智利小植绥螨对茄子二斑叶螨控制效果研究

【目的】明确智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis对茄子上二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制效果,探索智利小植绥螨控制茄子二斑叶螨的最优释放数量。【方法】在1︰10、1︰30和1︰50不同益害比及10、30和60头/叶二斑叶螨不同猎物密度下,研究了智利小植绥螨捕食二斑叶螨的效果以及智利小植绥螨的增殖率。【结果】随智利小植绥螨释放比例的提高,防治效率明显提高,益害比1︰10、1︰30和1︰50的防效分别在释放后第14、22和26天达100%;在不同猎物密度下,按益害比1︰30释放智利小植绥螨,防效均随时间延长而提高,且6 d后不同猎物密度下防效差异不明显,第20天时3种密度下的防效均达100%,表明其捕食作用受到益害比影响较大而受猎物密度影响不明显。随着捕食螨释放比例的降低和二斑叶螨密度的提高,智利小植绥螨的增殖率增加,在益害比为1︰50、二斑叶螨种群密为60头/叶时,智利小植绥螨的最高增殖率分别达643%和893%,表明智利小植绥螨具有较高的种群增殖力。【结论】智利小植绥螨对茄子二斑叶螨具有较好的防控效果,推荐在二斑叶螨发生早期时按益害比1︰10~1︰30释放智利小植绥螨,以保证较快的防控效果和较少的捕食螨释放量。     

中国植绥螨资源及其生物学研究进展

植绥螨是许多害螨和小型有害昆虫的重要捕食性天敌 ,在农业生产中极具利用价值。我国植绥螨资源相当丰富 ,大量的资源调查工作是在 2 0世纪 70年代末开始的。到目前为止 ,我国已经从不同地区作物上鉴定出植绥螨 2 60余种 ,其中有利用价值的约 2 0种左右。在 2 5～ 3 0℃的适宜温度下 ,植绥螨从卵到羽化为成螨约需 6～ 7d ,而寿命能长达 3 0～ 5 0d。它们对大多数的害螨的功能反应基本成HollingⅡ型。多数成螨为喜湿类型 ,较高的湿度对于孵化和存活尤为重要。在夏季高温和冬季低温来临时进行越夏和越冬 ,以度过不良的环境。植绥螨行两性生殖 ,不交配或交配时间不够 ,不产卵或少产 ,有些种类需要多次交配才能完全产卵。     

德氏钝绥螨的生物学和利用

植绥螨Phytoseiidae在螨类生物防治上被认为是有用的类群已有七十多年历史。Parrott等。首先注意到革绥螨Seius pomi可以控制梨叶肿瘿螨Eriophyes pyri(Pgst.);Gilliatt(1935)饲养成功少数个体并对它们的食量进行了观察。 Garman(1948)对植绥螨一些属从形态特征进行分类,使对一些常见种类的鉴定有所依据;Nesbitt(1951)在Garman的基础上进一步对植绥螨亚科进行了校正,并且认为这一类群在世界各地都是叶螨类的最重要天敌。此后,对植绥螨的生物学、分类、生态及利用方面的工作进展迅速。McMurtry(1964)观察到有些植绥螨种类可以用花粉进行正常繁殖,并设计了大量饲养植绥螨的工具和方法,使人工繁殖利用植绥螨工作前进了一步。     

我国柑桔园植绥螨及其利用问题

柑桔园的植绥螨是控制柑桔害螨的有效天敌。作者调查和鉴定了我国南方柑桔园的植绥螨,共有4属33种。列出了属、种检索表。通过调查和分析,指出不同地区和环境有不同的种类。此外,分析了当前利用植绥螨防治害螨中影响植绥螨种群数量稳定的主要原因,并提出几种解决这些问题的措施。     

联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨的安全性及二者对二斑叶螨的联合控制作用

【目的】评价联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis的安全性,以及该药剂与捕食性天敌智利小植绥螨联合使用的效果。【方法】采用室内生物测定与田间试验的方法测定了联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨成螨和若螨致死率与繁殖能力的影响,以及二者联合使用对茄子上二斑叶螨的控制效果。【结果】结果表明143 mg/L联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨成螨和若螨的存活和生殖能力均无显著影响,处理后96 h对若螨的最高致死率为2.30%,成螨为2.04%;处理组8 d的平均产卵量为15.08粒/雌,与对照平均产卵量15.45粒/雌无显著差异;处理组所产卵的平均孵化率为98.63%,与对照组平均孵化率98.13%无显著差异;联苯肼酯悬浮剂在143 mg/L浓度下对二斑叶螨的控制效果表现为速效性高于单独使用智利小植绥螨,但持效性低于智利小植绥螨,防效在第22天时开始下降。二者联合使用表现出较好的速效性与持效性,处理后第2天防效达97.35%,第18天时达100%。【结论】联苯肼酯对智利小植绥螨具有极高的安全性,该药剂与智利小植绥螨联合使用对二斑叶螨具有良好的控制效果。     

中国植绥螨的研究应用

植绥螨是农业生产中极具价值的生防作用物.本文综述了四十年来我国在植绥螨种类调查、饲养繁殖、保护及释放利用等方面取得的成果及存在的一些问题,并展望了植绥螨研究应用的发展前景.     

