20-羟基蜕皮甾酮处理后舞毒蛾外部形态和幼虫体壁超微结构的变化

为了探明20-羟基蜕皮甾酮对昆虫蜕皮过程中体壁的表皮层、 皮细胞及其细胞器的具体影响过程, 本研究利用透射电镜技术研究了20-羟基蜕皮甾酮对舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar （Linnaeus）5龄幼虫体壁超微结构的变化。结果表明, 用高浓度20-羟基蜕皮甾酮溶液浸过的白桦叶片饲喂幼虫, 处理6 h, 摄入约400 μg 20-羟基蜕皮甾酮后, 幼虫停止取食; 处理12 h时表皮细胞顶膜上的微绒毛减少, 在皮细胞与旧表皮之间形成蜕皮间隙, 旧头壳从幼虫头部脱离; 处理24 h时蜕皮间隙继续增大, 旧表皮与皮细胞进一步分离, 新表皮质层开始形成; 处理36 h时皮细胞顶膜形成较短的微绒毛, 胞质区域出现数量较多的电子疏松泡, 新表皮由上表皮、 外表皮及8层左右内表皮片层组成; 处理48 h时顶膜与内表皮界限模糊, 内表皮继续合成至16层左右; 72 h时细胞内出现大面积电子疏松泡, 内表皮合成至20层左右。 处理96 h时, 与对照组相比, 皮细胞细胞器较少, 核仁周围出现小部分空白区域, 胞质区域内含物减少; 虫体发黑缩小, 即将死亡; 内表皮层数仍旧保持20层左右。对照组幼虫6-96 h虫体活跃, 正常取食, 外部观察及透射电镜结果均未显现蜕皮现象; 表皮层由上表皮、 外表皮及内表皮组成; 皮细胞顶膜微绒毛密度高; 表皮细胞分泌活动旺盛, 胞质区域细胞界限明显, 内含物丰富; 细胞器典型而且活跃; 内表皮片层随时间不断增加至50层左右。结果提示, 外源20-羟基蜕皮甾酮能够导致舞毒蛾5龄幼虫的致死性蜕皮。     

Changes in external morphology and integument ultrastructure of the 5th instar larvae of Lymantria dispar ( Lepidoptera: Lymantridae) treated by 20-hydroxyecdysone

为了探明20-羟基蜕皮甾酮对昆虫蜕皮过程中体壁的表皮层、皮细胞及其细胞器的具体影响过程,本研究利用透射电镜技术研究了20-羟基蜕皮甾酮对舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar( Linnaeus)5龄幼虫体壁超微结构的变化.结果表明,用高浓度20-羟基蜕皮甾酮溶液浸过的白桦叶片饲喂幼虫,处理6h,摄人约400 μg 20-羟基蜕皮甾酮后,幼虫停止取食;处理12h时表皮细胞顶膜上的微绒毛减少,在皮细胞与旧表皮之间形成蜕皮间隙,旧头壳从幼虫头部脱离;处理24 h时蜕皮间隙继续增大,旧表皮与皮细胞进一步分离,新表皮质层开始形成;处理36 h时皮细胞顶膜形成较短的微绒毛,胞质区域出现数量较多的电子疏松泡,新表皮由上表皮、外表皮及8层左右内表皮片层组成;处理48 h时顶膜与内表皮界限模糊,内表皮继续合成至16层左右;72h时细胞内出现大面积电子疏松泡,内表皮合成至20层左右.处理96 h时,与对照组相比,皮细胞细胞器较少,核仁周围出现小部分空白区域,胞质区域内含物减少;虫体发黑缩小,即将死亡;内表皮层数仍旧保持20层左右.对照组幼虫6 -96 h虫体活跃,正常取食,外部观察及透射电镜结果均未显现蜕皮现象;表皮层由上表皮、外表皮及内表皮组成;皮细胞顶膜微绒毛密度高;表皮细胞分泌活动旺盛,胞质区域细胞界限明显,内含物丰富;细胞器典型而且活跃;内表皮片层随时间不断增加至50层左右.结果提示,外源20-羟基蜕皮甾酮能够导致舞毒蛾5龄幼虫的致死性蜕皮.     

东亚飞蝗山西两地理种群酯酶特性的比较研究

对东亚飞蝗山西临猗和永济2个地理种群的酯酶特性进行了比较研究.非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示:以a-乙酸萘酯为底物染色,2个东亚飞蝗种群谱带差别不明显.但是,酯酶动力学研究结果表明:以a-乙酸萘酯和α-丁酸萘酯为底物时,永济种群的酯酶活性分别是临猗种群的1.81倍和1.20倍.永济种群酯酶活性的增高可能与非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示出较临猗种群多出的酶带有关.体外酯酶抑制动力学研究表明:永济和临猗2种群所含酯酶大都为B型酯酶,其含量分别为84.94%和91.47%.永济种群对对氧磷的耐受性要高于临猗种群,我们推测可能与2种群马拉硫磷使用背景不同有关.     

