贺兰山10种不同植物的旱生结构研究

对贺兰山10种不同生活型植物的形态解剖研究表明,长期生长在干旱贫瘠环境中植物,均形成适应生境的一些特殊形态结构．叶器官主要表现在：（1）叶表面积与体积之比缩小,表面覆有厚的角质膜,并被有表皮毛,气孔下陷,具孔下室;（2）栅栏薄壁组织细胞明显增多,海绵薄壁组织细胞减少．有叶肉不分化叶、等而叶和异而叶3种结构形式;（3）叶内贮水组织和机械组织增强。轴器官主要表现在：（1）根普遍形成周皮,且木栓层细胞层数增多;（2）机械组织非常发达,在周皮、皮层和韧皮部中有许多厚壁细胞分布。维管组织中的木薄壁细胞的细胞壁也明显木质化加厚;（3）有些植物的根具有异常维管组织。另外,这些植物根、茎、叶中均有粘液细胞和含晶细胞分布。这些结构具有重要的适应干旱生境的意义。     

新疆10种沙生植物旱生结构的解剖学研究

新疆１０种沙生植物的形态解剖研究表明,它们为适应沙生环境形态结构发生变化。叶器官的形态呈三种类型：叶片退化成膜质或鳞片状,而由同化枝执行光合功能;叶片上下都具栅栏组织,表皮角质膜厚,表皮毛发达,气孔下陷,输导组织和机械组织都发达;叶片肉质化,叶肉组织不分化,贮水组织发达而输导组织不发达。轴器官中厚壁组织发达,围绕维管组织,维管组织内部也有发达的厚壁组织。根中普遍具有周皮,一些植物存在异常的维管组织,部分植物还具有粘液细胞或结晶。沙生植物形成各种旱生结构,以不同的方式适应沙生环境。     

罗布麻和白麻不同居群植物的比较解剖学研究

新疆罗布麻和白麻８个居群植物的比较解剖学研究表明,它们为适应旱生环境,形态结构都发生变化;叶表皮解质层厚;下表皮多具有下皮层;气孔皆分布于下表皮,且具孔下室;输导组织和机械组织发达;有些叶片上下都具栅栏组织。茎中初生韧皮纤维发达;髓外围存在异常的维管组织－内生韧皮部。因生境有所不同,白麻比罗布麻具有更为显著的旱生结构。     

30种新疆沙生植物的结构及其对沙漠环境的适应

新疆３０种沙生植物营养器官的解剖学研究表明,它们的形态结构为适应沙漠环境发生相应变化。叶片表面积／体积比普遍小于中生植物;表皮细胞外壁具厚的角质膜,并覆盖毛状体,气孔下陷,具有孔下室;按叶肉结构的差别,３０种沙生植物的叶片可归为正常型、全栅型、环栅型、不规则型、禾草型、退化型等６类。轴器官中普遍具有发达的机械组织,一些植物形成异常结构;根的周皮发达;茎中基本组织／半径比率较大;部分植物形成同化枝,有的茎、叶中存在粘液细胞或结晶。按其适应沙生环境的形态结构特点,可以分为薄叶植物、多浆植物、肉茎植物以及卷叶植物等４类。沙生植物以不同的旱生结构特征和不同的方式适应沙漠环境。     

外来植物黄顶菊营养器官解剖特征及其生态适应性

采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对外来植物黄顶菊营养器官的解剖结构研究。结果表明：黄顶菊叶片表皮具较厚的角质层、下陷气孔,叶片为等面叶、全栅型,叶肉细胞环绕维管束鞘细胞紧密排列,是典型C₄植物的Kranz花环结构;茎中厚角组织和维管组织发达,根中还存在通气组织;根、茎、叶中均存在分泌结构。综合光照、温度、土壤pH、有机质、含盐量及伴生种等生态因子分析表明,黄顶菊喜光、喜高温,耐受干旱、盐碱及贫瘠土壤,可与一些耐干旱耐盐碱较强的植物共生。黄顶菊营养器官特别是叶片的解剖特征体现的生态适应性可能与其耐受恶劣生境的能力之间存在一定的相关性,可能是导致黄顶菊具有较强入侵性的原因之一。     

典型盐地植物小獐毛的生态学研究

通过茎、叶显微结构的解剖观察,表明小獐毛（Aeluropuslittoralis（Gouan）Parl．）与其它盐地植物相比,具有含晶细胞数目多,叶片中鞘细胞伸展区发达,茎、叶表皮细胞外壁硅质化明显,叶栅栏组织发达,而机械组织不发达等特点。结合小獐毛自然生境、群落特征,初步分析了其外部形态、解剖结构与盐地生境的适应关系。     

