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1.
2012年美国出台了生物仿制药(Biosimilars)的指南法案,也重新启动了审查手续费的程序,但是还没有批准任何生物仿制药。为了获得批准需要进行哪些试验,这需要在与美国FDA商谈的基础上实施个案处理。基本原则是,通过comparativebioequivalence试验能证明具有等效性的就不需要实施Ⅲ期临床试验。  相似文献   

2.
生物仿制药现状与发展趋势分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生物仿制药是指原研生物药物在专利保护到期后,其他企业利用已有的数据进行简化生产并被批准上市的、与原研药物在结构和质量上非常相似、具有相当的生物活性和生物等效性的生物制药产品。相比于化学药,生物药通常分子量大且结构复杂,因而生物药的仿制往往难度较大,是系统工程,涉及的靶点选择、工程菌的构建、培养基的筛选、大规模培养体系的建立、分离纯化体系的建立、药物后修饰等诸多环节均有较高的技术壁垒;加上生物仿制药在审批过程中不仅需要临床Ⅰ期的药效和药代动力学试验来证明生物等效性外,还需要临床Ⅲ期试验来证明生物仿制药大范围使用后的疗效、不良反应、药物间的相互作用等,因此生物仿制药的研发成本较化学仿制药高,研发周期和审批周期也相对较长。  相似文献   

3.
随着生物药专利失效期到来所带来的成本降低、药物可及性增加及巨大市场空间等因素影响,各大企业对生物仿制药的开发表现出浓厚的兴趣,纷纷涉足这一领域,然而由于生物仿制药的特殊性,开发及产业化困难重重。基于以上背景,首先分析了国内外生物医药行业宏观经济环境、行业政策环境、法律监管环境等外部环境,然后对当前生物仿制药开发存在的关键性技术共性问题进行了阐述。在此基础上对国内外主要生物仿制药企业现状进行分析,提出了我国与国外生物仿制药方面存在的主要差距。在上述分析的基础上,利用SWOT工具进行战略分析,指出我国生物仿制药应该执行的SO战略为主,SW战略为辅的策略。最后提出了一些参考建议。  相似文献   

4.
为改善我国部分仿制药质量与国际先进水平还存在一定差距的现状,《国家药品安全“十二五”规划》中明确提出了开展仿制药一 致性评价,全面提高仿制药质量的任务。氯雷他定片作为抗过敏药物的主要品种之一,需在 2018 年底前完成一致性评价。基于现有质量和 疗效一致性评价指导原则与相关研究报道,针对氯雷他定原料药的晶型研究、原辅料杂质的比较研究、片剂溶出曲线的比较方法以及生物 等效性试验研究等进行了总结和概括,并对有待解决的共性问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

5.
目的:研究两种(仿制新药与市售)孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片在人体内生物等效性。方法:采用单中心、随机、开放、双周期自身交叉试验设计,20名健康男性志愿者分2周期分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各10 mg,HPLC法测定血浆中孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片的浓度,用DAS2.1.1软件计算人体药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂两药的主要药代动力学参数AUC0-t分别为(17.94±6.19)μg h/ml和(17.37±4.73)μg h/ml,AUC0-∞分别为(18.26±6.16)μg h/ml和(17.64±4.66)μg h/ml,Cmax分别为(5.58±1.95)μg/ml和(5.54±1.65)μg/ml,Tmax分别为(2.03±0.97)h和(1.93±0.69)h,t1/2分别为(1.20±0.17)h和(1.19±0.13)h。受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(101.5±6.56)%。结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。  相似文献   

6.
目的:研究新仿制的头孢羟氨苄胶囊制剂与市场在售的同类制剂在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性志愿者分别口服受试制剂与参比制剂500 mg,HPLC法测定血浆中头孢氨苄的浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂两药的主要药代动力学参数,Cmax分别为(18.12±3.17)μg/ml和(21.28±3.77)μg/ml,Tmax分别为(1.09±0.37)h和(1.04±0.33)h,t1/2分别为(1.15±0.22)h和(1.14±0.20)h,AUC0-t分别为(35.43±5.39)μg h/ml和(37.27±4.76)μg h/ml,AUC0-∞分别为(36.68±6.06)μg h/ml和(38.62±5.48)μg h/ml,受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(96.50±7.2)%。结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有良好的生物等效性。  相似文献   

7.
中国生物仿制药发展分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
近几年,生物仿制药研发热潮逐渐兴起,本文简要综述了生物仿制药的市场情况,我国生物仿制药发展现状及相关的法律法规。  相似文献   

