301株铜绿假单胞菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 通过对临床中分离的铜绿假单胞菌的分布及对临床常用13种抗生素的耐药性进行分析指导临床合理用药.方法 收集大连医科大学附属第二医院2010年1月至12月临床送检的标本,采用全自动细菌和药敏分析仪分离铜绿假单胞菌同时进行药敏试验.结果 铜绿假单胞菌在痰液标本中分离率高达79.06％;对头孢噻肟、头孢西丁、头孢唑啉3种药物的耐药率均大于50％;对头孢他啶,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率低于20％.结论 铜绿假单胞菌易产生多源耐药,加强耐药性监测,控制医院内感染,对临床医生选用有效的抗生素具有十分重要的意义.     

泌尿系统感染高龄患者大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的:探究高龄患者泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌对常用药物的耐药性,指导临床医生合理用药。方法:按照标准操作规程采集我院泌尿系统感染高龄患者的尿液,作常规尿标本培养和分离,应用微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,采用纸片扩散法和双纸片确证法完成产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的检测。结果:129株大肠埃希菌中,检测出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株有62株,占48.1%;在17种常用抗生素敏感试验中,亚胺培南敏感性最高(100%),无耐药株出现,对第一、二、三和四代头孢类抗生素均出现了不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄西林、四环素和哌拉西林高度耐药(均超过了95%)。结论:泌尿系统感染高龄患者大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗生素耐药性逐年升高,且产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株也逐渐增多,这就要求临床医生严格合理应用抗生素,尽量避免耐药菌株的出现。     

大肠埃希菌耐药性及其基因同源性分析

目的 研究临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索的耐药性及其基因分型,了解其耐药性趋势与传播流行情况,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考依据。方法 采用常规鉴定技术鉴定细菌;采用K—B纸片扩散法测定77株大肠埃希菌对19种药物的耐药性;K—B法鉴定产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）;通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对其进行基因分型以确定菌株之间的亲缘关系;FINGERPRINT Ⅱ软件进行细菌基因指纹图谱分析。结果 大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类药物和氨曲南的耐药性明显增高,亚胺培南和美罗培南是大肠埃希菌感染患者的首选药物;经ESBLs确证试验,ESBLs阳性率为28．60％（22／77）;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌经PFGE指纹图谱分析,除第62株和第70株相似性系数为78．27％外,其余相似度均低于70．0％;ESBLs大肠埃希菌阴性株中除少数几对菌株相似性系数较高外,其余呈散在分布,且电泳带存有6条以上的不同条带,为流行病学无关的不同克隆。结论 大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索耐药性明显增高,且呈多重耐药趋势;该研究尚不能证明存在大肠埃希菌爆发性流行感染,提示可能存在院内感染大肠埃希菌的优势克隆;PFGE基因分型方法是耐药性与流行状况分析的有效手段。     

铜绿假单胞菌致糖尿病并肺结核患者肺部感染的耐药特征分析

摘要：目的 探讨糖尿病并肺结核患者铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染的临床特征及对常用抗菌药物的耐药特点,为临床医师预防与治疗提供依据。方法 调查2009年7月至2014年6月174例糖尿病并肺结核患者发生铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染临床资料,无菌操作采集痰液标本进行细菌培养和菌种鉴定;药敏试验采用K-B法操作,实验数据采用软件WHONET 5.6进行统计分析。结果 174株铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等抗菌药物的耐药率＜20.0%,可作为本院治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的经验用药;对米诺环素、复方新诺明的耐药率＞75.0％;对其他抗菌药物耐药率均在20.0%～75.0%。结论 从糖尿病并肺结核患者痰液中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率比较高,对多种抗菌药物均产生不同程度的耐药,临床应加强其耐药性监测及针对性管理措施,减少耐药性菌株产生。     

非发酵菌的耐药性与临床对策

非发酵菌广泛存在于自然界,抗菌药物的使用及该菌在医院环境中广泛存在,使其成为医院内感染的主要病原菌。由于其对多种抗菌药物天然耐药,加上抗生素压力,临床分离菌的耐药率快速上升,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青酶烯类的耐药率上升至50％以上,部分细菌出现对常用消毒剂耐药的现象。非发酵菌多为条件致病菌,宿主因素是影响其感染预后的重要因素。针对非发酵菌感染的治疗,碳青酶烯类仍是可选择的药物,多黏菌素、替加环素和舒巴坦及含舒巴坦制剂可根据不同细菌及药敏试验作为选择。如何控制非发酵菌感染无疑是对临床医师的挑战。     

