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1.
湖南洞庭湖区水稻生产的环境成本评估   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20  
我国是一个农业大国.探讨水稻生产的环境成本,对于农业可持续发展和绿色GDP核算体系的建立具有重要意义.以我国主要产粮区之一的洞庭湖区为研究对象,从农药污染、化肥污染、温室气体排放、地膜残留、稻田潜育化和围湖造田等6个方面估算了该区1999年水稻生产的环境成本.结果表明,1999年洞庭湖区水稻生产的环境成本为41.91×108元,约为1999年该区域农业生产总值的26.8%,相当于1999年该区域种植总产值的28.5%.为了水稻可持续生产,提出了环境成本内在化的策略.研究认为,水稻生产在给人类带来巨大福利的同时,对环境带来的损害也是不容忽视的,今后应加强水稻生产对环境影响机制的基础研究和水稻生产环境成本评估的理论和方法研究.  相似文献   

2.
生物技术产业涉及食品、医药、农业、化工、环境和海洋等领域,目前我国的生物技术产业主要在食品、医药和农业领域。根据国家有关部门的统计,2001年发酵工业(不包括酒类产品)264家生产企业统计,年产值为201.95亿元,占全国食品工业总产值的3.08%;年利税14.4亿元,其中利润5.56亿  相似文献   

3.
红壤丘陵区粮食生产的生态成本   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
人类的生产活动必然对资源与环境造成影响,以红壤丘陵区的湖南省祁阳县为研究对象,应用经济学和生态学方法,对粮食生产中的生态成本进行了研究。结果表明:2008年该区粮食生产生态损失总价值相当于当年农业总产值的4.85%;早、中、晚稻生态成本已分别达到3.18、2.44、3.02元/kg,而出售单价分别为1.76、1.90、1.84元/kg,高成本低收益的情况对该区域的可持续发展产生着不利影响;在当前生产力水平条件下,适度提高化肥、农药、农业机械、农膜、劳动力的投入,提高水稻产量,扩大家庭种植规模,可降低生产单位水稻的生态成本。  相似文献   

4.
黄土高原草地畜牧业产业形成与发展的牧草生产力基础   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在黄土高原197个区县土地利用方式重新规划的基础上,对黄土高原畜牧业产业形成与发展的牧草生产潜力进行了分析预测。结果表明:规划的牧、林、农、果用地占生产用地的比例分别是草地44%、林地22%、基本农田20%、果园14%;197个区县草地牧草生产、作物秸秆、草田轮作和果园种草预测的总牧草饲料生产潜力达104881028t/a(其中,草地牧草生产潜力约占45%,达47196462.7t/a),可载畜104881028个羊单位/a(其中草地可载畜47196462.7个羊单位/a)。按1999年不变价格计算,黄土高原预测畜牧业总产值将达到5244051万元RMB/a,是1999年畜牧业总产值的5.3倍,超过1999年黄土高原农业总产值14%。农业人口人均预测畜牧业产值大于l000元的区县占59%;小于l000元的区县占41%。此外,预测的农业总产值将达到l147.2234亿元RMB/a,其中畜牧业、果业、林业和农业产值占农业总产值的比重分别是46%、27%、14%和13%。随着畜牧业产业链的逐步建立与完善,产业发展布局的日趋合理,黄土高原畜牧业生产总值将有较大幅度的提高,黄土高原生态环境将有进一步的改善。黄土高原草地畜牧业蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力,有望成为黄土高原优化的生产一生态新产业带建制中的支柱产业。  相似文献   

5.
水电工程的规模和特点决定了它对环境的影响特别重大,这种影响有正效益和负效益两个方面。水电开发的环境影响评价理论和方法在世界范围内都是一个在不断探索、发展和完善的科学问题。本文以怒江中下游水电开发规划为例,通过怒江水电开发规划环境影响因子的筛选和环境影响的定量分析,对开发方案的长期和整体的环境影响效益和成本进行估算,即估算项目实施后年环境成本和效益流量。评价结果表明,怒江中下游4级水电开发的直接环境效益为2.77×108元/a,环境成本总值约为3.96×108。评价结果中,直接环境效益和环境成本的比值为1∶1.4,环境影响的净现值为-1.19×108元/a;限于目前环境损益分析技术和方法还不太成熟,部分指标如怒江水电开发对文化多样性、陆生生物、水生生物等的影响,还无法找到有充分说服力的评价方法,从而使评价结果的完整性和准确性受到一定的影响。作为辅助决策依据,决策者应根据多方面的因素,综合考虑,以做出充分合理的判断和决策。  相似文献   

