乳粉中普通变形杆菌和奇异变形杆菌复合PCR-DHPLC检测技术的建立

应用复合PCR结合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术,建立乳粉中普通变形杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的高通量检测方法。根据普通变形杆菌的blaA和blaB基因及奇异变形杆菌的ureR基因序列分别设计特异性引物,复合PCR扩增的产物经DHPLC技术进行快速检测,并以37株参考菌株做特异性试验。试验结果表明,该方法具有很好的特异性,经复合PCR-DHPLC可同时检测乳粉中普通变形杆菌和奇异变形杆菌。该方法可以快速、准确、高通量检测普通变形杆菌和奇异变形杆菌,是乳粉中致病菌高通量检测的新技术。     

根瘤菌的鞭毛染色

细菌的鞭毛极为纤细,必须用特殊的染色方法才能在普通光学显微镜下观察到。根瘤菌的鞭毛则更为纤细,染色更加困难。特别是根瘤菌的种类较多,同一个种的不同菌株生长速度相差很大,鞭毛出现的时间很不一致。因此,     

单增李斯特菌二硫键形成蛋白DsbG介导酸耐受及鞭毛运动性调控北大核心

【目的】本研究旨在通过构建单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)二硫键形成蛋白编码基因dsbG缺失株和回补株,探究该蛋白在酸耐受和鞭毛介导的运动性中发挥的生物学功能。【方法】利用同源重组方法构建单增李斯特菌dsbG缺失株和回补株,比较野生株和突变株在不同pH梯度培养基条件下的生长速率和存活率;通过实时荧光定量PCR方法,比较致死酸应激条件下野生株和缺失株酸耐受基因转录水平。通过半固体培养基、荧光定量PCR方法和鞭毛负染色透射电镜观察,比较野生株和突变株的运动能力、鞭毛相关基因转录水平变化和鞭毛形态差异。【结果】与野生株相比,dsbG缺失株的生长能力和速率差异不显著;在pH 3.5(盐酸和柠檬酸)培养条件下,存活率显著降低;精氨酸合成途径基因argD和argF转录水平分别下调2.4和3.7倍。同时,dsbG缺失株的运动能力减弱,且鞭毛形成相关的flaA、flgB和flgD等基因转录水平显著下调(分别为29.7、6.7和6.9倍),鞭毛形成能力减弱。【结论】本研究首次证实了单增李斯特菌二硫键形成蛋白DsbG能感应低pH应激,并形成耐受;证实了DsbG通过调控鞭毛相关基因的转录进而影响细菌的鞭毛形成和运动性。本研究有助于深入了解二硫键形成蛋白家族介导单增李斯特菌环境适应的分子机制,为食源性致病菌的防控提供理论基础。     

人工哺育期腹泻婴猴奇异变形杆菌的分离与鉴定

目的对一株人工哺育期引发恒河猴婴猴腹泻的奇异变形杆菌进行了鉴定,为实验猕猴疾病检测、鉴别诊断提供参考依据。方法通过培养特性、菌落形态、染色、生化试验和血清学诊断鉴别等检查,对分离菌株进行初步鉴定,同时,对分离菌株进行致病性试验及药敏试验。结果通过表型生物学特性鉴定,并结合血清学诊断鉴别方法,确证该分离菌株为奇异变形杆菌,应用药敏试验筛选出了高度敏感的抗菌药,控制了该病的继续发生,致病性试验证明,该分离菌株对小白鼠有高致病性。结论分离到的奇异变形杆菌是导致本次婴猴腹泻死亡的病原菌,该菌为条件致病菌,对实验猕猴和研究人员均有潜在的危害,尽管该菌不是国家标准要求排除的病原菌,但该菌引发的传染病将对动物实验造成严重影响,故应引起高度重视。     

