Long-term protection effects of national reserve to forest vegetation in 4 decades: biodiversity change analysis of major forest types in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve,China

The Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR) was established in 1960 to protect the virgin Korean pine mixed hardwood forest, a typical temperate forest of northeast China. We conducted systematic studies of vascular diversity patterns on the north slope of the CNR mountainside forests (800–1700 m a.s.l.) in 1963 and 2006 respectively. The aim of this comparison is to assess the long-term effects of the protection on plant biodiversity of CNR during the interval 43 years. The research was carried out in three types of forests: mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MCBF), mixed coniferous forest (MCF), and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF), characterized by different dominant species. The alpha diversity indicted by species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were found different in the same elevations and forest types during the 43-year interval. The floral composition and the diversity of vascular species were generally similar along altitudinal gradients before and after the 43-year interval, but some substantial changes were evident with the altitude gradient. In the tree layers, the dominant species in 2006 were similar to those of 1963, though diversity declined with altitude. The indices in the three forest types did not differ significantly between 1963 and 2006, and these values even increased in the MCBF and MCF from 1963 to 2006. However, originally dominant species, P. koraiensis for example, tended to decline, while the proportion of broad-leaved trees increased, and the species turnover in the succession layers trended to shift to higher altitudes. The diversity pattern of the under canopy fluctuated along the altitudinal gradient due to micro-environmental variations. Comparison of the alpha diversity in the three forests shows that the diversity of the shrub and herb layer decreased with time. During the process of survey, we also found some rare and medicinal species disappeared. Analysis indicates that the changes of the diversity pattern in this region are caused by both nature and human factors. Meteorological records revealed that climate has changed significantly in the past 43 years. We also found the most severe human disturbance to the CNR forests in the process of another field survey that is the exploitation of herb medicines and Korean pine nuts. We hope this research would give some guidance to the future reserve management in Changbai Mountain area.     

Vascular diversity patterns of forest ecosystem before and after a 43-year interval under changing climate conditions in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve, northeastern China

The Changbaishan Nature Reserve (CNR) is the largest protected temperate forest in the world. It was established in 1960 to protect the virgin Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed hardwood forest, a typical temperate forest of northeast China. Studies of vascular diversity patterns on the north slope of the CNR mountainside forest (800–1700 m a.s.l.) were conducted in 1963 and in 2006. The aim of this comparison was to assess the long-term effects of the protected status on plant biodiversity during the intervening 43 years. The research was carried out in three forest types: mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MCBF), mixed coniferous forest (MCF), and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF), characterized by different dominant species. The alpha diversity indicted by species richness and the Shannon–Wiener index were found to differ for the same elevations and forest types after the 43-year interval, while the beta diversity indicated by the Cody index depicted the altitudinal patterns of plant species gain and loss. The floral compositional pattern and the diversity of vascular species were generally similar along altitudinal gradients before and after the 43-year interval, but some substantial changes were evident with the altitude gradient. In the tree layer, the dominant species in 2006 were similar to those of 1963, though diversity declined with altitude. The indices in the three forest types did not differ significantly between 1963 and 2006, and these values even increased in the MCBF and MCF. However, originally dominant species, such as Pinus koraiensis, tended to decline, the proportion of broad-leaved trees increased, and the species turnover in the succession layers showed a trend to shift to higher altitudes. The diversity pattern of the understory fluctuated along the altitudinal gradient due to micro-environmental variations. A comparison of the alpha diversity indices among the three forest types reveals that the diversity of the shrub and herb layer decreased, and some rare and medicinal species disappeared. Meteorological records show that climate has changed significantly in this 43-year intervening period, and information collected from another field survey found that the most severe human disturbances to the CNR forests stemmed from the exploitation of Ginseng roots and Korean pine nuts. W. Sang and F. Bai are contributed equally to this research.     

