模式植物拟南芥开花时间分子调控研究进展

植物从营养生长到生殖生长的转变是开花发育的关键,在合适的时间开花对植物的生长和繁衍极为重要,植物开花时间的调控对农业生产发展意义重大。植物开花是由遗传因子和环境因子协同调节的一个复杂过程。近年来,对不同植物开花调控的研究,特别是对模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh.）的开花调控研究取得了显著进展,已探明开花时间分子调控的6条主要途径分别是光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径、温度途径、赤霉素途径和年龄途径。各遗传调控途径既相互独立又相互联系,构成一个复杂的开花调控网络。本文综述了模式植物拟南芥开花时间调控分子机制相关研究的最新进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

拟南芥开花时间调控的研究进展

调控开花时间是大多数植物由营养生长向生殖生长转化的一个重要生长发育过程.影响拟南芥开花时间的因素有很多,其中光照和温度是两个主要的外部因素,而赤霉素(GA)和一些自主性因子是主要的内部因素.目前,一般按照对以上因素的反应将晚花突变体归于四条开花调控途径:光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径和GA途径.在不断变化的外部环境条件和内部生理条件下,这些途径通过一些主要的整合基因如SOC1、FT、LFY等实现了对拟南芥开花时间的精确调控.     

拟南芥开花时间调控的整合途径

拟南芥开花时间受光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径和赤霉素途径4条途径调控。开花途径整合因子LEAFY、SDC1和FT等可整合来自不同开花途径的信号,并将信号传递给花分生组织基因,从而实现对拟南芥开花时间的精确调控。文章就整合途径基因调控网络的最新研究进展作简要介绍。     

高等植物开花诱导研究进展

高等植物由营养生长向生殖生长转换的过程称为开花诱导。开花诱导过程由遗传和外界环境两个因素决定, 受错综复杂的网络信号传导途径调控。近年来, 在双子叶模式植物拟南芥中, 开花诱导研究取得了很大进展, 探明了控制开花诱导的4条主要途径(光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径和GA途径)及调控机制。研究也表明, 开花基因在拟南芥、水稻以及其他高等植物之间具有很高的保守性。文章对相关研究的最新进展作一综述, 并指出了目前研究中存在的问题及相应的研究对策。     

拟南芥开花时间调控的分子基础

在合适的时间开花对大多数植物的生存和成功繁衍极为重要。开花时间受错综复杂的环境因素和植物自身的遗传因子影响,由开花调控因子所构成的光周期、春化、温度、赤霉素、自主以及年龄等至少6条既相互独立又相互联系的遗传途径调控。该文综述了有关拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)开花时间调控的分子机制的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

拟南芥开花过程的表观遗传调节

开花是高等植物由营养生长到生殖生长的重要转变.拟南芥的开花时间受许多基因的调控,其中一些基因的表现遗传调节对开花时间的控制发挥着重要的作用.本文就这些基因以表观遗传方式调节拟南芥开花过程的最新研究进程作简要介绍.     

高等植物开花时程的调控与光受体Ⅰ.开花时程的基因与光受体调控

系统评述了高等植物开花时程的调控与植物光受体的联系.重点说明了控制开花时程的遗传途径以及光周期途径的有关基因的研究进展.影响高等植物开花的最重要的因子之一便是光周期,光周期对高等植物开花的调控是通过相关基因间的相互作用来实现的,这些基因包括参与花启动发育控制基因,昼夜节律时间钟调控基因及光受体信号转导基因.近5年左右的时间通过对拟南芥及其一系列突变体的研究为我们展示了这一热门领域的广阔的前景.     

高等植物开花时程的基因调控（Ⅰ）

高等植物从营养生长向生殖生长及发育转变的时程具有重要意义,但是了解得很少。近6年来利用分子遗传学方法详细地分析了拟南芥中的这一转变的时程变化,为高等植物开花时程的基因调控提供了一个很好的模式。有关早期或晚期开花表现型的大量突变体及遗传变异得到了阐述。这里谈到的表现型对影响开花转变的环境及内部因子的控制有重大作用。通过分子生物学、遗传学和生理学分析已经鉴定了参与此过程的不同组分,如光识别和昼夜节律（circadian rhythm）因子。另外,通过克隆某些花诱导基因及其相应的靶基因已经对参与开花信号转导途径（signal transduction pathway）的相关因子进行了系统的鉴定,这些开创性工作大大促进了高等植物开花时程的基因表达调控研究及其机理的阐明。本实验室在以黄瓜、新红宝西瓜、西葫芦为材料所获得的部分结果基础上,主要以近六年来在拟南芥方面获得的进展为依据,对高等植物开花时程的基因调控作一系统的总结,并对其开花时程基因调控的机理提出可能的作用理论模型。     