8.
云桥生物技术公司最近开发的蛋白质构象矩阵ELISA技术(PCA-ELISA)能从分子水平上系统、灵敏并且快速的分析蛋白质药物的三维构象。最近美国的《医疗保健法》需确认为仿制药的审批和商业化指明了道路,届时将引起目前已上市的主要的生物药间的激烈竞争。如何保持生物仿制药与原创药的高度相似是目前生物制药产业所面临的巨大挑战,而争论的焦点集中在仿制药与原创  相似文献   

9.
抗体药物引发机体产生的非必要免疫反应,将影响药物的疗效和安全性。因此,有必要对处于不同研发阶段的抗体药物的免疫原性进行评估,包括上市后的监测。免疫原性评价是所有抗体药物研发过程中的关键环节,监管部门对抗体药物的免疫原性评估有严格要求,但是对于证据类型,数量和质量缺少统一标准,也缺少抗体药物免疫原性测定实验设计的指导文件或免疫原性比较的标准。新技术的出现促进了免疫原性评估的发展,免疫原性检出率也有了相应的提高,因此,只能进行"头对头"临床试验,才能对抗体药物的免疫原性进行评估。因此,研究机构,监管机构和临床医生都需要认识到免疫原性分析方法的变化。在这里,讨论了抗体药物免疫原性的相关因素,潜在的临床后果,评估免疫原性的监管指导变化,非临床和临床研究的免疫原性评估方法的发展,以及生物仿制药免疫原性评估需要特别注意的事项。  相似文献   

10.
依据美国药物研究与生产商协会 (PhRMA) 发布的报告和临床试验数据库(clinicaltrials.gov)与相关新药数据库的数据,对2014 年进入II ~Ⅲ期临床试验或获批的用于治疗类风湿关节炎的34 个候选新药的临床研发情况进行统计分析,着重将其中进入III 期临床试验或获批的9 个药物分为化学合成的、生物学原创的和仿制生物学的缓解病情类抗风湿药物以及治疗性疫苗等类别进行综述。  相似文献   

11.
Biowaivers for class I drugs according to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) were first introduced in 2000. The in vitro equivalence can be used to document bioequivalence between products. This study compared the in vitro dissolution behavior of two BCS class I drugs, amoxicillin and metronidazole, which are sold in China. Identifying a reference product on the Chinese domestic market was impossible. Three 250-mg and two 500-mg amoxicillin capsules and four metronidazole tablet products were tested. None of the amoxicillin products and three of the four metronidazole tablets were found to be equivalent to each other when the same strengths were compared. The bioequivalence of products that fail the in vitro test can be established via in vivo clinical studies which are expensive and time consuming. Establishing nationally or globally accepted reference products may provide regulatory agencies with an efficient mechanism approving high quality generics.  相似文献   

12.
Establishing bioequivalence (BE) of drugs indicated to treat cancer poses special challenges. For ethical reasons, often, the studies need to be conducted in cancer patients rather than in healthy volunteers, especially when the drug is cytotoxic. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) introduced by Amidon (1) and adopted by the FDA, presents opportunities to avoid conducting the bioequivalence studies in humans. This paper analyzes the application of the BCS approach by the generic pharmaceutical industry and the FDA to oncology drug products. To date, the FDA has granted BCS-based biowaivers for several drug products involving at least four different drug substances, used to treat cancer. Compared to in vivo BE studies, development of data to justify BCS waivers is considered somewhat easier, faster, and more cost effective. However, the FDA experience shows that the approval times for applications containing in vitro studies to support the BCS-based biowaivers are often as long as the applications containing in vivo BE studies, primarily because of inadequate information in the submissions. This paper deliberates some common causes for the delays in the approval of applications requesting BCS-based biowaivers for oncology drug products. Scientific considerations of conducting a non-BCS-based in vivo BE study for generic oncology drug products are also discussed. It is hoped that the information provided in our study would help the applicants to improve the quality of ANDA submissions in the future.KEY WORDS: Biopharmaceutics Classification System, bioequivalence, biowaiver, cancer, oncology  相似文献   

13.

Objectives

We aim to obtain the intra-subject coefficient of variability of a highly variable antidepressant agomelatine in humans, and propose an adjusted bioequivalence assessment strategy.

Methods

A single-dose, randomized crossover design was conducted in four periods (reference administered thrice, placebo administered once) separated by seven days. A validated LC-MS/MS assay was used to measure drug concentrations in serial blood samples.

