基于“二类调查”的三峡库区重点生态恢复县森林资源空间特征的遥感分析

以高分辨率SPOT-5影像为基础数据源,结合1∶1万地形图计算地形位综合指数,利用ArcGIS的空间叠加和缓冲分析功能,识别三峡库区重点生态恢复县不同地形位与不同道路、水体和聚落缓冲半径下的林地分布特征.结果表明:研究区林地资源总量丰富,且以乔木林和灌木林地为主,受地形制约和林地自然基础影响,林地主要分布在"两山"(方斗山、七曜山)区;林地地形位分布指数随地形位梯度的增大而呈整体上升趋势,乔木林和灌木林地表现尤为明显,其他林地类型则相反;不同缓冲半径内林地面积占缓冲范围面积的比例在道路、水体和聚落周围随缓冲半径的变化,与林地地形位分布指数有很强的相似性;不同缓冲半径内各林地类型占样区相应林地面积的比例仅在聚落周围呈现竹林、疏林地和未成林造林地高于乔木林和灌木林地;样区林地分布首先受以山地为特征的大地貌格局所左右,而不同地形位以及不同道路、水体和聚落缓冲半径下的林地分布则主要受大地貌格局主导下样区人为活动的胁迫所驱动.     

基于地形梯度特征的福州市景观格局演变

地形是土地景观格局变化的重要因素.为揭示不同地形梯度下景观格局的时空特征和变化规律,以1995、2005和2015年3期福州市遥感影像和数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,运用地形位指数、土地利用分布指数、地学信息图谱分析和景观指数等方法,探讨景观格局的地形梯度效应以及形成原因.结果表明: 研究期间,研究区林地主要位于中低、中高和高等级地形位,农地、水体、建设用地和未利用土地主要集中位于低等级地形位.1995—2015年,福州市林地、农地和未利用土地面积减少,建设用地和水体面积增加.景观类型变化以稳定型为主,主要分布于中低、中高及高等级地形梯度区域;景观格局在地形梯度上变化差异明显,低地形位区域景观类型主要转向建设用地,而在中低及中高地形位区域,主要发生农地与林地的交替转变.研究区景观格局破碎化、景观异质性和景观多样性等属性逐年上升,随着地形梯度升高而降低.     

陕北黄土高原文冠果群落结构及物种多样性

文冠果是我国北方地区生物质油料能源首选树种,陕北黄土高原次生林区是其主要分布地域之一。通过黄土高原森林区和森林草原区32块文冠果群落标准地调查,对该区域文冠果林群落结构、种类组成和物种多样性等进行了研究。结果表明,文冠果在森林区既可以形成小乔木林,也可以形成灌木林,而在森林草原区只有灌木林。标准地内共有维管束植物77种,隶属27科65属。乔木林乔木层以油松、文冠果为主,灌木层以狼牙刺、黄蔷薇、葱皮忍冬等占优势,草本层野菊、铁杆蒿、长芒草、披针苔草等占优势;灌木林灌木层以文冠果、狼牙刺、荆条等为主,草本层阿尔泰狗哇花、白草、披针苔草、铁杆蒿等占优势。群落丰富度指数(S)乔木林21.2±4.8,森林区灌木林21.7±5.7,森林草原区灌木林12±1.7,多样性指数D值与H'值乔木林为0.933±0.022和2.519±0.023,森林区灌木林为0.917±0.040和2.755±0.368,森林草原区灌木林是0.861±0.023和2.190±0.126;均匀度指数J值与E值乔木林是0.837±0.200和0.840±0.257,森林区灌木林是0.923±0.047和0.806±0.064,森林草原区灌木林是0.885±0.036和0.790±0.083;统计分析显示,S,D和H'值森林区乔木林与灌木林差异不显著,但都极显著(P0.01)高于森林草原区灌木林,J和E值无显著差异,其中丰富度指数变异系数森林区灌木林乔木林森林草原区灌木林,而多样性指数和均匀度指数变异系数乔木林森林草原区灌木林森林区灌木林。群落不同层次D值和H'值乔木林乔木层、灌木层差异不显著,但显著低于草本层,其变异系数灌木层乔木层草本层;灌木林草本层显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于灌木层,其变异系数灌木层草本层,J值和E值在群落(乔)灌草层之间无显著差异。根据天然文冠果林的群落结构特征,人工文冠果油料林营造和经营管理过程中应注意树种的混交搭配和地被植物多样性的培育,以提高林地的生态功能。     

