稳定的收益,农民种植转基因作物量逐年增加.2007年,全球转基因作物种植面积增长率达12%,即增加1230万公顷(3000万英亩),达到1.143亿公顷(2.824亿英亩).第一个12年,转基因作物的商业化给工业化国家和发展中国家的农民都带来了经济和环境效益.  相似文献   

10.
2007年全球转基因作物商业化发展趋势   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1 转基因作物商业化现状及发展趋势 据ISAAA的Clive James报告称,在转基因作物商业化的第一个12年(1996~2007)中,由于能得到持续稳定的收益,农民种植转基因作物量逐年增加.2007年,全球转基因作物种植面积增长率达12%,即增加1 230万hm2,达到1.143亿hm2(2.824亿英亩).第一个12年,转基因作物商业化给工业化国家和发展中国家的农民都带来了经济和环境效益.  相似文献   

11.
China's bioenergy potential   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Despite great enthusiasm about developing renewable energy in China, the country's bioenergy potential remains unclear. Traditional utilization of bioenergy through primarily household combustion of crop residue and fuelwood is still a predominant energy source for rural China. More efficient utilization of ~300 million tons of crop residues for bioelectricity generation could add a couple of percent of renewable energy to China's total energy production. With <9% of the world's arable land supporting ~20% of the world's population, China is already a net grain importer and has little extra farmland for producing a significantly additional amount of biofuels from first‐generation energy crops, such as maize, sugarcane, and soybean. Second‐generation energy crops hold the greatest potential for bioenergy development worldwide. Miscanthus, a native perennial C4 grass that produces high biomass across almost the entire climatic zone of China, is the most promising second‐generation energy crop to domesticate and cultivate. A reasonable near‐term goal is to produce 1 billion tons of Miscanthus biomass annually from ~100 million hectares of marginal and degraded land concentrated in northern and northwestern China. This can generate ~1458 TW h electricity and mitigate ~1.7 billion tons of CO2 emission from power coal, which account for ~45% of China's electricity output and ~28% of CO2 emission in 2007. Furthermore, growing perennial grasses on marginal and degraded land will contribute to the ongoing efforts in China to restore vast areas of land under serious threat of desertification. With this potential taken into account, bioenergy can play a major role in meeting China's rapidly growing energy demand while substantially reducing greenhouse gas emission.  相似文献   

12.
中国有机肥料养分资源潜力和环境风险分析   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
Liu XY  Jin JY  Ren TZ  He P 《应用生态学报》2010,21(8):2092-2098
基于<中国农业年鉴2006)和其他文献的基础数据,计算了2005年中国人畜禽排泄物和秸秆数量及其产生的养分量.结果表明,2005年中国人畜禽排泄物总量为46.25亿t,秸秆总产量为6.43亿t.中国有机肥料养分资源潜力巨大,2005年人畜禽排泄物和秸秆共产生N、P2O5、K2O养分量分别为2824.52、1282.93、2947.99万t,分别为化肥N、P2O5、K2O投入量的1.08、0.86和4.56倍.但不同区域差异较大,其中河南、山东和四川省人畜禽排泄物产生N、P2O5、K2O量最多,均>400万t,西北地区和北京、天津、上海等地人畜禽排泄物产生的养分总量较少.秸秆中N、P2O5、K2O含量在河南和山东2个粮食主产省最高,均>150万t;西北地区秸秆养分产生量相对较少.单位农田面积人畜禽排泄物的N、P2O5和K2O养分负荷量以北京最高,达到787.26 kg·hm-2,其次是天津和上海,分别为515.31和505.35 kg·hm-2,环境风险较大.  相似文献   

