氯雷他定片剂一致性评价研究方法

为改善我国部分仿制药质量与国际先进水平还存在一定差距的现状,《国家药品安全“十二五”规划》中明确提出了开展仿制药一 致性评价,全面提高仿制药质量的任务。氯雷他定片作为抗过敏药物的主要品种之一,需在 2018 年底前完成一致性评价。基于现有质量和 疗效一致性评价指导原则与相关研究报道,针对氯雷他定原料药的晶型研究、原辅料杂质的比较研究、片剂溶出曲线的比较方法以及生物 等效性试验研究等进行了总结和概括,并对有待解决的共性问题进行了讨论。     

“创新药物研发高层论坛”专家观点

对2015年1月30日召开的“创新药物研发高层论坛”的专家报告内容进行归纳总结,旨在为从事药品注册、创新药及仿制药研发、 药物临床试验质量管理规范（GCP）及药品非临床研究质量管理规范（GLP）工作的人士提供信息参考。     

仿制药市场——中国药企的机遇在哪里？

全球仿制药市场近年来增长迅速,至2013年化学仿制药市场容量预期将高达2500亿美元,发达国家仍为最大的市场。此外在2020年前预计约有450-500亿美元的生物制药的专利也将到期,这对于生物仿制药意味着重要发展机遇。“对仿制药市场影响最大的因素主要包括专利到期,法律法规与政府政策、新兴市场发展、降价趋势以及药品采购代理和药品费用支付方的影响。”     

Celltrion公司的抗体生物仿制药在韩国获得批准

2012年7月23日,韩国食品与药品管理局（KFDA）批准了韩国Celltrion公司申请的风湿病治疗药Remicade（英利昔单抗,infliximab）生物仿制药。抗体的生物仿制药除了印度Dr．Reddy公司在销售Reditux（利妥昔单抗,rituximab）之外,还没有其他国家批准过。通过发达国家的审查标准,被批准的抗体仿制药实属世界首例。     

盐酸平阳霉素有关物质检查方法的对比研究

目的:寻找更加适合我国盐酸平阳霉素的同族杂质组分的检查方法。方法:通过对我国药典盐酸平阳霉素中有关物质检查法与日本药局方中硫酸博莱霉素有关物质检查法进行对比研究。结果:中国药典中的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定盐酸平阳霉素有关杂质优于日本药典方法。结论:我国药典有关物质检查法更加适合盐酸平阳霉素的同族杂质组分的检查。     

特殊制剂一致性评价的开发策略

2016 年 3 月 5 日,国务院办公厅《开展仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价的意见》正式对外公布,提出了全面提高仿制药质量,开 展仿制药质量一致性评价,确保中国仿制药质量不低于美国、欧盟、日本的标准。文章介绍了美国和日本的一致性评价背景,根据中国国情, 结合政策法规,阐述如何科学性、合理性地开展仿制药一致性评价,重点介绍低剂量和微丸压片特殊口服固体制剂一致性评价的开发策略。     

2014 年美国仿制药市场研发动态（I）

本期报告介绍了2014 年第1 季度各国获得简化新药申请（ANDA）批准、《药品管理档案》（DMF）申报、遭遇专利挑战的情况，以及生物仿制药市场、仿制药行业交易和相关仿制药企业的进展。     

2013 年美国仿制药市场发展动态（II）

报告介绍了2013 年第4 季度各国获得简化新药申请（ANDA）批准、《药品管理档案》（DMF）申报、遭遇专利挑战的情况，以及生物仿制药市场、仿制药行业交易和相关仿制药企业的进展。     

生物仿制药现状与发展趋势分析

生物仿制药是指原研生物药物在专利保护到期后,其他企业利用已有的数据进行简化生产并被批准上市的、与原研药物在结构和质量上非常相似、具有相当的生物活性和生物等效性的生物制药产品。相比于化学药,生物药通常分子量大且结构复杂,因而生物药的仿制往往难度较大,是系统工程,涉及的靶点选择、工程菌的构建、培养基的筛选、大规模培养体系的建立、分离纯化体系的建立、药物后修饰等诸多环节均有较高的技术壁垒;加上生物仿制药在审批过程中不仅需要临床Ⅰ期的药效和药代动力学试验来证明生物等效性外,还需要临床Ⅲ期试验来证明生物仿制药大范围使用后的疗效、不良反应、药物间的相互作用等,因此生物仿制药的研发成本较化学仿制药高,研发周期和审批周期也相对较长。     