基于地形梯度的岩溶槽谷区土地利用空间格局分析

揭示当前多因素驱动机制下岩溶槽谷区典型地貌单元在地形梯度上土地利用分布的一般规律与差异性特征具有重要意义。以2017年landsat TM高清影像和30 m×30 m DEM（Digital Elevation Model）为数据源,并结合实地调查,通过地形位分布指数、土地利用多样性指数、土地利用程度指数及土地利用相对合理性指数指标计算,探讨岩溶槽谷区地形梯度的土地利用类型空间分布共同特征与差异。结果表明：（1）岩溶槽谷区土地利用类型呈现山坡（高地形位）-槽坝（低地形位）两种分布格局特色存在,且土地利用类型在地形梯度上主要以低、中、高3种地形位组合模式;（2）土地利用类型在地形梯度上呈现梯度效应,表现出各自分布特征与差异;（3）岩溶槽谷区土地利用多样性、土地利用程度和土地利用合理性在地形梯度上分布格局既存在一些共同性特征,又存在各自差异性;（4）地形梯度土地利用特征差异性是受自然因素、社会经济因素、政策因素共同作用的结果。     

道路网络扩展对区域生态系统的影响——以景洪市纵向岭谷区为例

道路网络的存在和扩展影响着周边景观的生态格局和过程,进而影响区域生态安全,定量表达道路影响域生态系统变化对生态系统管理具有重要意义.选取景洪市为研究区,利用缓冲区分析、对比分析和情景分析,研究道路与生态系统格局变化的关系,进而揭示不同道路类型对区域生态安全的影响.结果表明：近20a研究区林地、灌丛有所减少,旱地和建设用地增加显著,而道路为显著的驱动因子.景观的多样性,均匀度,斑块密度和人工干扰指数也随着道路缓冲距离增加而降低.道路影响域内林地受道路影响最大,其次为草地,旱地或灌丛,而旱地的斑块数目受低等级道路影响最多,其他等级林地数目最多.情景分析表明,随着道路网络的扩展,生态系统分维数、斑块数目增加,平均斑块面积减少,显示破碎化程度加剧,而低等级道路对区域景观格局的变化贡献率最大.     

黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带植被格局时空动态

河岸缓冲带的植被结构特征是维持其多种生态服务发挥的重要因素。本研究以黄河中下游由丘陵向平原过渡区域的典型河岸缓冲带为研究对象,基于2003、2009和2015年Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像,通过景观格局分析、缓冲分析和回归分析,探讨研究区植被景观格局的时空动态及其驱动因子。结果表明,农田为黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带景观基质,林地和草地呈逐年增加趋势,受黄河游荡和农业开垦种植与弃耕影响,水体和河漫滩相互转化频繁,农田与其他景观类型转化频率较高,林地的主要转化方向为草地、居民区和农田,草地的主要转化方向为农田和林地,不同时段植被变化的空间分布差异明显。研究区植被景观连通性较高,景观破碎化程度呈逐年增加趋势,景观斑块形状整体趋于复杂化,但不同植被类型存在差异,其中林地斑块的几何形状逐渐复杂,而草地斑块的几何形状逐渐规则,林地的空间连通性高于草地。草地和林地斑块沿居民区、河岸、沟渠、坑塘和道路缓冲具有明显的梯度分布特征,两者在2003—2015年的变化率受河岸和道路缓冲驱动较小,受居民区缓冲驱动显著,而对沟渠和坑塘的响应则存在差异,其中草地变化受沟渠驱动显著,林地变化受坑塘驱动显著。     