6.
我国发酵微生物农药的发展概况与趋势   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
简单叙述了生物农药的发展概况,再针对性的叙述了有代表性的发酵微生物农药:农用抗生素和苏云金杆菌的发展情况以及未来发展趋势。目前我国生物农药年产值约为18亿元,约占农药总产值的9%;其中发酵微生物农药年产值约为14亿元,占农药总产值的7%。预计发酵微生物农药将以7%-10%的速度增长壮大,5年后年产值将达到20亿元,可占到农药总产值的10%左右;其中农用抗生素类可占到农药总产值的9%。  相似文献   

7.
栾城县农田生态系统服务功能正负效应综合评价   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
农田生态系统具有半自然半人工化特性,其既接受相邻生态系统提供的服务,也对其他生态系统产生正、负双面性影响.本文根据生态系统服务的内涵,建立了高产农田生态系统服务功能正负效应评价指标与方法体系,并利用环境经济学方法,对2008年栾城县农田生态系统服务功能的正负效应价值进行了综合评价.结果表明:1)栾城县农田生态系统服务功能的正、负效应价值分别为46.20×108元和4.05×108元;2)农产品生产功能价值为17.61×108元,是栾城县农田生态系统最主要的服务功能;3)不合理的农业活动造成农田生态系统服务功能整体效益的下降,扣除环境成本后的净效益值与农产品价值之比由扣除前的2.62∶1降低为2.39∶1;4)地下水资源紧缺是栾城县农田生态系统最突出的生态问题,其造成的环境成本占总环境成本的76.0%.  相似文献   

8.
严岩  孙宇飞  刘建昌  赵景柱  刘峰 《生态学报》2008,28(12):5826-5832
基于对四川汶川地震中受灾严重的51个县1271个乡镇的水环境容量估算,对不同地域的环境适宜性进行评价,旨在为震区恢复重建的人口、经济布局提供一定科学依据。水环境容量选择COD和NH3-N两个指标进行评价,首先利用降雨量、径流系数和径流深等参数评价单元的径流量,再根据水环境质量标准、水体自然背景值等参数估算环境容量;进而在水环境污染胁迫程度计算的基础上,进行了环境适宜性评价。结果显示:水环境容量区域性差异明显,北部三省交界区域的乡镇容量较高、东南部四川盆地边缘和内部区域的乡镇容量较高、西部的山区乡镇环境容量低;西南部污染胁迫程度较低,环境适宜性较高;西部自然保护区胁迫程度较大,环境适宜性较低;成都平原附近县域胁迫较大,环境适宜性较低;环境适宜性区域性明显,但也呈现出一定的分散性。  相似文献   

9.
《生态科学》1999,18(4):68-70
黄埔区位于广州市东南部综合开发区中心,是广州市城市发展东南移的总体布局的中心部位,全区总面积为119.42hm2,现有人口26.2万人,其中常住人口18.87万人。广州经济技术开发区、保税区设在黄埔。广深公路、广深高速公路、广深铁路以及珠江横贯黄埔,交通网络十分发达。区内有广州港务局、广州石油化工总厂、黄埔造船厂、文冲造船厂等中央、省、市驻地企业100多家。1998年全区国内生产总值达对.9亿元,比1997年增长了13.1%,工业总产值45.5亿元,增长16.4%,农村经济总收入46.5亿元,增…  相似文献   