珍稀植物扇脉杓兰营养器官的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术对扇脉杓兰营养器官的解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明：根状茎的薄壁细胞中含丰富的淀粉粒,维管柱中分布着排列紧凑的周木维管束;根的皮层发达,有的皮层细胞中存在真菌菌丝团,木质部与韧皮部呈辐射状相间排列,根和根状茎的内皮层细胞都形成马蹄形加厚结构。茎的表面分布气孔,皮层面积较小,皮层内部的基本组织发达,外韧维管束散生分布其中,茎和叶上都附有非腺性毛;叶为等面叶,叶肉细胞排列疏松,气孔主要分布于远轴面,略外凸,保卫细胞中含有叶绿体,叶缘处的叶肉组织中含有气腔结构。扇脉杓兰营养器官的这些特征与其荫蔽湿润的生境是相适应的。     

小盐芥营养器官的结构特点与其盐渍环境的关系研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了盐生植物小盐芥(Thellungiella halophila)营养器官的解剖结构。结果表明：小盐芥根的初生结构中表皮细胞为1层,且细胞大而高度液泡化,根毛数量较少;皮层仅由外皮层和内皮层2层细胞构成,细胞大,排列紧密;根次生维管组织发达。茎的初生结构中外剀维管束8～10束,大小不等,呈一轮排列;髓和髓射线发达;茎次生结构中维管组织也很发达。根和茎的这些结构特点提高了植物体吸收、运输水分的能力,而且根的特殊结构和输导系统将盐分限制在根内,适应于盐渍环境所造成的渗透胁迫和干旱胁迫。小盐芥叶片较小,上、下表皮细胞各1层,细胞大而高度液泡化,叶肉中栅栏组织与海绵组织分化不明显,但叶绿体体积大、数目多,细胞间隙较大,通气性能好,光合效率高。这些特点对其适应干旱盐渍环境有重要意义。小盐芥上述结构特征与典型真盐生植物、旱生植物相去其远,其营养器官内也无盐腺、囊泡等泌盐结构。由此推论,小盐芥更倾向于似盐生植物(拒盐植物)。     

高山红景天解剖学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)根、茎、叶中均有发达的通气组织, 根中的通气组织是维管射线细胞破裂形成的。根中任何薄壁组织细胞中均含有固体蛋白质。茎中维管束环外有糊粉层。叶肉细胞中的固体蛋白质多数存在于叶脉周围。植物体内丰富的蛋白质构成了其较强抗冻能力的物质基础。根中木栓十分发达。     

贵州北盘江喀斯特地区6种兰科植物结构及其生态适应性

【目的】分析兰科植物营养器官结构对喀斯特生境的适应特性和不同兰科植物响应生境异质的生存策略,为兰科植物研究、保护与发展提供理论支持和参考依据。【方法】该研究以贵州北盘江喀斯特地区6种不同生活型兰科植物的叶、假鳞茎、根为研究对象。应用石蜡切片法,进行结构观察并测量相关指标,通过描述和方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。【结果】结果表明：(1)不同兰科植物结构特征间存在显著差异,丘北冬蕙兰、莎叶兰、兔耳兰和单叶石仙桃均为等面叶,叶片较薄;栗鳞贝母兰与梳帽卷瓣兰叶片为异面叶,有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,叶片较厚。(2)假鳞茎主要由表皮、基本组织和维管束组成,地生兰基本组织细胞较小,维管束密度大;附生兰基本组织细胞较大,储水结构较发达。(3)地生兰根被和皮层较厚,根被细胞排列紧密,皮层细胞小层数多;附生兰根被与皮层较薄,皮层细胞较大。(4)叶片下表皮厚度与叶片厚度、叶维管束直径、叶肉厚度、叶脉厚度呈极显著(?<0.01)正相关,叶肉厚度与下角质层厚度、茎维管束直径呈显著(?<0.05)负相关;茎直径和表皮厚度、茎维管束数量、茎横截面积呈极显著正相关,茎维管束直径占比与茎直径、表皮厚度、茎维管束数量、茎横截面积均呈极显著负相关;根的各指标间呈极显著正相关,根直径、根被厚度和皮层厚度与根维管束直径占比呈极显著负相关。【结论】兰科植物根部结构具有相对稳定的趋同适应性,叶片和假鳞茎结构间相互促进协调,是兰科植物响应干旱喀斯特环境的重要结构。 关键词 生态适应性;兰科植物;结构特征;喀斯特地区     

Comparative vegetative anatomy and systematics of Vanilla (Orchidaceae)