基于InVEST模型的皖西大别山区生境质量时空演化及景观格局分析

新型城镇化及生态文明建设背景下,加强中国重要生态功能区的生境质量研究具有重要意义。以皖西大别山区舒城县为例,基于InVEST模型及地形位等方法进行生境质量时空演变与景观格局互动及梯度效应分析,结果表明:(1)1995—2015年,研究区生境质量指数从1995年的0.6392下降为2015年的0.6356,总体降幅不大;生境退化程度持续上升,由0.0133上升至0.0142。热点分析表明,生境质量较差的冷点区主要分布于东北部的城镇及其周边区域,质量较高的热点区主要位于西南部植被分布区;(2)生境质量及生境退化分布指数具有显著的地形位梯度效应。高生境质量分布指数与林地分布一致并随地形位梯度上升成主导优势,而低生境质量分布与建设用地和农地分布一致,并在低地形位梯度上占主导优势;(3)分区和整体生境质量与景观格局指数相关性显著,但不同区域内的二者之间相关性质各异。生境质量演化受地形和景观格局影响较大。研究结果对于大别山重要生态功能区的生境保护及生态系统功能调控具有一定的理论与实践价值。     

湘西州山区土地利用类型的地形梯度效应与景观格局分析

【摘要】为进一步定量探究地形因子在土地利用中的影响程度大小, 以湘西州山区为研究对象, 借助ArcGIS空间分析功能从DEM数据中提取了湘西州高程、坡度和地形位指数信息, 并利用地形位指数、分布指数以及土地利用综合强度指数系统探究了该州土地利用地形梯度效应, 同时结合景观格局指数对其进行了景观格局分析。结果表明: 1)湘西州土地利用类型空间分布格局具有明显地形梯度效应, 高程、坡度与地形位指数对空间格局形成具有重要影响; 2)耕地、建设用地和水域一般分布于低地形位区间, 其中水域在坡度地形位中同时处于低地形位和高地形位区间。林地大多分布于高地形位区间。土地利用综合强度指数呈现随地形位指数增大而减小的趋势。3)湘西州景观中的耕地破碎度最大且空间结构最为复杂, 林地占主体且集聚性最高, 景观类型分布不均, 景观结构有待优化。该结果可以为湘西州山区土地利用模式优化与水土保持综合治理提供参考依据与建议, 助力其减贫发展与乡村振兴。     

基于Ripley K函数的武汉市景观格局特征及其变化

基于1987、1996和2007年武汉市TM遥感影像,应用点格局分析方法之一的RipleyK函数,分析了武汉市市域景观格局的特征及其变化.结果表明:1987—2007年间,耕地是武汉市的景观基质,而林地、水体、草地、城乡建设用地和其他未利用地则以斑块或廊道的形式镶嵌其中;林地、水体、草地和城乡建设用地在所有研究尺度下均呈现出显著的聚集空间格局,且林地、草地和城乡建设用地的空间聚集性强于水体;耕地在小尺度下呈现出聚集的空间格局,随着尺度的增大,逐渐变为随机、均匀的空间格局.研究期间,武汉市林地、城乡建设用地面积逐次增大,水体、草地和耕地面积逐次减少;各景观类型的空间格局特征也发生了改变,总体表现为林地和城乡建设用地空间聚集度降低,分布的均匀程度增加,而草地、水体和耕地的空间分布变得更加不均匀,聚集程度增加.与样方法、样线(带)法相比,利用样点分析景观格局具有简单、准确、易用等优点.Ripley K函数是多尺度景观格局分析的有效手段,是景观指数法的支持和补充.     

珠江三角洲林地结构现状及景观梯度分异特征

随着城市化进程加快, 森林生态系统日趋遭到破坏, 进行景观格局研究有利于认识其潜在规律与驱动机制。论文综合运用景观指数与点格局方法, 研究珠三角林地景观的“镶嵌性”和“梯度性”特征, 对珠江三角洲林地结构现状、景观梯度的林地点个数、点密度以及空间聚集特征进行量化分析并探讨林地景观空间分布模式。计算结果表明: 珠江三角洲林地面积较大, 构成了研究区的景观基质。林地点个数和点密度在景观梯度上, 呈正态或偏正态分布; 林地景观在不同空间尺度上都呈聚集分布, 但不同林地类型聚集尺度和空间分布强度不尽相同。在空间分布模式上, 研究区大尺度以有林地基质分布模式为主; 中小尺度下, 不同地域分别呈现出以有林地连片—疏林地呈条带状、有林地基质—灌木林地团块状为主的分布模式。研究结果说明林地景观结构具有尺度依赖性且为层次结构复杂的系统, 印证了景观生态学的尺度效应和等级理论普遍存在, 景观指数和点格局相结合的方法在研究林地景观格局中具有有效性。     