东北过伐林区四种森林类型的物种多样性比较研究

运用无偏对应分析(DCA)、群落本质多样性排序和方差分析的方法,研究了东北过伐林区吉林省汪清林业局境内的四种森林类型——针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、柞木林和长白落叶松人工林的林分层次的植物物种多样性间的差异。从4种类型下层植被多样性指数的比较结果来看,针阔混交林最高,阔叶混交林和落叶松人工林次之,柞木林最低。最后提出了部分经营建议。     

Pattern of changes in species diversity,structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia

We examined effects of seasonality of climate and dominant life form (evergreen/deciduous, broad-leaf/coniferous) together with energy condition on species diversity, forest structure, forest dynamics, and productivity of forest ecosystems by comparing the patterns of changes in these ecosystem attributes along altitudinal gradients in tropical regions without seasonality and along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to temperate regions in humid East Asia. We used warmth index (temperature sum during growing season, WI) as an index of energy condition common to both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There were apparent differences in patterns of changes in the ecosystem attributes in relation to WI among four forest formations that were classified according to dominant life form and climatic zone (tropical/temperate). Many of the ecosystem attributes—Fishers alpha of species-diversity indices, maximum tree height and stem density, productivity [increment rate of aboveground biomass (AGB)], and population and biomass turnover rates—changed sharply with WI in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, but did not change linearly or changed only loosely with WI in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests. Values of these ecosystem attributes in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests were higher (stem density was lower) than those in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests under colder conditions (WI below 100°C). Present results indicate that seasonality of climate and resultant change in dominant life form work to buffer the effects of energy reduction on ecosystem attributes along latitudinal gradients.     

四川小寨子沟自然保护区大熊猫生境植物群落结构特征

通过沿海拔梯度的系统调查,对小寨子沟自然保护区大熊猫生境的植物群落种类组成和结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)小寨子沟大熊猫生境的植被类型有2种:阔叶林和针叶林;(2)小寨子沟自然保护区内分布有青川箭竹、缺苞箭竹、华西箭竹、冷箭竹等多种箭竹,这些作为大熊猫食料的箭竹广布在各种植被类型中,尤其是针阔混交林和亚高山针叶林;(3)大熊猫对生境的群落结构有较广的适宜性,阔叶林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林均可作为它的适宜生境;(4)小寨子沟自然保护区内的植被类型是随海拔的升高而自然过渡的,呈现出受人类活动影响较小的自然状态。     

临安区不同森林类型竞争指数比较研究

竞争对树木生长有重要影响,通常用竞争指数定量描述树木之间的竞争关系。以浙江省杭州市临安区的乔木林为对象,利用2004年临安区森林资源监测数据,基于Voronoi图的Hegyi竞争指数,在区域尺度上对临安区多种森林类型的竞争关系进行分析。结果表明：在单木水平上,不同森林类型单木的总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数在胸径5-10 cm最大;单木平均竞争指数随着胸径的增大而降低,胸径 > 30 cm的竞争压力得以缓解;临安区林木的竞争主要来源于种内竞争,天然林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例 > 50%,人工林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例 > 60%。径级平均总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数与胸径的关系均服从对数函数关系。在林分水平上,不同森林类型的林分总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数存在显著差异。平均总竞争顺序为：天然阔叶林 > 天然针阔混交林 > 人工针叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 人工阔叶林。种内平均竞争顺序为：人工针叶林 > 天然阔叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 天然针阔混交林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 人工阔叶林。种间平均竞争顺序为：天然针阔混交林 > 人工针阔混交林 > 天然阔叶林 > 天然针叶林 > 人工针叶林 > 人工阔叶林。人工阔叶林的平均总竞争指数、种内竞争指数和种间竞争指数均为最小,该森林类型以山核桃经济树种为优势树种,说明为提高山核桃产量,人为控制低种植密度的经营措施有效降低了林分竞争强度。     

俄罗斯平原针－阔林过渡带森林群落组成结构与物种多样性的研究

俄罗斯平原针－阔林过渡带森林群落的物种多样性的研究表明,该地区的物种多样性类同于许多类型的过渡带,即群落的过渡带 (针阔混交林)比相邻群落(针叶林和阔叶林)具有更高的多样性。针阔混交林群落的组成结构较好地反映了其特殊的过渡性。在该过渡带较高的物种多样性并不证明群落稳定性的增加。因此,在探讨多样性与群落稳定性关系时,综合包括均匀度在内的多个指数才可能作出较为客观的结论。     