10.
通化市位于吉林省长白山区,是我国对朝三大口岸之一,是东北东部经济带近海城市。建设现代医药名城和吉林省东南部中心城市目标的确立,使全市国民经济快速发展,社会全面进步,投资环境得到了不断的优化。2007年地区生产总值实现350亿元人民币,年均增长20%.人均GDP达到2067美元。规模以上工业总产值实现400亿元人民币,三年翻一番;累计实现利润48.2亿元人民币,比上一个三年净增9.4亿元人民币。进出口额达到11亿美元,实际利用外资超过1亿美元,年均增长46.9%。城镇居民人均可支配收入达到11677元人民币.年均增长14.1%。农民人均纯收入4103元人民币,年均增长10%。  相似文献   

11.
关于我国国民环境的态度调查   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
曹世雄  陈军  陈莉  高旺盛 《生态学报》2008,28(2):735-741
2004年10月随机抽取了北京、上海、河北、河南、湖南、陕西六省市对5000余位国民做了环境态度问卷调查.了解我国民众的生态观念、制约因素、以及潜在的保护环境的动机.调查结果显示,91%的被访者感到我国环境已严重恶化,78%的被访者支持政府耗资3000多亿元人民币开展退耕还林项目.居民的环境意识同经济收入、受教育水平、年龄、职业、居住环境有着密切关系,其中经济收入和受教育水平是影响居民环境意识变化的首要因素.区域差异分析结果表明,我国现阶段的环境压力主要集中在贫困的边远山区和快速崛起的城市周边地区,把发展经济、改善教育、提高居民的生活质量与环境修复有机地结合起来,是生态政策管理的根本途径.  相似文献   

12.
Eco-efficiency and Its xsTerminology   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Eco-efficiency has been defined as a general goal of creating value while decreasing environmental impact. Leaving out the normative part of this concept, the empirical part refers to a ratio between environmental impact and economic cost or value. Two basic choices must be made in defining practical eco-efficiency: which variable is in the denominator and which is in the numerator; and whether to specify environmental impact or improvement and value created or cost. Distinguishing between two situations, the general one of value creation and the specific one of environmental improvement efforts, and leaving the numerator-denominator choice to the user, as diverging practices have developed, four basic types of ecoefficiency result: environmental intensity and environmental productivity in the realm of value creation; and environmental improvement cost and environmental cost-effectiveness in the realm of environmental improvement measures.  相似文献   

13.
This debate series paper argues that the scientific and socio-economic dimensions of environmental problems are inherently inseparable. The author proposes that understanding this inseparability is the foundation of successful environmental problem-solving, and a prerequisite to the effective use of formal decision-making tools.  相似文献   

14.
A Framework for Quantified Eco-efficiency Analysis   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Eco-efficiency is an instrument for sustainability analysis, indicating an empirical relation in economic activities between environmental cost or value and environmental impact. This empirical relation can be matched against normative considerations as to how much environmental quality or improvement society would like to offer in exchange for economic welfare, or what the trade-off between the economy and the environment should be if society is to realize a certain level of environmental quality. Its relevance lies in the fact that relations between economy and environment are not self-evident, not at a micro level and not at the macro level resulting from micro-level decisions for society as a whole. Clarifying the why and what of eco-efficiency is a first step toward decision support on these two aspects of sustainability. With the main analytic framework established, filling in the actual economic and environmental relations requires further choices in modeling. Also, the integration of different environmental effects into a single score requires a clear definition of approach, because several partly overlapping methods exist. Some scaling problems accompany the specification of numerator and denominator, which need a solution and some standardization before eco-efficiency analysis can become more widely used. With a method established, the final decision is how to embed it in practical decision making. In getting the details of eco-efficiency better specified, its strengths, but also its weaknesses and limitations, need to be indicated more clearly.  相似文献   

15.
The reform in environmental regulations being considered at both federal and state levels is intended to enhance the value and effectiveness of a rule by incorporating risk assessment and cost benefit analysis in the rule making process or regulatory implementation. Although a risk based approach may not provide a panacea to all environmental problem solving, it offers some obvious advantages over the status quo. In particular, it establishes a scientifically defensible basis for evaluating the trade off between risks, costs and benefits in making prudent environmental decisions and developing effective regulatory policies. This paper presents a conceptual framework for risk reduction, summarizes the current status in risk-based legislation at the federal level, provides examples of how various states are using risk based approaches in their regulatory programs, addresses aspects of technical and policy challenges in rule making and other policy and enforcement decisions and provides suggestions for meeting these challenges.  相似文献   