分离自腹泻成人志贺菌的血清分群及耐药性分析

目的 调查志贺菌在成人腹泻患者中的主要血清群和耐药性,为临床治疗和预防提供依据.方法 对2008年1月至2012年10月浙江萧山医院临床分离自腹泻成人志贺菌菌株,进行生化鉴定、血清学分群和抗生素敏感性试验,所有数据用WHONET 5.6软件进行回顾性分析.结果 共检出125株志贺菌,其中66(52.8％)株为宋内志贺菌,58(46.4％)株为福氏志贺菌;氨苄西林耐药率最高达95.9％,复方新诺明耐药率达79.8％,头孢噻肟为48.6％,未检出头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药株,福氏志贺菌对环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星耐药率为87.0％和57.1％,而宋内志贺菌未检出氟喹诺酮类耐药株;福氏志贺菌和宋内志贺菌耐药率在哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、复方新诺明和氟喹诺酮间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 萧山地区成人志贺菌感染以宋内和福氏两种血清群为主,青霉素类和复方新诺明耐药率太高已不适合临床使用,含酶抑制剂抗生素是治疗志贺菌感染的首选药物.     

肺结核继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及耐药性分析

目的 分析金华广福医院肺结核患者继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及对常用抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 统计分析该院2010年1月至2011年12月,从肺结核患者送检的标本中分离出的78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌的耐药情况.结果 78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素耐药,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率较低,分别为17.95％ 、26.92％ 、28.21％、33.33％和44.87％,其余抗菌药物的耐药率均超过70.0％.结论 脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素表现为高度耐药和多重耐药,对于该菌引发的肺结核患者肺部感染,临床要予以足够重视,应根据病情,参照药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素.     

ICU感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解ICU感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌的分布与耐药性,比较本院ICU与非ICU嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对2011年6月-2014年6月临床标本中分离的嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌120株采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,应用SPSS 20.0对数据进行统计分析。结果嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌主要来源于呼吸道标本(痰),占69.17%。临床分布以ICU多见,占30.00%。在20种抗菌药物中有14种抗菌药物耐药率50%,仅氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲唑、米诺环素、左氧氟沙星等有较低耐药率,耐药率分别为0.00%、16.67%、1.67%、9.17%;头孢噻肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南等12种抗菌药物ICU与非ICU耐药率分别为100.00%,66.67%;97.22%,75.00%;100.00%,40.48%;97.22%,33.33%;100.00%,79.76%;差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,ICU嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌耐药率明显高于非ICU,临床应高度重视,控制感染。     

呼吸内科病原菌的分布及耐药情况

目的：对十堰市人民医院2011年呼吸内科病原菌的分布及耐药情况进行研究,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及控制医院感染提供依据。方法：采用临床流行病学调查方法回顾性收集分析2011年1月-2011年12月呼吸内科病原菌分布及主要病原菌耐药率,对分离鉴定出的病原菌选用常用抗生素进行药敏实验,实验采用K-B法按NCCLS标准进行。结果：病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其中又以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。产酶和不产酶肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率有明显差异。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、氨曲南耐药率较高。结论：应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素,以提高治疗效果,减少耐药菌株产生,预防医院内感染。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌致恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染的耐药性分析

目的分析我院恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月,从我院恶性肿瘤感染患者送检的细菌培养标本;细菌鉴定用美国BD公司phoenix-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统,药敏试验采用纸片法,同时使用WHONET 5.6软件对相关资料进行统计。结果从检测部位分析主要分布在下呼吸道（74.1%）,其次为血液（9.4%）;药敏试验表明139株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对米诺环素、氯霉素、美罗培南、头孢他啶和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦仍较敏感,可作为临床治疗洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的首选药物,其余15种抗菌药物的耐药率高达30.0%~100%。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在恶性肿瘤患者中的耐药现象非常严重,临床应引起高度关注,及早进行微生物学检测,并根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus L60, a potential probiotic isolated from the human vagina

The vagina has been increasingly viewed as an "ecosystem" whose normal microflora help protect it from invading pathogens, including those that cause urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. We tested new strains of lactobacilli as potential probiotics for maintenance of urogenital tract health, as well as prevention and therapy of urogenital infections. A strain of lactobacilli isolated from the vagina of nonpregnant, healthy, premenopausal women was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus L60 by 16S rDNA sequence homology. L60 was evaluated for antimicrobial activity, in vitro antibiotic resistance, autoaggregation, surface hydrophobicity, co-aggregation with other bacterial species, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production, and bacterial adherence. It displayed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against urogenital pathogens, and resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for infections caused by these pathogens. L60 produced H(2)O(2), adhered to vaginal epithelial cells, co-aggregated with Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, and displayed self-aggregation. In view of these characteristics, L60 is considered a potential probiotic, and will be further evaluated for preventive and therapeutic application locally in the vaginal tract.     