地形对阔叶红松林物种多样性的影响

为了更好地了解阔叶红松林(Pinus koraiensis)物种多样性的维持机制,对不同地形下的阔叶红松林乔木和灌木种,进行了物种多样性指数比较、物种多度分布模型拟合及物种多样性指数与环境因子的排序分析。结果表明,乔木在阴坡、半阴坡的丰富度显著高于半阳坡;灌木在坡度25°处的均匀度显著高于坡度6°处,在谷地处的4个多样性指数显著低于其他坡位,在阴坡、半阴坡处的4个多样性指数显著高于平地。统计模型、生态位模型、中性模型在不同地形下均能够通过拟合优度检验,物种多度分布在不同地形间差异不明显;地形对乔木的多样性指数的影响:海拔凹凸度坡度坡向坡位,对灌木的多样性指数的影响:坡位海拔坡向坡度凹凸度,土壤对乔木的物种多样性指数的影响:土壤pH土壤容重土壤有效N含量土壤速效K含量,对灌木的物种多样性指数的影响:土壤pH土壤有机质含量土壤速效P含量土壤全N含量土壤全P含量。总体而言,物种多样性随着坡度的增加而增加,阴坡处最高,谷地处最低。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位研究

应用L ev ins、Shannon-W iener生态位宽度公式和P ianka生态位重叠公式,定量研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征,同时对主要种在演替系列上的生态位变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,在该地区森林群落演替系列中,乔木种生态位宽度的平均水平小于灌木种,建群种的生态位宽度小于主要伴生种;生态位宽度较大的种与其它各物种间生态位重叠的平均值较大,生态位宽度较小的种则相反,甚至没有重叠.由于物种生物生态学特性的不同和环境的异质性,具较宽生态位的物种间的生态位重叠也可能较小,生态位宽度较窄的物种间也可能有较大的生态位重叠,同属植物种对间也存在生态位重叠较大的情况.主要乔木和灌木种的生态位特征反映了森林群落演替的变化规律,该地区呈现出以自然恢复为主,同时又伴随着人为干扰的森林群落次生演替系列.     

Patterns of plant biodiversity in the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia

Biodiversity patterns of the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia were investigated. Controlled by climatic factors, the plant species diversity of the woodland-steppe ecotone is moderate as compared with the adjacent woodland and steppe communities. From woodland through woodland-grassland and woodland-steppe to steppe, about 2/3 species were replaced at each boundary; only seven herb species were detected to be distributed in all four vegetation zones. Landscape classification based on landform, climate, and vegetation shows that landform condition is most critical to landscape diversity in the studied area. The most fragmented landform in the woodland zone does not necessarily lead to low plant species diversity. However, similar understory species in different woodland types lead to continuous woodland vegetation and, hence, high species richness. High fragmentation in the woodland-steppe zone and discontinuous distribution of woodlands might be a driving factor for lower species richness. Reconstruction of the Holocene climatic changes and vegetation development demonstrates that the highest plant species diversity occurred in the ecotone from 4500 to 2500 ¹⁴C yr BP at different sites, while the woodland zone extended much farther northwestward. When woodlands retreated from the current ecotone with climatic drying, the fragmentation of woodlands in the current ecotone led to plant species loss.     