奇异变形杆菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解奇异变形杆菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、头孢菌素酶(AmpC)、金属酶(MBLs)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC)情况,并分析其对18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs、AmpC和MBLs采用三维试验检测,KPC采用改良Hodge试验进行检测,并以K-B法测定18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 302株奇异变形杆菌单产ESBLs 60株,检出率为19.87%;单产AmpC 40株,检出率为13.25%;KPC 3株,检出率为0.99%;所有菌株中未检出金属β-内酰胺酶(MBLs);同产ESBLs及AmpC 36株,检出率为11.92%;未发现其他双产酶菌株。奇异变形杆菌非产酶分离株对常用抗生素(呋喃妥因、复方新诺明除外)的耐药率均低于50.00%;奇异变形杆菌产酶分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南培南的耐药率低于10.00%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对其余大部分抗生素的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株(P0.05)。同产ESBLs+AmpC与耐亚胺培南奇异变形杆菌分离株呈多重耐药。结论我院奇异变形杆菌分离株产生ESBLs、AmpC及KPC,且对常用抗生素耐药性比较严重,建议临床医师根据实验室药敏试验结果,合理使用抗生素。     

微生物学实验教学用鞭毛染色的良好菌种——灿烂类芽孢杆菌的鉴定

对自环境中分离的生有鞭毛的细菌进行了形态学观察、生理生化测定及系统发育分析．结果表明该菌属于类芽孢杆菌属,与已知种一灿烂类芽孢杆菌的各项性状极为相似,最终将此菌鉴定为灿烂类芽孢杆菌。研究中还发现该菌可作为良好的鞭毛染色的示范菌,可替代微生物学实验教学中经常使用的普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)用于鞭毛染色和细菌的运动性观察。     

奇异变形杆菌耐药性及亚胺培南不敏感株感染的临床特点研究

目的研究奇异变形杆菌的临床分布和耐药情况、亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌感染的临床特点。方法分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2013年1月至2013年12月分离的非重复奇异变形杆菌的药物敏感性、临床分布,回顾性分析亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌感染患者的临床资料、治疗及预后情况。结果2013年该院共分离107株奇异变形杆菌,以分离自尿液最多,其次为痰液;来源最多的是外科病房和重症监护病房。体外药敏显示：奇异变形杆菌对美罗培南、厄他培南、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星等抗菌药物敏感性良好,敏感率达85%以上;对亚胺培南敏感率为80.4%;对头孢呋辛、环丙沙星、氨苄西林、头孢曲松、庆大霉素耐药率较高,超过30%;对呋喃妥因耐药率为99%。其中21株亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌对包括美罗培南、厄他培南在内的其他各类抗菌药物耐药率与亚胺培南敏感株基本相仿。亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌引起院内获得性感染主要发生在入住ICU、外科术后、广谱抗菌药物使用后、留置各类置管和梗阻性尿路疾病的患者,可引起泌尿系统、皮肤创面、腹腔、血流、生殖道等部位感染,表现为全身炎症反应及局部感染症状。选择敏感抗菌药物治疗后该部分患者预后良好。结论奇异变形杆菌对三、四代头孢菌素,β-内酰胺酶抑制剂合剂等抗生素敏感性良好。亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌对其他碳青酶烯类抗生素仍保持较高的敏感性。亚胺培南不敏感奇异变形杆菌所引起院内获得性感染主要发生在入住ICU、外科术后、广谱抗菌药物使用后、留置各类置管和梗阻性尿路疾病的患者,预后良好。     

细菌生长自限、节律及宏大运动的研究

采用波动培养及显微培养技术实验研究细菌生长自限、节律及宏大运动的关系。分析了奇异变形杆菌生长节律性及自限产生的环境条件,自限细菌的形态特征及群体细菌宏大运动现象。结果表明细菌生长自限是群体细菌生长节律性及宏大运动的基础。     

一种改良鞭毛染色法

鞭毛染色是一项常用而又难达到预期效果的技术。欲使染出鞭毛结构清晰、形态完整、本底干净需反复摸索染色条件。现有的鞭毛染色方法,有些烦琐且结果不稳定。我们所用的改良鞭毛染色法,方法简便易行,染色效果亦较好。现将具体的染色方法及染色结果报告如下：     