中国南方植绥螨属三新种(蜱螨目:植绥螨科)

植绥螨是农林害螨的重要捕食性天敌,已引起人们的广泛注意。本文描述了采自我国湖北、云南、广西等地的植绥螨科植绥螨属三个新种。测量长度单位微米。模式标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。 本文采用Rowell et al 1978毛序命名系统。     

智利小植绥螨饲养释放试验

<正> 柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)是柑桔上的主要害虫之一。第二次世界大战后,由于长期使用有机磷等农药,引起了叶螨的猖獗为害,且其残毒及害虫的抗性已成为难以解决的问题。现在,害螨已成为棉花、小麦、果树及温室蔬菜上的大害虫。利用益螨防治害螨近年来的研究进展很快,引人瞩目的首推智利小植绥螨Phytosciulus persimilis Athias-Henriot,目前,北美、欧洲许多国家均已商品化,普遍用于防治温室内的叶螨及温室外棉花、土豆、瓜类、苹果、     

二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch

<正>二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch广泛分布于世界各地,是果树、蔬菜、花卉等农作物上的重要害螨,主要在寄主叶片背面取食和繁殖,被害叶片初期沿叶脉附近出现许多细小失绿斑驳,随着害螨数量增加,叶背面逐渐变褐色,叶面呈苍灰绿色,变硬变脆,被害严重时造成大量落叶。二斑叶螨在我国北京、河北、山东、辽宁、河南、陕西、山西、江苏、安徽、福建、甘肃等地均有报道。二斑叶螨因寄主范围广、繁殖速度     

苹果害螨室内饲养方法探讨

山楂叶螨和苹果全爪螨均可用育苗器培养的苹果实生苗在室内大量饲养繁殖,营养液可采用改进的Hoagland溶液。试验证明,上述两种叶螨在苹果实生苗、苹果枝条和盆栽苹果树上的产卵量、卵化率、若螨转化为成螨率基本相同;对以上3种寄主上繁殖的苹果叶螨进行毒力测定,其结果基本一致。作者认为,此法可用于杀螨剂的筛选和苹果害螨抗药性测定。     

Verified and potential pathogens of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Several species of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae), including species of the genera Amblyseius, Galendromus, Metaseiulus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus and Typhlodromus, are currently reared for biological control of various crop pests and/or as model organisms for the study of predator-prey interactions. Pathogen-free phytoseiid mites are important to obtain high efficacy in biological pest control and to get reliable data in mite research, as pathogens may affect the performance of their host or alter their reproduction and behaviour. Potential and verified pathogens have been reported for phytoseiid mites during the past 25 years. The present review provides an overview, including potential pathogens with unknown host effects (17 reports), endosymbiotic Wolbachia (seven reports), other bacteria (including Cardinium and Spiroplasma) (four reports), cases of unidentified diseases (three reports) and cases of verified pathogens (six reports). From the latter group four reports refer to Microsporidia, one to a fungus and one to a bacterium. Only five entities have been studied in detail, including Wolbachia infecting seven predatory mite species, other endosymbiotic bacteria infecting Metaseiulus (Galendromus, Typhlodromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt), the bacterium Acaricomes phytoseiuli infecting Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, the microsporidium Microsporidium phytoseiuli infecting P. persimilis and the microsporidium Oligosproridium occidentalis infecting M. occidentalis. In four cases (Wolbachia, A. phytoseiuli, M. phytoseiuli and O. occidentalis) an infection may be connected with fitness costs of the host. Moreover, infection is not always readily visible as no obvious gross symptoms are present. Monitoring of these entities on a routine and continuous basis should therefore get more attention, especially in commercial mass-production. Special attention should be paid to field-collected mites before introduction into the laboratory or mass rearing, and to mites that are exchanged among rearing facilities. However, at present general pathogen monitoring is not yet practical as effects of many entities are unknown. More research effort is needed concerning verified and potential pathogens of commercially reared arthropods and those used as model organisms in research.     