创新药物二乙基射干苷元的杂质研究

对抗病毒新药MJJ原料药中杂质进行研究。利用液-质联用技术检测杂质的结构,结合文献推测杂质来源。利用碱破坏MJJ制备杂质,并通过NMR等光谱技术确定结构。利用杂质反向合成MJJ,合成的杂质可作为MJJ质量控制的杂质对照品。生物活性测试结果表明,该杂质具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。该方法新颖,为原料药的杂质研究提供了良好的思路,并为创新药物MJJ的有关物质及质量控制等研究提供了有意义的试验数据和参考依据。     

化学药物杂质研究进展

药物杂质的分析和控制是用药安全有效的基础。从杂质谱分析、杂质检测、杂质限度的制定等方面综述了近年来国内外化学药 物杂质研究进展,旨在为化学药物杂质的研究提供有效思路和方法。     

猪毛质量对胱氨酸提取率的影响

本文介绍了用不同方法处理的猪毛分别在实验室和工厂提取胱氨酸,证明胱氨酸的得率和猪毛质量有关。含杂１５％左右的干打猪毛大生产胱氨酸的得率平均４．４％;不含杂质的猪座子毛胱氨酸得率平均达６．７１％探讨了清除猪毛杂质,提高猪毛质量对胱氨酸生产的重要意义。     

Impact of iron raw materials and their impurities on CHO metabolism and recombinant protein product quality

Cell culture medium (CCM) composition affects cell growth and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and recombinant proteins. One essential compound needed within the medium is iron because of its central role in many cellular processes. However, iron is also participating in Fenton chemistry leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing cellular damage. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the impact of iron in CCM on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line performance, and CQAs of different recombinant proteins. Addition of either ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) or ferric citrate (FC) into CCM revealed major differences within cell line performance and glycosylation pattern, whereby ammonium was not involved in the observed differences. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis identified varying levels of impurities present within these iron sources, and manganese impurity rather than iron was proven to be the root cause for increased cell growth, titer, and prolonged viability, as well as altered glycosylation levels. Contrary effects on cell performance and protein glycosylation were observed for manganese and iron. The use of low impurity iron raw material is therefore crucial to control the effect of iron and manganese independently and to support and guarantee consistent and reproducible cell culture processes.     

Heparin identification test and purity test for OSCS in heparin sodium and heparin calcium by weak anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography

Heparin sodium and heparin calcium, which are widely used as anti-coagulants, are known to potentially contain the natural impurity dermatan sulfate (DS). Recently serious adverse events occurred in patients receiving heparin sodium in the US, and a contaminant oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) was found to be a cause of the events. To ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical heparins, there is need of a physicochemical identification test that can discriminate heparin from the heparin-related substances as well as a sensitive purity test for OSCS. Recently, HPLC with a strong-anion exchange column was proposed as the methods for identifying heparin and determination of OSCS in heparin sodium. Although this method is convenient and easy to perform, the only column suitable for this purpose is the Dionex IonPac AS11-HC column. In this study, we developed alternative identification test and test for OSCS in both heparin sodium and heparin calcium using a weak anion-exchange column. The identification test allowed for separation of heparin from the impurity DS and contaminant OSCS in a shorter time. The purity test provided enough sensitivity, specificity, linearity, recovery and repeatability for OSCS. We believe that our methods will be useful for quality control of pharmaceutical heparins.     

Quality of reporting of bioequivalence trials comparing generic to brand name drugs: a methodological systematic review

Background

Generic drugs are used by millions of patients for economic reasons, so their evaluation must be highly transparent.

Objective

To assess the quality of reporting of bioequivalence trials comparing generic to brand-name drugs.

Methodology/Principal Findings

PubMed was searched for reports of bioequivalence trials comparing generic to brand-name drugs between January 2005 and December 2008. Articles were included if the aim of the study was to assess the bioequivalency of generic and brand-name drugs. We excluded case studies, pharmaco-economic evaluations, and validation dosage assays of drugs. We evaluated whether important information about funding, methodology, location of trials, and participants were reported. We also assessed whether the criteria required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) to conclude bioequivalence were reported and that the conclusions were in agreement with the results. We identified 134 potentially relevant articles but eliminated 55 because the brand-name or generic drug status of the reference drug was unknown. Thus, we evaluated 79 articles. The funding source and location of the trial were reported in 41% and 56% of articles, respectively. The type of statistical analysis was reported in 94% of articles, but the methods to generate the randomization sequence and to conceal allocation were reported in only 15% and 5%, respectively. In total, 65 articles of single-dose trials (89%) concluded bioequivalence. Of these, 20 (31%) did not report the 3 criteria within the limits required by the FDA and 11 (17%) did not report the 2 criteria within the limits required by the EMA.

Conclusions/Significance

Important information to judge the validity and relevance of results are frequently missing in published reports of trials assessing generic drugs. The quality of reporting of such trials is in need of improvement.     