鸡源奇异变形杆菌分离鉴定及生物学特性

【背景】奇异变形杆菌(Proteusmirabilis,PM)是人畜共患病原菌,在自然界分布广泛。近年来,随着畜禽奇异变形杆菌病发病率上升和耐药性增强,亟需开展对该菌的防控研究。【目的】分离鉴定鸡源奇异变形杆菌,鉴定其耐药性、致病性、生物被膜形成能力等生物学特性。【方法】采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)方法鉴定了从2019-2020年病鸡中分离的52株临床奇异变形杆菌。分别采用药敏试验、PCR、结晶紫染色法对临床菌株的耐药性、毒力基因及生物膜的形成进行研究。【结果】选择14株代表性菌株进行16SrRNA基因测序,结果表明所测分离菌株均为奇异变形杆菌。所有分离菌株均对克林霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素、四环素和利福平耐药,对氯霉素和头孢曲松外的抗生素耐药性均高于50%。对分离的奇异变形杆菌的13个毒力基因检测表明,所有菌株均能检测到hpmA、hpmB、rpoA、mrpA、fliL、zapA、ureC、atfC、atfA、pmfA,而ucaA和rsbA检出率分别为19.23%(10/52)和48.08%(25/52),hlyA未检出。对分离株生物被膜形成能力检测结果表明,所有菌株均能形成生物被膜,19.23%(10/52)的分离菌株形成生物被膜能力强,而且25℃条件下成膜能力比37℃更强。【结论】鸡源奇异变形杆菌携带多种毒力基因,具有较强生物被膜形成能力,耐药模式多样且日趋严重,应进一步加强对奇异变形杆菌在动物致病性和耐药性方面的监控,以降低其感染风险。     

PmST2: a novel Pasteurella multocida glycolipid α2-3-sialyltransferase

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) is a multi-species pathogen that causes diseases in animals and humans. Sialyltransferase activity has been detected in multiple Pm strains and sialylation has been shown to be important for the pathogenesis of Pm. Three putative sialyltransferase genes have been identified in Pm genomic strain Pm70. We have reported previously that a Pm0188 gene homolog in Pm strain P-1059 (ATCC 15742) encodes a multifunctional sialyltransferase (PmST1). We demonstrate here that while PmST1 prefers to use oligosaccharides as acceptors, PmST2 encoded by the Pm0508 gene homolog in the same Pm strain is a novel glycolipid α2-3-sialyltransferase that prefers to use lactosyl lipids as acceptor substrates. PmST2 and PmST1 thus complement each other for an efficient synthesis of α2-3-linked sialosides with or without lipid portion. In addition, β1-4-linked galactosyl lipids are better PmST2 substrates than β1-3-linked galactosyl lipids. PmST2 has been used successfully in the preparative scale synthesis of sialyllactosyl sphingosine (lyso-GM3), which is an important glycolipid and an intermediate for synthesizing more complex glycolipids such as gangliosides.     

PmST3 from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pasteurella multocida</Emphasis> encoded by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pm1174</Emphasis> gene is a monofunctional α2–3-sialyltransferase

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) strain Pm70 has three putative sialyltransferase genes including Pm0188, Pm0508, and Pm1174. A Pm0188 gene homolog in Pm strain P-1059 encodes a multifunctional α2–3-sialyltransferase, PmST1, that prefers oligosaccharide acceptors. A Pm0508 gene homolog in the same strain encodes a monofunctional sialyltransferase PmST2 that prefers glycolipid acceptors. Here, we report that the third sialyltransferase from Pm (PmST3) encoded by gene Pm1174 in strain Pm70 is a monofunctional α2–3-sialyltransferase that can use both oligosaccharides and glycolipids as efficient acceptors. Despite the existence of both Pm0188 and Pm0508 gene homologs encoding PmST1 and PmST2, respectively, in Pm strain P-1059, a Pm1174 gene homolog appears to be absent from Pm strains P-1059 and P-934. PmST3 was successfully obtained by cloning and expression using a synthetic gene of Pm1174 with codons optimized for Escherichia coli expression system as the DNA template for polymer chain reactions. Truncation of 35 amino acid residues from the carboxyl terminus was shown to improve the expression of a soluble and active enzyme in E. coli as a C-His₆-tagged fusion protein. This sialidase-free monofunctional α2–3-sialyltransferase is a useful tool for synthesizing sialylated oligosaccharides and glycolipids.     