长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段的昆虫多样性

昆虫多样性变化对生态系统健康有重要的指示作用, 为研究昆虫群落变化与生境演替之间的关系, 本研究采用网捕、灯诱和诱捕法系统调查了长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段（次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林）昆虫群落的组成和多样性, 分析了昆虫在森林演替过程中的规律及与植被群落之间的关系。系统调查共采集昆虫标本8 183头, 隶属于14个目699种, 其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目是主要优势类群。次生针阔混交林昆虫的个体数量最多, 原始阔叶红松林中物种数最多。不同演替阶段昆虫群落的物种数和个体数差异不显著, 但次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林的Fisher’s α指数显著高于次生白桦林。目水平上的昆虫多样性未表现出显著性差异. 昆虫多样性在森林演替过程中和草本植物多样性的变化趋势相同;由于食性和生境选择的不同, 森林演替过程中鳞翅目昆虫多样性逐渐升高, 而鞘翅目多样性逐渐降低。     

浙江古田山常绿阔叶林演替序列研究:群落物种多样性

采用较为成熟的“空间差异代替时间变化”的研究方法,应用相邻格子样方法调查了16个典型样地,利用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson生态优势度指数计算了浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林演替序列4种群落的物种多样性。结果表明,从针叶林到针阔叶混交林、木荷林和甜槠林的演替过程中,4种群落乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.9670、2.4975、2.6140和2.4356,呈现先增大后变小的趋势;灌木层物种多样性以针阔叶混交林最高,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.8625;针叶林的草本层Shannon-Wiener指数为1.5334,高于其它3种群落。在群落的垂直结构中,演替序列中的针叶林、针阔叶混交林、甜槠林物种多样性均表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层,而木荷林物种多样性大小则表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。演替过程中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性的变化幅度以草本层最大,H、JSW、JSI、D的变异系数分别为0.1572、0.0806、0.0899和0.1884;灌木层变化幅度最小,其H、JSWJ、SI、D的变异系数分别为0.0482、0.0385、0.0142和0.1553。     

俄罗期平原针—阔林过渡带森林群落组成结构与物种多样性的研究

俄罗斯平原针-阔林过渡带森林群落的物种多样性的研究表明,该地区的物种多样性类同于许多类型的过渡带,即群落的过渡带（针阔混交林）比相邻群落（针叶林和阔叶林）具有更高的多样性。针阔混交林群落的组成结构较好地反映了其特殊的过渡性。在该过渡带较高的物种多样性并不证明群落稳定性的增加。因此,在探讨多样性与群落稳定性关系时,综合包括均匀度在内的多个指数才可能作出较为客观的结论。     

文峪河上游河岸林群落类型及其生态适应性

以文峪河上游河岸林为研究对象,采用TWINSPAN法对研究地区河岸林进行群落分类,对各群落类型特征进行分析.在提出河岸林群落生态功能适应性指标的基础上,对研究地区河岸林群落进行生态功能适应性分组.通过研究,文峪河上游河岸林可划分为阔叶混交林、华北落叶松阔叶混交林、云杉落叶松混交林、云杉阔叶混交林、阔针混交林、油松阔叶混交林、青杨林、沙棘灌丛和柳树灌丛等9个群落类型,但群落类型之间的分异性总体表现不高,且表现出突出的多样性特征;群落乔木层和灌木层的物种组成复杂,草本层多为一些耐干扰种和耐水湿种,总体上越远离河岸,高地群落中的物种比例越高,表现出高地森林与河流之间生态过渡带的典型特点和河岸带生态环境的高度异质性;根据本文构建的群落的生态功能适应性指标,研究地区9个河岸林群落类型可以划分为强入侵性功能组、中等入侵性功能组、弱入侵性功能组和高逃避性功能组等4个生态适应性功能组,不同生态适应性功能组的群落中,乔木层和灌木层的主要物种具有明显不同的生态对策,而草本层物种的差异不明显.     

浙江西天目山主要森林类型的苔藓多样性比较

苔藓是森林的重要组分, 是森林保护区的重要保护对象, 在物种资源和生态系统功能维护中有重要作用。该研究以浙江西天目山国家自然保护区内7种主要森林类型(落叶矮林、落叶阔叶林、常绿-落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林和竹林)内的苔藓植物为对象, 调查了32个10 m × 10 m的样地, 记录地面生苔藓植物盖度和树附生苔藓植物多度, 采用重要值、相似性系数、多样性指数分析了森林类型间的苔藓植物多样性差异。共采集969份标本, 隶属41科84属142种, 其中苔类植物13科18属33种, 藓类植物28科66属109种, 优势科为灰藓科、青藓科和羽藓科。2种混交林(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林)的物种丰富度和多样性指数均高于其余5种森林, 其中物种丰富度以针阔混交林最高, 苔藓植物多样性则以常绿-落叶阔叶混交林最高, 竹林两者均为最低。海拔等环境因子较为接近的植被类型的苔藓植物多样性相似性较高, 常绿阔叶林与针叶林相似性最高, 而落叶矮林和竹林相似性最小。     