16.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is increasingly used for biomonitoring and research of fish populations and communities by environmental resource managers and academic researchers. Although managers are much interested in expanding the use of eDNA as a survey technique, they are sceptical about both its utility (given that information is often limited to presence/absence of a species) and feasibility (given the need for proper laboratory facilities for sample processing). Nonetheless, under the right circumstances, eDNA analysis is cost-effective compared to many traditional aquatic survey methods and does not disturb habitat or harm the animals being surveyed. This article presents a case study in which eDNA analysis was successfully used to document the presence of a rare fish species in a waterway earmarked for restoration. The authors discuss the conditions that allowed this study to occur quickly and smoothly and speculate on how the goals of researchers and managers can be integrated for efficient and informative use of this tool.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract  The goal of the different national and supranational ecolabelling programs is to encourage consumers to choose products which are the least damaging to the environment. It is clear that the involvement of product and service users is essential to the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns. For this reason, ecolabelling must necessarily limit any risks of uncertainty. To this end, labels must take into account all the impacts of a product’s life cycle and use a reliable and verifiable evaluation method. In general, the organizations in charge of ecolabelling programs claim that a multi-criteria approach is used to define the exact labelling criteria appropriate for the product categories in question. These organizations generally maintain that their approach is based on the completion of exhaustive and complete life cycle analyses, which take into account all of the impacts caused by a product throughout its life cycle. And yet, the real situation is often far less clear-cut, and these simplified approaches, which tend to reconcile economic realism and methodological coherence, constitute the usual procedure for criteria definition. Thus, the procedures involved in criteria development often rely on a ‘semi-qualitative’ approach to the life cycle which uses both qualitative and quantitative data in order to identify the product’s significant stages on the environment. Presently, the ecolabel is a ‘non-verifiable expert property’ for the consumer. The ecolabel’s lack of objectivity in its criteria and its lack of transparency, resulting from non standardized methods whose accuracy cannot be measured, can only damage this sustainable development tool’s credibility. In effect, the primary hindrance to ecolabel development lies precisely within this difficulty of finding a compromise between economic feasibility and the scientific and methodological rigor which are indispensable to the label’s credibility and veracity.  相似文献   

18.
The actual evidence observed in studies of LEK (local environmental knowledge) is nearly always talk about the environment, or what we refer to as LET (local environmental talk), with the claim of studying LEK usually being built upon the implicit assumption that talk about the environment is the expression of knowledge about the environment. We suggest that it is critically important for researchers to question this assumption, especially when the distinction between LET and LEK is also emphasized by local people themselves. In the case we present here, residents of small fishing villages on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland are routinely skeptical about what other local residents say about the environment; that is, they engage in LES (local environmental skepticism). We suggest that paying explicit attention to LES can help distinguish LEK from LET.  相似文献   

19.
廖中举  张曼婷 《生态学报》2020,40(9):3144-3153
生态创新是实现绿色发展的重要举措。为了深入了解生态创新的研究进展,基于Web of Science引文数据库,系统收集了2007—2018年间615篇符合生态创新主题的论文,采用文献计量、内容分析等方法对文献进行了科学和系统分析,构建了生态创新研究的整合框架。结果发现:生态创新的研究基础围绕"基础理论、竞争优势、环境政策工具"三个方面,其研究热点包括生态创新的绩效评估、生态创新与企业绩效的关系,以及生态创新的驱动因素。最后,基于分析结果,本研究勾勒出了生态创新领域未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

20.
综述了我国2种主养的淡水螯虾(克氏原螯虾和红螯螯虾)在生理生态学与环境毒理学方面的研究进展。总结了淡水螯虾的环境条件(盐度、温度和pH)适应范围、毒性污染物(氨氮、亚硝酸盐、重金属和农药等)的半致死浓度和安全浓度,以及环境胁迫和毒性污染物暴露对淡水螯虾生长、组织结构、生理代谢和免疫功能等的影响,为淡水螯虾养殖的水环境监测与调控提供参考依据。  相似文献   

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