13.
探明农作物秸秆在不同处置方式下的碳源汇时空变化特征,对优化我国秸秆资源利用政策、实现碳减排最大化、实现碳中和目标具有重要意义。本研究以国家统计年鉴数据为基础,对我国31个省农作物秸秆不同处置下的碳排放、碳减排、碳增汇及其价值量的变化趋势进行研究。结果表明: 2008—2019年间,我国秸秆焚烧年均碳排放量为874万t CO2e,2014年以来碳排放年均减少率为17.3%;能源化利用年均碳减排量为3982万t CO2e,其中,秸秆生产固体成型燃料碳减排贡献最大,约占能源化碳减排总量的98%;秸秆还田碳汇量总体呈逐年上升趋势,年均碳汇量为2.71亿t CO2e;我国秸秆处置存在碳生态盈余,净碳减排量年均增长率为9.8%,净碳减排强度及其价值量均呈增长趋势,2019年分别高达2.62 t·hm-2和76.19元·hm-2。我国秸秆年均碳排放、能源碳减排、秸秆还田碳汇以及净碳减排大致呈“东高西低”的空间分布规律,且地区差异及空间聚集性是三者的最主要外部特征。  相似文献   

14.
We developed a mathematical programming model to estimate the supply of cellulosic biomass in Illinois at various biomass prices and examine the implications of biomass production for the maintenance costs of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). We find that Illinois has the potential to produce about 38.4–54.5 million dry metric tons (MT) of biomass in 2020 at a biomass price of $150/MT, depending on the production costs of cellulosic feedstocks, residue collection technology, and rates of yield increases of conventional crops. Corn stover will account for more than 65% of the total biomass production across biomass prices and the scenarios considered, while the roles of wheat straw and energy crops are quite limited. Given biomass prices of $50/MT‐$150/MT, many landowners would convert their expiring CRP lands to croplands. To maintain the size of the CRP during the 2007–2020 period at the 2007 levels in Illinois, total program maintenance costs would be $104.6–176.5 million at a biomass price of $50/MT, depending on biomass production conditions and crop yields on CRP lands. This would increase to $155.2–245.4 million at a biomass price of $150/MT.  相似文献   

15.
Biofuel production from crop residues is widely recognized as an essential component of developing a bioeconomy, but the removal of crop residues still raises many questions about the sustainability of the cropping system. Therefore, this study reviews the sustainability effects of crop residues removal for biofuel production in terms of crop production, soil health and greenhouse gas emissions. Most studies found little evidence that residue management had long‐term impacts on grain yield unless the available water is limited. In years when water was not limiting, corn and wheat removal rates ≥90% produced similar or greater grain yield than no removal in most studies. Conversely, when water was limiting, corn grain yield decreased up to 21% with stover removal ≥90% in some studies. Changes in soil organic fractions and nutrients depended largely on the amount of residue returned, soil depth and texture, slope and tillage. Reductions in organic fractions occurred primarily with complete stover removal, in the top 15–30 cm in fine‐textured soils. Soil erosion, water runoff and leaching of nutrients such as total nitrogen (N) and extractable soil potassium decreased when no more than 30% of crop residues were removed. Stover management effects on soil bulk density varied considerably depending on soil layer, and residue and tillage management, with removal rates of less than 50% helping to maintain the soil aggregate stability. Reductions in CO2 and N2O fluxes typically occurred following complete residue removal. The use of wheat straw typically increased CH4 emissions, and above or equal to 8 Mg/ha wheat straw led to the largest CO2 and N2O emissions, regardless of N rates. Before using crop residues for biofuel production, it should therefore always be checked whether neutral to positive sustainability effects can be maintained under the site‐specific conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Crop residue resources may affect soil quality, global carbon balance, and stability of crop production, but also contribute to future energy security. This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation in residue quantities of field crops in five provinces of North China (NC) and three provinces of Northeast China (NEC). The availability of biomass resources was derived from statistical data on crop yields for all crops on the provincial and even county level. We found that cereals – wheat, maize, and rice – were the biggest resource of crop residue feedstock. The ranking of these crops as a source of biomass for bioenergy is determined by the acreage in each region and the crop‐specific yield. Annually, the average amount of total residue of 83.0 Mt (Mt = Mega tonnes) in NC (16.9 Million ha) comprised 76.6 Mt field residues and 6.4 Mt process residues on an air‐dried basis. The average amount of total biomass residue of 105.7 Mt in NEC (19.8 Million ha) comprised 92.8 Mt field residues and 12.9 Mt process residues. Averaged for 2008, 2009, and 2010, the total standard coal equivalent (SCE) in NC amounted to 46.4 Mt, which comprised 42.4 Mt field residues and of 3.9 Mt process residues. In NEC, the SCE value of 57.0 Mt comprised 49.7 Mt field residues and 7.4 Mt process residues. The temporal availability of field residues was mainly concentrated in the period between July and September, followed by the period between October and December. In the period between July and September, the amount of field residue available amounted to 40.9 and 53.1 Mt in NC and NEC, respectively. An accurate assessment of field residues may guide policy makers and industry to optimize the utilization of the crop residue resource.  相似文献   