鼎湖山针阔混交林演替过程中群落组成和结构短期动态研究

分析了鼎湖山针阔混交林永久样地在4a演变过程中群落的物种组成结构、空间结构、物种多样性以及生物量的动态变化。结果表明：群落乔、灌、草3层的物种个体数量有很大变化,但其物种组成结构变幅很小;针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的优势地位逐步丧失,而阔叶树种荷木(Schima superba)和锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)等优势地位日益巩固,同时中生性树种的罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)和九节(Psychotria rubra)等地位也在加强,整个群落向常绿阔叶林演变：群落乔木层的生物量增加而灌木层的生物量逐步减少,但群落总生物量仍在增加：群落各层次物种多样性的变化及其相互关系较为复杂,但各层次的物种多样性指数只表现微小的起伏,说明针阔混交林群落的演替是一种缓慢的、较为稳定的过程。同时,在群落的演替过程中,偶见种及珍稀植物的保护值得关注。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林及针阔叶混交林节肢动物群落多样性调查

20 0 1年 5月和 10月在自然保护区鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的灌木层和草本 -苗木层对节肢动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明 ,5月份的灌木层 ,季风常绿阔叶林的节肢动物物种数和个体数 >针阔叶混交林 ,相反 ,在草本 -苗木层 ,针阔叶混交林的物种数和个体数 >季风常绿阔叶林。 10月份 ,针阔叶混交林节肢动物物种数和个体数与季风常绿阔叶林间无明显差异。两林分中 ,天敌占总物种数的 2 7.5 0 %～ 87.5 0 % ,蜘蛛类群占总物种数的 18.18%～ 6 6 .6 7%、占天敌物种数的 5 3.33%～ 90 .91%。除 5月份的草本 -苗木层外 ,节肢动物的丰富度指数、多样性指数均是季风常绿阔叶林 >针阔叶混交林 ,优势集中性指数则是针阔叶混交林 >季风常绿阔叶林。     

长白山不同演替阶段温带森林林下草本植物对乔木幼苗的影响

为了解次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林林下草本植物对幼苗生长和存活的影响,基于长白山次生针阔混交林样地(Ⅰ)和阔叶红松林样地(Ⅱ),以246个1 m×1 m幼苗样方中乔木幼苗为研究对象,通过去除草本植物的对照试验探究草本植物对乔木幼苗高度生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,(1)群落水平上,草本植物去除有助于林下乔木幼苗的高度生长。次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林中幼苗高度生长量在除草后较对照组均有显著提高,且阔叶红松林中幼苗高度增长在对照组和处理组中均高于次生针阔混交林。(2)去除草本植物对不同年龄级水平乔木幼苗高度生长影响不同。次生针阔混交林中,去除草本显著促进四年生及以上幼苗高度生长,对一至三年生幼苗影响不显著;阔叶红松中去除草本显著促进一至三年生幼苗高度生长,对四年生及以上幼苗影响不显著。(3)除草处理后,水曲柳幼苗高度生长量在两处样地均显著增加,假色槭幼苗高度增长量只在次生针阔混交林中显著增加,而其他幼苗高度增长量只在阔叶红松林中显著增加。(4)次生针阔混交林中,幼苗存活率与草本多度和物种数呈正相关关系,与草本盖度无相关关系;阔叶红松林中幼苗存活率与草本物种数呈正相关关系,与草本多度和盖度无相关关系。结果表明,草本植物会抑制乔木幼苗高度生长;虽可能在一定程度上有助于改善微生境,但未显著提高幼苗存活率。     