Vanilla is a pantropical genus of green-stemmed vines bearing clasping (aerial) and absorbing (terrestrial) roots. Most vanillas bear normal, thick foliage leaves; others produce fugacious bracts. Seventeen species, including both types were studied. Foliage leaves of Vanilla are glabrous, have abaxial, tetracytic stomatal apparatuses, and a homogeneous mesophyll. Species may or may not have a uniseriate hypodermis. Crystals occur in the foliar epidermises of some species, but all species have crystalliferous idioblasts with raphides in the mesophyll. Vascular bundles in leaves are collateral and occur in a single series alternating large and small. Sclerenchyma may or may not be associated with the vascular bundles. Scale leaves may be crescent or C-shaped and usually have abaxial stomatal apparatuses. A hypodermis may or may not be present; the mesophyll contains raphide bundles in idioblasts. Vascular bundles are collateral and occur in a single row sometimes aligned close to the adaxial surface. They may or may not be associated with sclerenchyma. Stems of leafy vanillas show a sclerenchyma band separating cortex from ground tissue; stems of leafless vanillas do not show a sclerenchyma band. Ground tissue of the stem may consist solely of assimilatory cells or mixed assimilatory and water-storage cells. In some species centrally located assimilatory cells are surrounded by layers of water-storage cells. A uniseriate hypodermis is present in all stems. Sclerenchyma may completely surround the scattered collateral vascular bundles, occur only on the phloem side, or be absent. Both aerial and terrestrial roots are notable for their uniseriate velamen the cell walls of which may be unmarked or ornamented with anticlinal strips. Exodermis is uniseriate; the cells vary from barely thickened to strongly thickened. Only the outer and radial walls are thickened. Cortical cells of aerial roots generally have chloroplasts that are lacking from the same tissue of terrestrial roots. Raphide bundles occur in thin-walled cortical idioblasts. Endodermis and pericycle are uniseriate; pericycle cells are all ?-thickened opposite the phloem. Cells of the endodermis are either ?- or ∪-thickened opposite the phloem. Vascular tissue may be embedded in thin- or thick-walled sclerenchyma or in parenchyma. Metaxylem cells are always wider in terrestrial than in aerial roots of the same species. Pith cells are generally parenchymatous but sclerotic in a few species.     

Oil reservoirs in stem, rhizome, and root of Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae)

The anatomy of internal secretory spaces in immature and mature aerial stems, rhizomes, and roots of common goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae), was studied from resin-embedded samples cut 1–2 μm thick. Oil-filled cavities of different lengths, each lined by a uniseriate epithelium, form in young stems and rhizomes. Epithelial cells enlarge and elongate, and some continue to divide mitotically. The cavities thereby expand and accommodate themselves to the growing stem and rhizome. Septa are sometimes forced open by this enlargement, which merges adjacent cavities. Oil reservoirs in roots are probably also cavities, but their lack of densely cytoplasmic epithelial cells prevented us from locating the end walls. Cavities in stem, root, and the cortex of rhizomes occur only as one median file located just outside of each phloem strand; in the pith of rhizomes, however, several files of cavities of larger diameter seem randomly distributed. This study extends our earlier findings that the oil reservoirs in leaves of this species are cavities; we have therefore verified that cavities, not ducts, permeate the goldenrod plant.     

北京东郊作物对重金属的吸收及其与重金属在土壤中含量和存在形态的关系

重金属在环境中的残留、累积常常引起一些环境问题Schroeder,1965;Lewis,1969;Nandi,1969;Tsuchiya,1969;Friberg,1974。在植物土壤系统中,由于重金属被土壤强烈吸附和固定,很容易在土壤中残留累积,引起生长的植物吸收过多的重金属而造成对人体健康的威胁(Friberg,1974;Lagerwerff,1972;Lisk,1972;Page,1973;Page,     

干旱胁迫对3种灌木不同器官化学计量特征的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了3个水分处理,即田间持水量(FC)的(75±5)%、(55±5)%和(35±5)%,对丁香、黄刺梅、连翘的叶、茎、极细根(0～1 mm)、细根(1～2 mm)和粗根(>2 mm)化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 3种灌木相同器官间氮(N)和磷(P)含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均存在显著差异。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种灌木各器官C含量总体上无显著变化;叶片N含量呈增加趋势,茎N含量逐渐下降,极细根和细根N含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶片、茎P 含量呈降低趋势,极细根和细根P含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。3种灌木在干旱胁迫下叶C∶N呈降低趋势,叶和茎C∶P、N∶P均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫对极细根C∶N和叶C∶P、N∶P影响最大,而对粗根C∶N、N∶P以及极细根C∶P的影响最小。土壤C、N含量与灌木各器官中C、N、P含量无显著相关性,但土壤P含量与叶和根系C、N、P含量均显著相关。土壤中相对缺乏的P是影响灌木器官化学计量特征的最重要因素。干旱对不同灌木不同器官化学计量的影响不同,叶和极细根的化学计量较其他器官对干旱胁迫更加敏感。干旱可能主要通过影响灌木对土壤中养分P的吸收和在不同器官中的分配,进而影响灌木不同器官的化学计量特征,尤其是与P相关的化学计量特征。     