基于地形梯度的甘肃白龙江流域典型生态系统服务分布特征

白龙江流域是长江上游重要的水源涵养区和生态屏障,同时也是国家级贫困县集中连片区(秦巴山区)。基于ArcGIS软件和InVEST模型,从高程、坡度、地形起伏度、地形位指数等方面分析了甘肃白龙江流域典型生态系统服务的地形梯度特征。结果表明:(1)甘肃白龙江流域碳储量、水源涵养、生境质量、土壤保持服务功能的空间分异明显,其高值区主要分布在自然保护区、林区,低值区则在河谷、城镇、农耕地区。(2)碳储量、水源涵养和生境质量随着坡度和地形起伏度的增加而增加,土壤保持则呈先增加后降低的趋势,随地形位指数增加呈现波动变化;(3)流域综合生态系统服务供给重要区域逐渐向两极分化,多种生态系统供给服务的重要区域主要在中高梯度片区,而一般区主要分布在低梯度片。地形特征是影响流域生态系统服务梯度差异的重要因素。通过分析流域不同地形因子下分析碳储量、水源涵养、生境质量、土壤保持的空间分异特征,可为中国西部山地流域生态系统格局优化管控和生态文明建设提供科学依据。     

亚热带喀斯特地区不同地形植物群落物种多度分布格局

为探究亚热带喀斯特地区不同地形下植物群落物种多度分布格局,揭示不同地形下群落的物种多度格局形成的作用机制,丰富该地区植物群落构建理论,该文以贵州茂兰喀斯特地区山脊、槽谷、鞍部、洼地4种典型地形下植物群落的乔木层与灌木层为对象,统计物种多度,采用累计经验分布曲线(ECDF)表征多度分布格局,采取Wilcoxon秩和检验探究不同地形之间物种多度的差异性。采用不同生态学模型进行多度拟合,利用Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验与赤池信息量准则(AIC)检验模型接受与拟合优度。结果表明:(1)不同地形下植物群落的个体数量与物种数存在差异,鞍部个体数最多,洼地的物种数最多,山脊的个体数、物种数均最少。(2)不同地形下植物群落的乔木层物种多度格局无显著差异,灌木层之间出现显著差异,山脊与鞍部、洼部,鞍部与槽谷、洼部都存在显著差异。(3)不同地形下乔木层物种多度对中性模型接受较好,其中山脊拟合最优,对生态位模型接受较差,仅山脊与鞍部通过两种生态位模型,拟合优度不及中性模型。灌木层对中性模型接受也较好,鞍部拟合最优,对生态位模型接受较差,仅洼地通过断棍模型。整体而言,乔木层比灌木层能更好地接受两种生态学模型,可能乔木层物种多度格局有更明显生态过程的印记,但不同地形下灌木层拟合优度差异更大,可能与灌木层物种对环境变化更剧烈有关。不同地形会引起群落构建不同程度的生态学过程,物种多度分布格局会逐渐适应地形。     

盐池县土地利用自然生态位变化及其对景观格局的影响

以盐池县为研究区, 尝试将土地利用自然生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中, 为研究景观格局提供了新的思路。结果表明: (1)不同景观要素自然生态位的动态变化不同, 耕地、草地、未利用地的自然生态位呈现下降的趋势, 而林地和水域的自然生态位不断上升。(2)整体景观更加具有多样性、破碎性和离散性。(3)相关性分析表明, 土地利用自然生态位与景观要素面积及其变化率都呈显著正相关, 体现土地利用自然生态位的时间效应对景观要素类型时空演变的影响程度。(4)土地利用自然生态位与形状指数和斑块内聚力指数具有正相关性, 与最大斑块指数和斑块类型占景观面积的比例具有强正相关性。总的来说, 土地利用自然生态位与景观要素类型的关系极其密切, 是区域景观格局变化的重要因素。     

Within-community vegetation structure in the conifer woodlands of the Siskiyou Mountains,Oregon

The conifer woodlands found on serpentine-derived soils in southwest Oregon, USA, are characterized by a debse but discontinuous shrub stratum and a species-rich herbaceous stratum. Quantitative analysis of shrub and herb distributions within 10 sites showed that small-scale patterns within the conifer woodland sites are as important as landscape-scale patterns in community organization. Gradient analysis was used to describe the distribution of herbaceous species with respect to gradients of shrub influence (shading, decreased soil temperature, increased soil moisture, increased litter depth) within sites and topographic moisture among sites. Regression analysis of the resulting species distributions and calculations of alpha and beta diversity showed that (a) the shrub-influence microgradient significantly affected distributions for 15 out of 20 major herbaceous species, and the topographic-moisture gradient influenced 13 out of the 20 species, (b) species richness was higher under intermediate conditions along both gradients, and (c) beta diversity within communities was 2.5 to 3.8 times the beta diversity of the site-to-site topographic-moisture gradient.     