林分因子对神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的影响

为探究神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的差异，本研究采用典型样地法，以夹金山神木垒的5种主要森林群落：云杉林、丽江云杉林、红杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶林为研究对象，对不同森林群落林下植物物种组成和物种多样性进行比较，并对林分因子和林下植物多样性进行冗余分析，确定影响林下植物多样性的主要林分因子，为当地森林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）在研究区内共记录林下植物147种，隶属于61科，108属；云杉林群落林下植物的科属种组成最丰富。（2）各类型群落的H值、H"值、D值、JSW值均为：草本层＞灌木层；灌木层多样性最高的群落为云杉林群落，草本层多样性最高的群落为丽江云杉林群落，针阔混交林群落、阔叶林群落林下植物多样性较差。（3）平均枝下高与林分密度是影响灌木层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01），平均枝下高与灌木层的D值、H值、H"值呈负相关关系，林分密度与灌木层4个多样性指数均呈正相关关系；平均枝下高是影响草本层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01），平均枝下高与草本层H值、H"值、JSW值呈正相关关系。本研究认为，云杉林群落与丽江云杉林群落的林下植物多样性水平较高，平均枝下高与林分密度是影响神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的主要林分因子。     

山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究

在野外获得样方的基础上,采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对山西霍山森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,多数森林群落林下灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于草本层,而丰富度指数则相反。灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数的顺序为:针阔叶混交林>针叶林>落叶阔叶林,主要是由于针阔叶混交林兼有针叶林和落叶阔叶林的共同特征,因而具有较高的多样性。灌木层和草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在海拔梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势,即中海拔(1500 m)高度上物种多样性最大,这主要是由于在这一海拔范围内水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致。     

辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性研究

基于9个20 m×30 m森林群落样地的调查数据,采用物种丰富度、α和β多样性指数,对辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种多样性进行定量研究,采用皮尔逊相关分析方法对其影响因素进行分析。结果显示,古石河冰缘地貌苔藓植物共有26科46属59种;不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种丰富度和α多样性指数均为:暗针叶林针阔混交林落叶阔叶林;石生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为落叶阔叶林-针阔混交林间(0.44),最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间(0.33);树生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为针阔混交林-暗针叶林间(0.40),最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间(0.25);分析表明,林冠层郁闭度、海拔高度是影响辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性的重要因子。     

Characteristic and representativeness of the vertical vegetation zonation along the altitudinal gradient in Shennongjia Natural Heritage

Aims Mountains contain broad environmental gradients, which are to be an outstanding universal value representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of zonal vegetation along the elevation gradients. Exploring the biological and ecological value of the vegetation zonation along the elevation gradients of Chinese mountain natural heritage site is important for biodiversity conservation and management.Methods Based on the community survey data of the six vegetation zonation along the elevational gradients in Shennongjia, the global land use dataset, and the literature data of the communities along the altitudinal gradients of other natural heritage sites and the nominated world natural heritage sites in Oriental Deciduous Forest Biogeographic Province by Udvardy, we explored the outstanding universal value of the zonal vegetation along the altitude gradients by the methods of spatial analysis.Important findings Shennongjia heritage site preserves the intact vegetation zonation of the typical Oriental Deciduous Forest Biogeographical Province in the Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World by Udvardy, including evergreen broad-leaved forests (South Slope of the Heritage Site), evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, coniferous forests and subalpine shrub and meadow along the elevation gradients. The altitudinal zonation of vegetation in the Shennongjia heritage site represented a variety of bio-ecological processes, such as the turnover of the dominant trees along the altitudinal gradients, and is an outstanding example of the ongoing ecological processes occurring in the development of intact subtropical mixed broadleaved evergreen and deciduous forest in the Northern Hemisphere.     

4种不同演替阶段森林群落物种组成和多样性的比较研究

通过空间变化代替时间差异和样方法等手段,对浙江省马尾松林针叶（针叶林）、马尾松针阔叶混交林、中龄常绿阔叶林和近熟常绿阔叶林4种不同演替阶段森林群落的物种组成和多样性、群落间相似性进行了研究。结果表明,23个样地共记录维管植物53科105属170种。随着演替的进行,群落物种数、各层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数基本上呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并以针阔叶混交林最低,估计跟先锋物种的消失和后期物种的出现这一更替有关。随着演替的进行,各群落间的Jaccard相似性系数逐渐降低,其中针阔叶混交林和中龄常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最高,马尾松与近熟常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最低。群落主成分分析也得出相似的结果。群落之间的差异主要体现在物种组成尤其是乔木层的组成上;针阔叶混交林是物种丰富度和物种多样性较低的一个群落,但它与其它群落间的相似性较高,并已储存了常绿阔叶林中的大部分物种,对演替起着承前启后的作用。