Characterization of Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Peptides Synthesized by <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. rhamnosus</Emphasis> C6 Fermentation of Milk

Lactobacillus rhamnosus C6 was used for milk fermentation with the aim of synthesizing antimicrobial and antioxidant peptides rich preparations. The proteolysis was checked for an incubation period of 72 h to check the extent of both bioactivities in fermentate. The 36 h incubated fermentate showed higher inhibition zone diameter against E. coli ATCC 25922 as well as antioxidant activity. Ultrafiltrate was further purified by solid phase extraction and then subjected to reverse phase chromatography. Among 12 fractions collected, higher activity containing fractions were sequenced through LC–MS and characterized. Total 49 peptide sequences identified including 13 novel sequences rich in proline with helix forming ability. Higher antimicrobial activity containing fractions have potent previously reported Casicidin-17 peptides along with a series of proline rich peptides. Antioxidant rich peptides profile contains 21 peptide of smaller sequence of mainly 9–12 amino acids with lower molecular weight. This study demonstrates the capacity of L. rhamnosus C6 to release antioxidative and antimicrobial peptide by proteolysis of milk proteins through peptide profiling and characterization.     

妊娠妇女阴道菌群的研究

本文对31例非妊娠健康妇女、31例早期妊娠妇女、31例中期妊娠妇女和31例晚期妊娠妇女的阴道菌群,就乳杆菌、酵母菌、葡萄球菌和肠杆菌进行定性、定量分析,同时测定阴道分泌物的PH。结果表明,妊娠妇女的阴道乳杆菌和酵母菌多于非妊娠妇女,而葡萄球菌和肠杆菌却少于非妊娠妇女。乳杆菌是阴道菌群中最重要的成员,妊娠时的生态优势地位更加突出。乳杆菌在阴道的生物屏障和酸性环境的维持方面起主要作用。乳杆菌可能是预防和治疗产道感染及新生儿感染的理想的生态制剂。     

Cystic fibrosis as a cause of infertility

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the autosomal recessive diseases, caused by mutations in a gene known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The majority of adult males with CF (99%) is characterized by congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD). CBAVD is encountered in 1-2% of infertile males without CF. Females with CF are found to be less fertile than normal healthy women. In females with CF, delayed puberty and amenorrhoea are common due to malnutrition. CFTR mutations are also associated with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (CAUV). The National Institutes of Health recommend genetic counseling for any couple seeking assisted reproductive techniques with a CF male or obstructive azoospermia which is positive for a CF mutation.     

Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections

We report the first clinical evidence that probiotic lactobacilli can be delivered to the vagina following oral intake. In 10 women with a history of recurrent yeast vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and urinary tract infections, strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 suspended in skim milk and given twice daily for 14 days, were recovered from the vagina and identified by morphology and molecular typing within 1 week of commencement of therapy. In six cases of asymptomatic BV or intermediate BV (based upon Nugent scoring) was resolved within 1 week of therapy.     

Metronidazole activation is mutagenic and causes DNA fragmentation in Helicobacter pylori and in Escherichia coli containing a cloned H. pylori RdxA(+) (Nitroreductase) gene