Determination of enantiomeric impurity in besifloxacin hydrochloride by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization

Besifloxacin hydrochloride is a novel chiral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone developed for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. R-besifloxacin hydrochloride is used in clinics as a consequence of its higher antibacterial activity. To establish an enantiomeric impurity determination method, some chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were screened. Besifloxacin enantiomers can be separated to a certain extent on Chiral CD-Ph (Shiseido Co., Ltd., Japan), Chiral AGP, and Crownpak CR (+) (Daicel Chemical IND., Ltd., Japan). However, the selectivity and sensitivity were both unsatisfactory on these three CSPs. Therefore, Chiral AGP, Chiral CD-Ph, and Crownpak CR (+) were not used in the enantiomeric impurity determination of besifloxacin hydrochloride. The separation of enantiomers of besifloxacin was further performed using a precolumn derivatization chiral high-performance liquid chromatography method. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate was used as the derivatization reagent. Besifloxacin enantiomer derivates were well separated on a C(18) column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase that consisted of methanol-KH(2)PO(4) buffer solution (20 mM; pH 3.0) (50:50, v/v). Selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and robustness of this method were all satisfied with the method validation requirement. The method was suitable for the quality control of enantiomeric impurity in besifloxacin hydrochloride.     

Effects of solution environment on mammalian cell fermentation broth properties: Enhanced impurity removal and clarification performance

The processing of recombinant proteins from high cell density, high product titer cell cultures containing mammalian cells is commonly performed using tangential flow microfiltration (MF). However, the increased cellular debris present in these complex feed streams can prematurely foul the membrane, adversely impacting MF capacity and throughput. In addition, high cell density cell culture streams introduce elevated levels of process‐related impurities, which increase the burden on subsequent purification operations to remove these complex media components and impurities. To address this challenge, an evaluation of mammalian cell culture broth buffer properties was examined to determine if enhanced impurity removal and clarification performance could be achieved. A framework is presented here for establishing optimized mammalian cell culture buffer conditions, involving trade‐offs between product recovery and purification and improved clarification at manufacturing‐scale production. A reduction in cell culture broth pH to 4.7–5.0 induced flocculation and impurity precipitation which increased the average feed particle‐size. These conditions led to enhanced impurity removal and improved MF throughput and filter capacity for several mammalian systems. Feed conditions were further optimized by controlling ionic composition along with pH to improve product recovery from high cell density/high product titer cell cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:50–58. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Validated micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for quality control of the drug substances hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide

A stability-indicating, quality control analysis method was developed and validated for the diuretic drug substances hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and chlorothiazide (CTZ). Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography employing the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate at 30 mM in 20 mM sodium borate buffer pH 9.5 was utilized to separate and quantify the active drug substance HCTZ from CTZ and the common impurity, 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide (DSA). A 100 μm I.D. uncoated fused-silica capillary was necessary to provide the sensitivity, i.e. 1 μg/ml, for quantification of the DSA impurity. In this study, the linearity, precision, selectivity, accuracy, reproducibility and limit of quantitation for the method were investigated for HCTZ, CTZ and DSA. As the first validation of a drug substance method by capillary electrophoresis in this laboratory, unusual care was taken to insure reliability and ruggedness with multiple instruments, capillaries and analysts. Precision and reproducibility in the range of 1% R.S.D. was achieved by controlling subtle injection factors. These included minimizing the time in which the capillary ends were not immersed in buffer or sample during the injection process and minimizing the number of assays for each anode or inlet buffer vial. Stacking induced by differences in ionic strength between sample and capillary buffer was reduced by using a sample buffer concentration similar to that of the capillary buffer. Although stacking accomplished by using lower sample buffer concentrations increased sensitivity, reproducibility was decreased. Achievement of the 1% R.S.D. precision level means that many quality control assays for drugs with good absorbance characteristics can be validated with HPLC reproducibility and CE efficiency. These micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography methods conform to the USA and European Pharmacopoeial validation guidelines.     

从国际非专利名称纵观全球生物药发展

生物药(bio-therapeutics)是指采用生物技术制备的、临床上用于疾病治疗的大分子生物制品,具有结构复杂、异质性高等特点,科学严谨的生物药通用名命名,是区分生物药物质基础的主要依据,也是药品生命周期管理的重要基础。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)协调建立的国际非专利名称(International Nonproprietary Names,INN)是全球药物命名的标准化体系。从INN的起源,以及生物药INN的类别、发生与发展为主线,以较为详实的数据统计和分析,呈现了全球生物药的衍化进程,从不同的角度纵览生物药技术发展历程,对生物药的研发设计、技术标准及监管策略的考量均具有一定的参考意义。