The Helicobacter pylori flaA1 and wbpB genes control lipopolysaccharide and flagellum synthesis and function

flaA1 and wbpB are conserved genes with unknown biological function in Helicobacter pylori. Since both genes are predicted to be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, flagellum assembly, or protein glycosylation, they could play an important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. To determine their biological role, both genes were disrupted in strain NCTC 11637. Both mutants exhibited altered LPS, with loss of most O-antigen and core modification, and increased sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate compared to wild-type bacteria. These defects could be complemented in a gene-specific manner. Also, flaA1 could complement these defects in the wbpB mutant, suggesting a potential redundancy of the reductase activity encoded by both genes. Both mutants were nonmotile, although the wbpB mutant still produced flagella. The defect in the flagellum functionality of this mutant was not due to a defect in flagellin glycosylation since flagellins from wild-type strain NCTC 11637 were shown not to be glycosylated. The flaA1 mutant produced flagellins but no flagellum. Overall, the similar phenotypes observed for both mutants and the complementation of the wbpB mutant by flaA1 suggest that both genes belong to the same biosynthesis pathway. The data also suggest that flaA1 and wbpB are at the interface between several pathways that govern the expression of different virulence factors. We propose that FlaA1 and WbpB synthesize sugar derivatives dedicated to the glycosylation of proteins which are involved in LPS and flagellum production and that glycosylation regulates the activity of these proteins.     

The sperm of Hexagenia (Pseudeatonica) albivitta Walker (Ephemeroptera: Fossoriae: Ephemeridae)

This study describes the sperm morphology of the mayfly Hexagenia (Pseudeatonica) albivitta (Ephemeroptera). Its spermatozoon measures approximately 30 μm of which 9 μm corresponds to the head. The head is composed of an approximately round acrosomal vesicle and a cylindrical nucleus. The nucleus has two concavities, one in the anterior tip, where the acrosomal vesicle is inserted and a deeper one at its base, where the flagellum components are inserted. The flagellum is composed of an axoneme, a mitochondrion and a dense rod adjacent to the mitochondrion. A centriolar adjunct is also observed surrounding the axoneme in the initial portion of the flagellum and extends along the flagellum for at least 2 μm, surrounding the axoneme in a half‐moon shape. The axoneme is the longest component of the flagellum, and it follows the 9+9+0 pattern, with no central pair of microtubules. At the posterior region of the flagellum, the mitochondrion has a dumb‐bell shape in cross sections that, together with the rectangular mitochondrial‐associated rod, is responsible for the flattened shape of the flagellum. An internal membrane is observed surrounding both mitochondrion and its associated structure.     

Parameters affecting gene expression from the Pm promoter in gram-negative bacteria

The Pm promoter inserted chromosomally or in broad-host-range replicons based on plasmid RSF1010 or RK2 are useful systems for both high- and low-level expression of cloned genes in several gram-negative bacterial species. The positive Pm regulator XylS is activated by certain substituted benzoic acid derivatives, and here we show that these effectors induce expression of Pm at similar relative ranking levels in both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa However, the kinetics of expression was not the same in the two organisms. Different carbon sources and dissolved oxygen levels displayed limited effects on expression, but surprisingly the pH of the growth medium was found to be of major importance. By combining the effects of genetic and environmental parameters, expression from Pm could be varied over a ten-thousand- to a hundred-thousand-fold continuous range, and as an example of its applications we showed that Pm can be used to control the xanthan biosynthesis in Xanthomonas campestris.     