棉铃虫蜕皮时期同工酶表达模式

同工酶广泛存在于不同种属生物的组织细胞中,在生物发育的不同阶段有着特定的表达模式和重要的生理功能。昆虫蜕皮是在促前胸腺激素（PTTH）、蜕皮激素和保幼激素共同控制下由一系列基因表达和调控的级联反应。阐明蜕皮发育过程中同工酶的表达模式,可以为研究蜕皮的分子机理提供新的分子靶标,为研制生长调节剂类杀虫剂提供检测的分子标记。该研究分析了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蜕皮时期不同组织中过氧化物酶、乙醇脱氢酶和酯酶的表达模式,找到了3种蜕皮差异表达的过氧化物酶, 2种蜕皮或变态差异表达的乙醇脱氢酶,3种蜕皮差异表达的酯酶。生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂非甾醇类蜕皮激素竞争物RH24-85可以诱导3种酯酶表达上调,可能与蜕皮有关。这些结果为进一步研究棉铃虫蜕皮的分子机理和检测促蜕皮生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂提供了新的分子靶标。     

亲和层析纯化肌质网Ca~（2＋）－ATP酶

建立了一种亲和层析纯化肌质网Ｃａ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶的方法．用非离子型去污剂Ｃ＿（１２）Ｅ＿８溶解肌质网,再通过反应红－１２０琼脂糖亲和层析柱使肌质网Ｃａ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶纯度从粗品中的６５％提高到９９％,并具有较高ＡＴＰ水解活性．经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,为电泳纯．     

LDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析植物过氧化物酶同工酶

以高粱和甘蓝型油菜叶片为材料,用十二烷基磺酸锂不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（LDS-PAGE）检测过氧化物酶同工酶的结果表明,LDS-PAGE的酶带条数比非变性不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（native PAGE）明显增加,分辨率大大提高,上样量少,胶片易保存;比复性电泳（G-PAGE）的步骤简单,电泳后无需除去LDS即可直接按常规活性染色方法染色。     

棉铃虫蜕皮调节转录因子在大肠杆菌中的重组表达及其包涵体纯化

蜕皮调节转录因子(hormone receptor 3,HR3)在昆虫蜕皮过程中启动蜕皮相关早期基因簇表达,并抑制蜕皮相关晚期基因簇表达,对昆虫蜕皮级联反应起着关键的调控作用。利用合成的特异性引物通过RT-PCR扩增了棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 蜕皮调节转录因子(HHR3),并与pGEX-4T-1载体连接,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α内进行扩增,经过PCR筛选获得了HHR3-pGEX-4T-1重组质粒。 用该质粒转化大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21并进行诱导表达,获得了与谷胱甘肽-S转移酶（GST）融合表达的HHR3包涵体,分子量在94 kD左右,通过无离子去垢剂CAPS（3-［cyclohexylamino］-1-propanesulfonic acid）变性、复性后获得了可溶性GST-HHR3融合蛋白,经凝血酶裂解和SDS-PAGE分离得到纯化的HHR3,经蛋白质N-端测序确认表达正确。用重组表达的HHR3免疫家兔,制备了兔抗HHR3多克隆抗体,免疫印迹检测显示该抗体对HHR3有特异性识别能力, 可以用于HHR3功能与调控等下游研究。免疫印迹检测结果还表明,HHR3在5龄向6龄蜕皮的幼虫脂肪体中高表达,在进入6龄24 h 的幼虫脂肪体中含量明显下降,在6 龄72 h 的幼虫中肠中没有检测到HHR3表达;成虫卵巢中有HHR3表达。     

东亚飞蝗山西两地理种群酯酶特性的比较研究

对东亚飞蝗山西临猗和永济2个地理种群的酯酶特性进行了比较研究。非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电 泳图谱显示：以α-乙酸萘酯为底物染色,2个东亚飞蝗种群谱带差别不明显。但是,酯酶动力 学研究结果表明：以α-乙酸萘酯和α-丁酸萘酯为底物时,永济种群的酯酶活性分别是临猗 种群的1.81倍和1.20倍。永济种群酯酶活性的增高可能与非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显 示出较临猗种群多出的酶带有关。体外酯酶抑制动力学研究表明：永济和临猗2种群所含酯酶大 都为B型酯酶,其含量分别为84.94%和91.47%。永济种群对对氧磷的耐受性要高于临猗种群 ,我们推测可能与2种群马拉硫磷使用背景不同有关。     

霍乱弧菌EL－Tor35A3菌株外膜蛋白主区带的纯化

选用霍乱弧菌ＥＬ－Ｔｏｒ生物型３５Ａ３菌株（血清稻叶型）以ＥＤＴＡ－溶菌酶法与超速离心法提取其外膜蛋白,并将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后一条蛋白主区带分离。ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得该蛋白主区带的分子量为２５ｋＤ,免疫电泳显示一条线,免疫双扩试验表明,不同的霍乱弧菌菌株均有该蛋白抗原存在。     

家蝇幼虫差异表达基因的克隆筛选与分析

目的是利用mRNA差异显示(DDRT-PCR)技术对诱导后家蝇幼虫差异表达基因进行克隆分析。取诱导和未诱导家蝇(Musca domestica vicina)三龄幼虫总RNA进行mRNA差异显示反应,产物经6％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳展开,银染分析后,回收差异显示条带。随机选取4条诱导家蝇三龄幼虫中上调表达的基因条带,进行Northern杂交验证,有2条被验证为真实带,命名为YD1和YD2。对这2条基因片段进行T-A克隆和测序,长度分别为495bp和265bp,登录NCBI运用Blastn程序进行同源性比较,发现两者与任何已知基因同源性都低于70％,提示为两个未报道的新基因,在家蝇免疫反应中可能起着一定的作用。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.