Results

The intra-subject coefficient of variability was calculated using the residual variance of ANOVA analysis, and the results for Cmax and AUC0-t was 78.34% and 43.52%, respectively, in Chinese healthy subjects. The sample size required for standard BE study were 124(192, 340) if the expected deviation between the reference and generic products was set to 0 (5%, 10%).

Conclusions

Agomelatine meets the criteria for highly variable drug in Chinese healthy male subjects, and the traditional BE criteria for agomelatine needs to be adjusted to alleviate the resource and ethical burden of using a large numbers of subjects in clinical trials. Our clinical data on the intra-subject variability of agomelatine PK in Chinese healthy population enables to adjust bioequivalence (BE) assessment approach for agomelatine based on the RSABE approaches recommended by regulatory agencies.

Trial Registration

ChiCTR.org ChiCTR-TTRCC-13003835   相似文献   

14.
M Spino 《CMAJ》1989,141(9):883-887
I have attempted to address some critical issues relating to the introduction of generic aerosol bronchodilators in Canada. I approached Genpharm to obtain information on the data submitted to the HPB, including the number of subjects involved, but the company refused to divulge this information because it was concerned about the use of such information by its competitors. In addition to the in-vitro testing conducted by the HPB, should a single pharmacodynamic study be sufficient to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a drug that serves such a critical role in the prevention of serious illness and possibly death? If so, what will constitute the minimum requirements for the design of such a study? In general, what should be the minimum standards required for safety, efficacy and bioequivalence of aerosol bronchodilators? The next phase rests with the provincial governments. What criteria will they use to determine whether a generic aerosol bronchodilator will be considered bioequivalent? It is essential that the criteria for bioequivalence be developed by experts, and ideally those criteria should be agreed upon and accepted by federal and provincial regulatory bodies before a product is given the status of bioequivalence. Unless such a step is taken it will be difficult to have confidence that products can be considered interchangeable. The issue of interchangeability of aerosol bronchodilators demands immediate attention. Regulatory agencies are caught between those groups with vested interests on both sides. Since patients will either benefit or suffer as a consequence of regulatory decisions, action must be taken to ensure that the best decisions are made. Scientists, clinicians and government officials should convene as soon as possible to formulate a satisfactory approach to this problem of interchangeability. The medical and pharmaceutical professions need reliable information, and patients should not be denied less expensive generic drugs if it can be determined that they are comparable to the innovator''s product.  相似文献   

15.
Bioequivalence studies are the pivotal clinical trials submitted to regulatory agencies to support the marketing applications of generic drug products. Average bioequivalence (ABE) is used to determine whether the mean values for the pharmacokinetic measures determined after administration of the test and reference products are comparable. Two‐stage 2×2 crossover adaptive designs (TSDs) are becoming increasingly popular because they allow making assumptions on the clinically meaningful treatment effect and a reliable guess for the unknown within‐subject variability. At an interim look, if ABE is not declared with an initial sample size, they allow to increase it depending on the estimated variability and to enroll additional subjects at a second stage, or to stop for futility in case of poor likelihood of bioequivalence. This is crucial because both parameters must clearly be prespecified in protocols, and the strategy agreed with regulatory agencies in advance with emphasis on controlling the overall type I error. We present an iterative method to adjust the significance levels at each stage which preserves the overall type I error for a wide set of scenarios which should include the true unknown variability value. Simulations showed adjusted significance levels higher than 0.0300 in most cases with type I error always below 5%, and with a power of at least 80%. TSDs work particularly well for coefficients of variation below 0.3 which are especially useful due to the balance between the power and the percentage of studies proceeding to stage 2. Our approach might support discussions with regulatory agencies.  相似文献   

16.

Background

Generic drugs are used by millions of patients for economic reasons, so their evaluation must be highly transparent.

Objective

To assess the quality of reporting of bioequivalence trials comparing generic to brand-name drugs.

Methodology/Principal Findings

PubMed was searched for reports of bioequivalence trials comparing generic to brand-name drugs between January 2005 and December 2008. Articles were included if the aim of the study was to assess the bioequivalency of generic and brand-name drugs. We excluded case studies, pharmaco-economic evaluations, and validation dosage assays of drugs. We evaluated whether important information about funding, methodology, location of trials, and participants were reported. We also assessed whether the criteria required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) to conclude bioequivalence were reported and that the conclusions were in agreement with the results. We identified 134 potentially relevant articles but eliminated 55 because the brand-name or generic drug status of the reference drug was unknown. Thus, we evaluated 79 articles. The funding source and location of the trial were reported in 41% and 56% of articles, respectively. The type of statistical analysis was reported in 94% of articles, but the methods to generate the randomization sequence and to conceal allocation were reported in only 15% and 5%, respectively. In total, 65 articles of single-dose trials (89%) concluded bioequivalence. Of these, 20 (31%) did not report the 3 criteria within the limits required by the FDA and 11 (17%) did not report the 2 criteria within the limits required by the EMA.