Much of the normal high sensitivity of wild-type Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole (Mtz) depends on rdxA (HP0954), a gene encoding a novel nitroreductase that catalyzes the conversion of Mtz from a harmless prodrug to a bactericidal agent. Here we report that levels of Mtz that partially inhibit growth stimulate forward mutation to rifampin resistance in rdxA(+) (Mtz(s)) and also in rdxA (Mtz(r)) H. pylori strains, and that expression of rdxA in Escherichia coli results in equivalent Mtz-induced mutation. A reversion test using defined lac tester strains of E. coli carrying rdxA(+) indicated that CG-to-GC transversions and AT-to-GC transitions are induced more frequently than other base substitutions. Alkaline gel electrophoretic tests showed that Mtz concentrations near or higher than the MIC for growth also caused DNA breakage in H. pylori and in E. coli carrying rdxA(+), suggesting that this damage may account for most of the bactericidal action of Mtz. Coculture of Mtz(s) H. pylori with E. coli (highly resistant to Mtz) in the presence of Mtz did not stimulate forward mutation in E. coli, indicating that the mutagenic and bactericidal products of Mtz metabolism do not diffuse significantly to neighboring (bystander) cells. Our results suggest that the widespread use of Mtz against other pathogens in people chronically infected with H. pylori may stimulate mutation and recombination in H. pylori, thereby speeding host-specific adaptation, the evolution of virulence, and the emergence of resistance against Mtz and other clinically useful antimicrobials.     

Comparison of broth microdilution, Etest, and agar disk diffusion methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus group members

In recent years, the absence of acquired antimicrobial resistance has become an important criterion to evaluate the biosafety of lactobacilli used as industrial starter or probiotic cultures. At present, however, standards for susceptibility testing of Lactobacillus strains or approved guidelines for interpreting the test results are not available. Hence, this study was carried out to contribute to the establishment of a standardized procedure for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of lactobacilli. The results obtained by testing 104 strains of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group were compared based on broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest. Except for some specific agent-related effects, agreement between MICs resulting from the broth microdilution method and the Etest was good. In addition, inhibition zone diameters determined with disk diffusion correlated well with MICs from Etest and broth microdilution.     

奶牛阴道菌群分析与乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

目的研究奶牛阴道菌群,并从健康奶牛阴道分离出产酸能力很强的乳酸菌。方法采用常规的方法对奶牛阴道进行细菌的分离及鉴定,并进行菌群分析。结果健康奶牛阴道优势菌群主要为乳酸菌(P<0.01),屡配不孕奶牛阴道优势菌群主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(P<0.01);从健康奶牛阴道分离出的乳酸菌为55株,其中产酸能力很强的6株乳酸菌鉴定结果分别为Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus brevis、Enterococcus faecalis、Lactococcus garvieae、Lactobacillus kitasatonis和Lactobacillus amylovorus。结论奶牛阴道菌群中分离的6株乳酸菌可作为潜在的奶牛阴道微生态制剂进行深入研究。     

Identification of lactobacilli isolated from the cloaca and vagina of laying hens and characterization for potential use as probiotics to control Salmonella Enteritidis

AIMS: To select Lactobacillus strains from laying hens for potential use as probiotic to control Salmonella Enteritidis infection. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-six lactobacilli were isolated from the cloaca and vagina of laying hens, and identified at the species level by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. All isolates belonged to the Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri or Lactobacillus salivarius phylogenetic groups, with the L. reuteri group being the most predominant group. Based on genetic diversity, about 50 representative strains were selected and tested for in vitro properties that could be predictive for probiotic activity in laying hens. Salmonella inhibition was shown to be species dependent, and correlated to some extent with the production of lactic acid. A selection of strains was evaluated in a S. Enteritidis challenge experiment. Two strains, L. reuteri R-17485 and Lactobacillus johnsonii R-17504 significantly decreased the colonization of chicks by S. Enteritidis in caeca, liver and spleen. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacilli isolated from laying hens were observed to inhibit Salmonella growth in vitro, most probably through production of lactic acid, and to decrease in vivo the S. Enteritidis colonization of chicks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The data demonstrate that Lactobacillus isolates from laying hens may have probiotic potential in reducing S. Enteritidis infection.     

Antimicrobial activity of phenol and benzoic acid derivatives

Vinyl monomers with phenol and benzoic acid as pendant groups were synthesized, and their antimicrobial activities were examined on equal weight basis using the halo zone test. For both bacteria and fungi, the halo zone diameter decreased in the order of p-hydroxyphenyl acrylate (M2)>allyl p-hydroxyphenyl acetate (M1)≈p-2-propenoxyphenol (M3). Polymerization of the monomers decreased their antimicrobial activity significantly, but the order of the halo zone diameter for the polymers was the same as that of the corresponding monomers. Glassy polymers exhibited low antimicrobial activity when compounded with low molecular weight antimicrobial agents due to the extremely slow diffusion. Antimicrobial polymers could find a successful application such as coating on glassy polymers, in spite of the lower antimicrobial activity compared to the respective monomers.