Isolation and Pathogenicity of Rhizosphere Fungi of Cocoyam in Relation to Cocoyam Root Rot Disease

Cocoyam is the second most important staple crop of Cameroon and root rot is a destructive disease of this plant. Pythium myriotylum (Pm), Fusarium solani (Fs), and Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) were isolated from the rhizosphere of root rot affected cocoyams and from the soil of a cocoyam experimental field plot temporarily devoid of same in Mamu, Cameroon. Pm was isolated from the above soil by the cocoyam leaf disc baits. Fs and Rs were also isolated from the same soils by the water dilution method and from the roots of diseased cocoyams but were always associated with mycelial growth of Pm. Pathogenicity of Pm and in combinations with Fs or Rs or Fs + Rs all developed cocoyam root rot disease (CRRD) symptoms on 3– and 7–month old cocoyam plantlets 2–7 days after inoculation. Symptoms included rotted roots and wilting with general chlorosis of inoculated plantlets. No symptoms of CRRD were noted on cocoyam plantlets inoculated with Fs, Rs, Fs + Rs, and distilled water. Results indicated that CRRD is not caused by several pathogens but only by Pm. Pm isolates from the soils and roots of diseased cocoyams and those maintained in the ROTREP laboratory have significantly bigger diameter of mycelial colony growth in 24 h–period at 31 °C on lima bean sucrose agar, V–8 juice sucrose agar, and potato sucrose agar than on potato dextrose agar and 2 % water agar. The cocoyam plantlets were raised axenically from tissue culture of explants in the laboratory.     

Genetic mapping of three alleles at the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A set of differential isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici was used to identify 10 alleles at the Pm3 locus on the short arm of chromosome 1A. Three F3 populations were used to map Pm3h in Abessi, Pm3i in line N324, and Pm3j alleles in GUS 122 relative to microsatellite markers. In total, 13 marker loci were mapped on chromosome 1AS and 1 marker on 1AL. The order of marker loci in the 3 mapping populations is consistent with previously published maps. All 3 alleles were mapped in the distal region of chromosome 1AS. The present study indicated that microsatellite markers are an ideal marker system for comparative mapping of alleles at the same gene locus in different mapping populations. The linkage distances of the closest microsatellite marker, Xgwm905-1A, to Pm3h, Pm3i, and Pm3j were 3.7 cM, 7.2 cM, and 1.2 cM, respectively. The microsatellite marker Xgwm905-1A cannot be used to distinguish between Pm3 alleles. The development of specific markers for individual Pm3 alleles is discussed on the basis of the recently cloned Pm3b allele.     

Independent evolution of functional Pm3 resistance genes in wild tetraploid wheat and domesticated bread wheat

The Pm3 alleles of cultivated bread wheat confer gene for gene resistance to the powdery mildew fungus. They represent a particular case of plant disease resistance gene evolution, because of their recent origin and possible evolution after the formation of hexaploid wheat. The Pm3 locus is conserved in tetraploid wheat, thereby allowing the comparative evolutionary study of the same resistance locus in a domesticated species and in one of its wild ancestors. We have identified 61 Pm3 allelic sequences from wild and domesticated tetraploid wheat subspecies. The Pm3 sequences corresponded to 24 different haplotypes. They showed low sequence diversity, differing by only a few polymorphic sequence blocks that were further reshuffled between alleles by gene conversion and recombination. Polymorphic sequence blocks are different from the blocks found in functional Pm3 alleles of hexaploid wheat, indicating an independent evolution of the Pm3 loci in the two species. A new functional gene was identified in a wild wheat accession from Syria. This gene, Pm3k , conferred intermediate race-specific resistance to powdery mildew, and consists of a mosaic of gene segments derived from non-functional alleles. This demonstrates that Pm3 -based resistance is not very frequent in wild tetraploid wheat, and that the evolution of functional resistance genes occurred independently in wild tetraploid and bread wheat. The Pm3 sequence variability and geographic distribution indicated that diversity was higher in wild emmer wheat from the Levant area, compared with the accessions from Turkey. Further screens for Pm3 functional genes in wild wheat should therefore focus on accessions from the Levant region.