Conclusions/Significance

Important information to judge the validity and relevance of results are frequently missing in published reports of trials assessing generic drugs. The quality of reporting of such trials is in need of improvement.  相似文献   

17.
This study indicates the application of tape stripping (TS) for bioequivalence (BE) assessment of a topical cream product containing 5% acyclovir. A TS method, previously used successfully to assess BE of topical clobetasol propionate and clotrimazole formulations, was used to assess BE of an acyclovir cream (5%) formulation as well as a diluted acyclovir formulation (1.5%) applied to the skin of healthy humans. An appropriate application time was established by conducting a dose duration study using the innovator product, Zovirax® cream. Transepidermal water loss was measured and used to normalize thicknesses between subjects. The area under the curve (AUC) from a plot of amount of acyclovir/strip vs cumulative fraction of stratum corneum (SC) removed was calculated for each application site. BE was assessed using Fieller’s theorem in accordance with FDA’s guidance for assessment of BE of topical corticosteroids. Adco-acyclovir cream (5%) was found to be BE to Zovirax® cream, where the mean test/reference (T/R) ratio of the AUC’s was 0.96 and the bioequivalence interval using a 90% confidence interval was 0.91–1.01 with a statistical power >?95%, whereas the diluted test product fell outside the BE acceptance criteria with T/R ratio of AUC of 0.23 and a 90% CI of 0.20–0.26. This study indicates that the data resulting from the application of this TS procedure has reinforced the potential for its use to assess BE of topical drug products intended for local action, thereby obviating the necessity to undertake clinical trials in patients.  相似文献   

18.
Since the adoption of the WTO‐TRIPS Agreement in 1994, there has been significant controversy over the impact of pharmaceutical patent protection on the access to medicines in the developing world. In addition to the market exclusivity provided by patents, the pharmaceutical industry has also sought to further extend their monopolies by advocating the need for additional ‘regulatory’ protection for new medicines, known as data exclusivity. Data exclusivity limits the use of clinical trial data that need to be submitted to the regulatory authorities before a new drug can enter the market. For a specified period, generic competitors cannot apply for regulatory approval for equivalent drugs relying on the originator's data. As a consequence, data exclusivity lengthens the monopoly for the original drug, impairing the availability of generic drugs. This article illustrates how the pharmaceutical industry has convinced the US and the EU to impose data exclusivity on their trade partners, many of them developing countries. The key arguments formulated by the pharmaceutical industry in favor of adopting data exclusivity and their underlying ethical assumptions are described in this article, analyzed, and found to be unconvincing. Contrary to industry's arguments, it is unlikely that data exclusivity will promote innovation, especially in developing countries. Moreover, the industry's appeal to a property rights claim over clinical test data and the idea that data exclusivity can prevent the generic competitors from ‘free‐riding’ encounters some important problems: Neither legitimize excluding all others.  相似文献   

19.
Contradictory statements about the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration have raised questions about whether regulatory decisions are evidence-based. For the selective COX-2 inhibitors, there are clear contraindications and warnings in Europe, but only a vaguely worded Black Box warning in the United States. All the non-selective agents are given an almost "clean bill of health" in Europe, while all of them are judged to have a similar risk-benefit ratio as celecoxib in the United States. The regulatory agencies have failed to recognize the clinical trial evidence that the risk of cardiovascular events varies substantially among the non-selective agents, with diclofenac carrying the highest risk of harm.  相似文献   

20.
Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs) are an integral part of clinical drug development. Their use has evolved along with changing study designs and regulatory expectations, which has associated statistical and ethical implications. Although there is guidance from the different regulatory agencies, there are opportunities to bring more consistency to address practical issues of establishing and operating a DMC. Challenging issues include defining the scope of DMC decisions, the regulatory requirements and expectations, the perceived independence of DMCs, the specific focus primarily on safety, etc. Wider use of adaptive clinical trial designs in recent years introduce additional challenges in terms of trial governance and the complexity of DMC activities. A panel comprised of clinical and statistical experts from across academia, industry, and regulatory agencies shared their experience and thoughts on the importance of these aspects and offered perspectives on the future of the DMCs. This paper documents the thinking from the panel session at the CEN‐ISBS conference held in Vienna, Austria, 2017.  相似文献   

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