17.
Larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera are prominent and important producers of calcium carbonate in modern tropical environments. With an estimated production of at least 130 million tons of CaCO(3) per year, they contribute almost 5% of the annual present-day carbonate production in the world's reef and shelf areas (0-200 m) and approximately 2.5% of the CaCO(3) of all oceans. Together with non-symbiont-bearing smaller foraminifera, all benthic foraminifera are estimated to annually produce 200 million tons of calcium carbonate worldwide. The majority of foraminiferal calcite in modern oceans is produced by planktic foraminifera. With an estimated annual production of at least 1.2 billion tons, planktic foraminifera contribute more than 21% of the annual global ocean carbonate production. Total CaCO(3) of benthic and planktic foraminifera together amounts to 1.4 billion tons of calcium carbonate per year. This accounts to almost 25% of the present-day carbonate production of the oceans, and highlights the importance of foraminifera within the CaCO(3) budget of the world's oceans.  相似文献   

18.
Growing second‐generation energy crops on marginal land is conceptualized as one of the primary means of future bioenergy development. However, the extent to which marginal land can support energy crop production remains unclear. The Loess Plateau of China, one of the most seriously eroded regions of the world, is particularly rich in marginal land. On the basis of the previous field experiment of planting Miscanthus species in Qingyang of the Gansu Province, herein, we estimated the yield potential of Miscanthus lutarioriparius, the species with the highest biomass, across the Loess Plateau. On the basis of the radiation model previously developed from Miscanthus field trials, annual precipitation was introduced as an additional variable for yield estimate in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau. Of 62 million hectares (Mha) of the Loess Plateau, our model estimated that 48.7 Mha can potentially support Miscanthus growth, with the average yield of 17.8 t ha?1 yr?1. After excluding high‐quality cropland and pasture and land suitable for afforestation, a total of 33.3 Mha of presumably marginal land were left available for producing the energy crop at the average yield of 16.8 t ha?1 yr?1 and the total annual yield of 0.56 billion tons. The analysis of environmental factors indicated that erosion, aridity, and field steepness were the primary contributors to the poor quality of the marginal land. The change of land uses from traditional agriculture to energy crop production may prevent further erosion and land degradation and consequently establish a sustainable economy for the region.  相似文献   

19.
褐飞虱发生系统的混沌诊断   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
褐飞虱在我国常年发生面积约为1.3×10^7~2×10^7hm^2,年均损失稻谷10×10^8kg.为更深入地研究褐飞虱发生系统的特性与规律,并为预测和防治提供理论依据,以我国长江流域太湖地区1986~1998年6~11月褐飞虱田间发生时间序列资料为例,运用混沌理论中的自相关函数、功率谱图、相轨迹图、Poincare截面、返回映象图等方法,研究了褐飞虱发生系统的特性.结果表明,即使有随机性噪声的影响,仍可判明我国长江流域褐飞虱发生系统具有混沌特性.  相似文献   

20.
Cassava is the third significant source of calories after rice and maize in tropical countries. The annual production of cassava crop is approximately 550 million metric tons (MMT) which generates about 350 MMT of cassava solid residues, including peel, bagasse, stem, rhizome, and leaves. Cassava peel, bagasse, stem, and rhizome can be exploited for solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels production. Biofuels production from cassava starch started in the 1970s and researchers are now extensively studying cassava residues like peel, bagasse, stem, rhizome, and leaves to unravel their applications in biofuels production. However, there are technical and economic challenges to overcome the problems existing in the production of biofuels from cassava-based residues. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the techniques used for biofuels production from various cassava-based residues.  相似文献   

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