Ricoseius loxocheles,a phytoseiid mite that feeds on coffee leaf rust

One of the most important diseases of coffee plants is the coffee leaf rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome (Uredinales). It can cause 30 % yield loss in some varieties of Coffea arabica (L.). Besides fungus, the coffee plants are attacked by phytophagous mites. The most common species is the coffee red mite, Oligonychus ilicis McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae). Predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family are well-known for their potential to control herbivorous mites and insects, but they can also develop and reproduce on various other food sources, such as plant pathogenic fungi. In a field survey, we found Ricoseius loxocheles (De Leon) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the necrotic areas caused by the coffee leaf rust fungus during the reproductive phase of the pathogen. We therefore assessed the development, survivorship and reproduction of R. loxocheles feeding on coffee leaf rust fungus and measured predation and oviposition of this phytoseiid having coffee red mite as prey under laboratory conditions. The mite fed, survived, developed and reproduced successfully on this pathogen but it was not able to prey on O. ilicis. Survival and oviposition with only prey were the same as without food. This phytoseiid mite does not really use O. ilicis as food. It is suggested that R. loxocheles is one phytoseiid that uses fungi as a main food source.     

Provision of astigmatid mites as supplementary food increases the density of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii in greenhouse crops,but does not support the omnivorous pest,western flower thrips

Astigmatid mites can be used as prey for mass rearing of phytoseiid predators, but also as a supplemental food source to support predator populations in crops. Here we evaluated the potential of six species of astigmatid mites (living or frozen) as alternative food for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot in greenhouse crops. All prey mites tested were suitable for predator oviposition. In general, oviposition was greater when prey mites were reared on dog food with yeast than when they were reared on wheat bran with yeast. Amongst prey items provided as frozen diet, larvae of Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene), Acarus siro L. and Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) that had been reared on dog food with yeast, resulted in the highest oviposition rates of A. swirskii. T. entomophagus larvae as frozen diet resulted in the shortest preimaginal developmental time of A. swirskii. On chrysanthemum plants, we found that the greatest increase in predator density occurred when living mites of T. entomophagous were used as a food source. This increase was greater than when predators were fed cattail pollen, a commonly used supplemental food. Effects on predators of providing living A. siro and L. destructor, or frozen larvae of T. entomophagous as food, were comparable with provision of pollen. Use of supplemental food in crops can be a risk if it is also consumed by omnivorous pests such as western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. However, we showed that both frozen and living mites of T. entomophagous were unsuitable for thrips oviposition. Hence, we believe that provision of prey mite species increases A. swirskii density, supporting biological control of thrips and other pests in greenhouse crops.

     

Colonization of Languedoc vineyards by phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae): influence of wind and crop environment

A natural increase of phytoseiid mite populations (Kampimodromus aberrans, Typhlodromus pyri and Phytoseius plumifer) was observed in vineyards in Languedoc, Burgundy and Corsica under integrated pest management strategies. The aim of the present study was to characterize the mechanisms of this colonization in space and time in Languedoc. The abundance of phytoseiid mites in the vegetation close to three grape fields was determined twice a year (May and July). Aerial (funnels with water) and soil (felt strip) traps were placed in and around grape fields, in order to assess the colonization potential provided by aerial dispersal and ambulatory locomotion. The populations of phytoseiid mites in the crops were studied twice a month in order to gain information on the make up of the dispersal populations. The species K. aberrans was found in largest quantities in the traps, in the natural vegetation and in the crops. Predatory mite dispersal occurred essentially by aerial dispersal and was dependent on the wind intensity and wind direction. Identical sex ratios were observed in migrant populations and in populations present in the grape fields, woody areas and hedges. A large proportion of immatures was found to move by aerial dispersal. The colonization potential (rapidity, intensity and regularity) was directly associated with the abundance of the phytoseiids and the proximity of natural vegetation. A deep, dense and tall woody area containing suitable host plants for predatory mites constituted the most stable source of phytoseiid mites. Natural colonization of vineyards provides considerable phytoseiid mite potential that could be managed in an agricultural landscape.     

Development, long-term survival, and the maintenance of fertility in Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) reared on an artificial diet

The effectiveness of non-prey food items, such as pollen, honeydew, and microbes, in maintaining phytoseiid mite populations is widely accepted. However, the availability of such naturally occurring non-prey foods varies with the season and surrounding environment; thus, it is difficult to manipulate and maintain supplies of these food sources. A great deal of research has examined the development and reproduction of phytoseiid mites on artificial diets. Although phytoseiid mites frequently develop, several studies have detected low fecundities of adult females reared on artificial diets. Therefore, the use of artificial diets for commercial propagation is often difficult. However, the potential of artificial diets to maintain phytoseiid mite populations has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the developmental success and survival of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) on an artificial diet. This mite may be one of the most effective phytoseiid species used in agricultural systems for the control of spider mites. N. californicus successfully developed on the artificial diets: 93.5-100% of individuals reached adulthood 4-7 days after hatching. The survival rates of gravid adult females maintained on the AD-1 artificial diet composed of yeast components, saccharides, and egg yolk at 25 degrees C were 100, 80, and 48.9% over 36, 60, and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, >80% of the surviving females maintained on AD-1 for 36 or 60 days laid eggs after being switched to a diet of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, although they had laid few eggs during the maintenance periods on the artificial diet. Our results indicate that artificial diets can serve as a potentially useful food source for the long-term maintenance of N. californicus populations.     