Niche overlap of two sympatric-nesting hawks Accipiter spp. in the New Jersey-New York Highlands

The food and habitat niches of two nesting species of hawks Accipiter spp were studied in an extensively forested area of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome Nesting habitat was quantitated at 19 Cooper s hawk A cooperu nests and 16 northern goshawk A gentilis nests There was no significant trend for Cooper's hawks to nest in less mature forests than northern goshawks as reported previously for western North America Forest habitats did not differ markedly except that shrub cover was greater at Cooper's hawk nest sites, which were also on flatter terrain and closer to roads, forest openings, and human habitation However, these few differences resulted m reducing habitat-niche overlap considerably (0 538), as was calculated using principal components analysis Mean prey weight was significantly larger for the northern goshawk which follows its 2 2-fold body weight advantage over Cooper's hawk Although bird prey was of primary importance to both Accipiter, goshawks took twice the proportion of mammals compared to their smaller congener Food-niche overlap was lowest by prey species overlap (0 470), followed by prey size class overlap (0 529), and highest by vertical foraging zone overlap (0 816) The Cooper's hawk showed the greatest niche breadth for both food and habitat niches indicating it as more of a generalist Overall, niche complementarity of food and habitat dimensions resulted in niche overdispersion along food and habitat dimensions with a total niche overlap (0 504) that was below the competition threshold These results suggested that competition (past and current) was responsible for segregating niches     

The effects of urban or rural landscape context and distance from the edge on native woodland plant communities

The increasing rate of urban sprawl continues to fragment European landscapes threatening the persistence of native woodland plant communities. The dynamics of woodland edges depend on the characteristics of woodland patches and also on landscape context. Our aim was to assess the extent of edge influences on the understorey vegetation of small native woodlands in rural and urban landscapes. The study was carried out in two cities of north-western France. Ten comparable woodlands, each of about 1.5 ha, were surveyed; five were situated adjacent to crops and five adjacent to built-up land. Vascular plant species were recorded in 420 3 × 3 m plots placed at seven different distances from the edge (from 0 to about 45 m from the edge). Soil pH, light levels, level of disturbance and tree and shrub cover were also recorded. Plant species were first classified as non-indigenous or indigenous and then three groups of indigenous species were distinguished according to their affinity for forest habitat (forest specialists, forest generalists and non-forest species). We inferred certain ecological characteristics of understorey vegetation by using Ellenberg values. An inter-class correspondence analysis was carried out to detect patterns of variation in plant community composition. Linear mixed models were used to test the effects of adjacent land use, distance from the edge and their interactions on the species richness of the different groups and on the ecological characteristics of vegetation. Total species richness, richness of forest generalists and of non-forest species decreased from edge to interior in both urban and rural woodlands. The number of non-indigenous species depended mainly on urban–rural landscape context. Urban woodland edges were not as rich in forest specialists as rural edges. More surprisingly, the number of forest specialists was higher in rural edges than in rural interiors. Community composition was mainly affected by urban–rural context and to a lesser degree by the edge effect: the community composition of urban edges resembled that of urban interiors whereas in rural woodlands vegetation near edges (up to 10 m) strongly differed from interiors with a pool of species specific to edges. Urban woodland vegetation was more nitrophilous than rural vegetation in both edges and interiors. A major difference between urban and rural vegetation was the distribution of basiphilous species according to distance from the edge. Generally edge vegetation was more basiphilous than interior vegetation however the presence of basiphilous species fell off quickly with distance from the edge in rural woodlands (in the first 10–15 m) and more slowly (from 25 m onwards) in urban woodlands. This pattern was linked to variation in measured soil pH. As regards the conservation of flora in small native woodlands, it appeared that invasion of exotic and non-forest species was currently limited in both urban and rural landscape contexts but might pose problems in the future, especially in urban woodlands. Forest species were not negatively affected by the edge effect and indeed edges seemed to provide important habitats for this group. Hence conservationists should pay particular attention to the protection of edges in urban woodlands.