毛乌素沙地10种重要沙生植物叶的形态结构与环境的关系

10种重要沙生植物叶器官的比较解剖学研究表明其普遍特征是;叶片的表面积与体积比值小;叶表具表皮毛和厚的角质膜;气孔下陷、具孔下室;叶肉中栅栏组织发达;叶各类组织中普遍有含晶细胞和粘液细胞,具有发达的机械组织和输导组织。个别植物叶退化而由同比枝行使光合作用;部分植物具皮下层和异细胞层,以及具异常结构,以上特征是适应沙漠干旱环境的结果,反映出植物形态结构与环境的统一性。     

五叶木通营养器官解剖结构与三萜皂苷的积累关系

采用显微制片技术、组织化学定位和三萜皂苷定量分析方法,对五叶木通的营养器官分别进行了三萜皂苷的组织化学定位、含量和解剖结构特征研究。结果表明：三萜皂苷在五叶木通不同营养器官中的含量不同,含量测定与组织化学定位推测的结果吻合,叶＞根＞茎;三萜皂苷在同一营养器官的不同发育时期含量不同,总的规律是：老叶＞幼茎＞幼根＞幼叶﹥老根﹥老茎。三萜皂苷在不同器官中具有明确的积累位置：根中主要是次生韧皮部和周皮;皮层和次生韧皮部是茎中三萜皂苷积累部位;叶内则以栅栏组织为主。五叶木通根中初生木质部二原型,次生木质部内导管多为单管孔,少数为管孔链,纤维含量丰富。茎中韧皮纤维丰富,在幼茎中纤维成束状罩在初生韧皮部的外方,在次生韧皮部中纤维呈带状环绕在外方。叶为异面叶。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林植物营养元素含量分配格局研究

在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林中,植物叶片营养元素含量为Ｎ ０．９４６％－２．５３５％,Ｐ ０．０３０－０．１２７％,Ｋ ０．６１４％－１．８３３％,Ｃａ ０．４４２％－１．９９５％,Ｍｇ ０．０２４％－０．１８８％。叶片各营养养元素间相关性较差,仅Ｐ与Ｍｇ及Ｍｇ与Ｋ之间存在显著的线性相关。叶片Ｎ元素平均含量在各层中的序列为：乔木Ⅲ〉乔木Ⅱ〉乔木Ⅰ〉灌木〉藤本〉草本;其它营养元素浓度随层次分配的规律性     

Developmental patterns in anatomy are shared among separate evolutionary origins of stem succulent and storage root-bearing growth habits in Adenia (Passifloraceae)

The architecture of flowering plants is astonishingly diverse. To understand evolutionary patterns and processes that account for this diversity, I investigated developmental anatomy of storage roots and stems of 58 species in the genus Adenia (Passifloraceae) using an explicit phylogenetic context. Because expanded storage roots and stem succulence evolved multiple times in Adenia, patterns of transition between succulent and nonsucculent forms were analyzed using a comparative test that accommodates phylogenetic uncertainty. I tested the innervation hypothesis, wherein I expected the evolution of vascular strands to be correlated with evolutionary increases in water storage tissue if evolution of vascular strands facilitates transport through water and starch storage structures. Not only is evolution of vascular strands in stems statistically coupled with evolutionary increases in parenchyma storage tissue, most lineages that evolved expanded storage roots also evolved vascular strands in these roots in parallel to succulent stems. I proposed that vascular strands and closely associated storage parenchyma found in both roots and shoots of Adenia comprise a homologous unit. A switch-like evolutionary mechanism that alters the spatial expression of this unit between roots and shoots can account, in large part, for transitions between markedly different habits such as storage-rooted herbs and succulent-stemmed shrubs.     

IS POLYPLOIDY NECESSARY FOR TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN HIGHER PLANTS?

Measurements of relative DNA per nucleus of cells from various tissues show that cell differentiation can occur in the absence of polyploidy in higher plants. In Pisum polyploidy was present in roots, sepals, pods, pistils, and stamens but not in petals or leaves. In Triticum cells of leaves exhibited some polyploidy, but no polyploid cells were present in mature roots. No polyploid cells were found in any tissue of Helianthus examined (roots, cotyledons, stems, leaves, sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens). Therefore, as a general rule, polyploidy should not be considered essential in tissue or organ differentiation of higher plants. In Helianthus polyploidy is unnecessary for the completion of the life cycle.