Spider Mites Avoid Plants with Predators

While searching for food, prey can use cues associated with their predators to select patches with a reduced predation risk. In many cases, odours indicate the presence of both food and predators. Spider mites are known to use odours to locate food and mates, but also to avoid interspecific competitors. We studied the response of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, to cues associated with the presence of their predators, the phytoseiid Phytoseiulus persimilis. We found that the spider mites strongly avoid plants defended by this predator, but do not avoid plants with another predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus. Since P. persimilis is commonly used in the greenhouse where our strain of T. urticae was collected and strains of this pest are known to adapt to greenhouse environments, we hypothesize that there has been selection on the pest to recognize its enemy. We further hypothesize that there has been no selection to recognize N. californicus, as it has not been used against two-spotted spider mites in the greenhouse where our spider mites were collected. We discuss the implications of avoidance of predation by spider mites and non-lethal effects of predators for biological control of this pest in greenhouses.     

Effects of host plant on life‐history traits in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae

Studying antagonistic coevolution between host plants and herbivores is particularly relevant for polyphagous species that can experience a great diversity of host plants with a large range of defenses. Here, we performed experimental evolution with the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae to detect how mites can exploit host plants. We thus compared on a same host the performance of replicated populations from an ancestral one reared for hundreds of generations on cucumber plants that were shifted to either tomato or cucumber plants. We controlled for maternal effects by rearing females from all replicated populations on either tomato or cucumber leaves, crossing this factor with the host plant in a factorial design. About 24 generations after the host shift and for all individual mites, we measured the following fitness components on tomato leaf fragments: survival at all stages, acceptance of the host plant by juvenile and adult mites, longevity, and female fecundity. The host plant on which mite populations had evolved did not affect the performance of the mites, but only affected their sex ratio. Females that lived on tomato plants for circa 24 generations produced a higher proportion of daughters than did females that lived on cucumber plants. In contrast, maternal effects influenced juvenile survival, acceptance of the host plant by adult mites and female fecundity. Independently of the host plant species on which their population had evolved, females reared on the tomato maternal environment produced offspring that survived better on tomato as juveniles, but accepted less this host plant as adults and had a lower fecundity than did females reared on the cucumber maternal environment. We also found that temporal blocks affected mite dispersal and both female longevity and fecundity. Taken together, our results show that the host plant species can affect critical parameters of population dynamics, and most importantly that maternal and environmental conditions can facilitate colonization and exploitation of a novel host in the polyphagous T. urticae, by affecting dispersal behavior (host acceptance) and female fecundity.     

Multiple resource supplements synergistically enhance predatory mite populations

Many plants offer food rewards such as extrafloral nectar and food bodies, which have been shown to attract and retain entomophagous arthropods. In addition to food rewards, plants may possess structures that serve as shelter and/or oviposition sites for beneficial arthropods, so-called domatia. Acarodomatia are commonly used by beneficial mites for oviposition and protection from intraguild predators and adverse climatic conditions (drought). While in nature these food and shelter traits often occur in combination, they have been largely studied in isolation and we know little about how these traits interact, i.e., whether they act independently, antagonistically or synergistically. In the present study, we used citrus seedlings to test the impact of provisioning fibers (as a proxy for acarodomatia), as well as two different categories of food rewards (pollen and sugars) on oviposition and population development of phytoseiid mites. The highest oviposition and abundance of predatory mites was obtained in the treatment where the three resources were offered in combination. The combined impact of the three resources when provided jointly was up to five times higher than the summed impacts of each resource provided individually, thus providing evidence for a three-way synergy between the fibers, pollen and sugars. From an ecological point of view, our results demonstrate that combining multiple indirect defensive traits can strongly enhance the impact on the mutualistic arthropods. Differences in resource provisioning strategies in plant–phytoseiid and plant–ant mutualisms are being discussed. The presented results are of particular importance for our understanding of the functioning of defensive plant-arthropod mutualisms, as well as for the use of predatory mites in conservation- or inundative biological control.     

Population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchard

A population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites was conducted on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchards having different pesticide practices. The phytoseiid mite species composition on peach leaves and wild plants, as estimated using quantitative sequencing, changed during the survey period. Moreover, it varied among study sites. The phytoseiid mite species compositions were similar between peach leaves and some wild plants, such as Veronica persica, Paederia foetida, Persicaria longiseta, and Oxalis corniculata with larger quantities of phytoseiid mites, especially after mid-summer. A PCR-based method to detect the ribosomal ITS sequences of Tetranychus kanzawai and Panonychus mori from phytoseiid mites was developed. Results showed that Euseius sojaensis (specialized pollen feeder/generalist predator) uses both spider mites as prey in the field.