高等植物开花诱导途径信号整合的分子机制

开花是高等植物从营养生长到生殖生长的重要转折点。花分生组织的形成是开花植物对内外环境信号的响应。近年来在开花诱导方面已获得许多研究成果,我们介绍了高等植物开花诱导的4条主要途径（光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径和赤霉素途径）和复杂的信号整合机制。     

MADS-box基因控制植物成花的分子机理

植物花器官的发育和开花是植物生殖发育中最重要的过程,植物在长期的进化过程中产生了春化(低温)途径、自主途径、光周期途径以及不依赖于光温环境条件的赤霉素信号途径来适应多变的环境和调控植物开花过程。本文综述了模式植物拟南芥中由LEAFY(LFY)、CONSTANS(CO)、FLOWERING LOCUSC(FLC)、FLOW ERING LOCUS T(FT)和SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1(SOC1)等基因构成的双子叶植物响应光温条件变化的开花调控网络;以及大麦、小麦中由VERNALIZATION1(VRN1)、VRN2、ODD-SOC2(OS2)和拟南芥CO、FT同源基因构成的禾本科植物开花调控网络。其中最重要的是转录调控因子MADS-box基因FLC、SOC1、VRN1和OS2,并发现组蛋白的乙酰化/脱乙酰化,赖氨酸的甲基化/脱甲基化在调控FLC、VRN1染色质活性状态及基因表达,从而产生开花控制的机理。这些研究发现将有助于对具有重要经济价值的单双子叶植物,通过生物技术手段改良其品种特性以应对非生物逆境,特别是低温胁迫的指导。     

It's time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time

In plants, successful sexual reproduction and the ensuing development of seeds and fruits depend on flowering at the right time. This involves coordinating flowering with the appropriate season and with the developmental history of the plant. Genetic and molecular analysis in the small cruciform weed, Arabidopsis, has revealed distinct but linked pathways that are responsible for detecting the major seasonal cues of day length and cold temperature, as well as other local environmental and internal signals. The balance of signals from these pathways is integrated by a common set of genes to determine when flowering occurs. Excitingly, it has been discovered that many of these same genes regulate flowering in other plants, such as rice. This review focuses on recent advances in how three of the signalling pathways (the day-length, vernalisation and autonomous pathways) function to control flowering.     

Microarray analysis reveals vegetative molecular phenotypes of Arabidopsis flowering-time mutants

The transition to flowering occurs at the shoot apex; however, most of the characterized genes that affect the timing of floral induction are expressed throughout the plant. To further our understanding of these genes and the flowering process, the vegetative molecular phenotypes of 16 Arabidopsis mutants associated with the major flowering initiation pathways were assayed using a 13,000 clone microarray under two different conditions that affect flowering. All mutants showed at least one change in gene expression other than the mutant flowering gene. Metabolism- and defence-related pathways were the areas with the most frequent gene expression changes detected in the mutants. Several genes such as EARLI1 were differentially expressed in a number of flowering mutants from different flowering pathways. Analysis of the promoter regions of genes differentially expressed identified common promoter elements, indicating some form of common regulation.     

New insights into gibberellin signaling in regulating flowering in Arabidopsis

In angiosperms,floral transition is a key developmental transition from the vegetative to reproductive growth,and requires precise regulation to maximize the reproductive success.A complex regulatory network governs this transition through integrating flowering pathways in response to multiple exogenous and endogenous cues.Phytohormones are essential for proper plant developmental regulation and have been extensively studied for their involvement in the floral transition.Among various phytohormones,gibberellin(GA)plays a major role in affecting flowering in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.The GA pathway interact with other flowering genetic pathways and phytohormone signaling pathways through either DELLA proteins or mediating GA homeostasis.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of DELLA-mediated GA pathway in flowering time control in Arabidopsis,and discuss its possible link with other phytohormone pathways during the floral transition.     

拟南芥开花诱导途径分子机制研究进展

拟南芥是分子和遗传学研究的模式植物,对植物花发育及控制花形态建成的分子遗传机制的研究进展主要是建立在对拟南芥研究的基础之上,拟南芥开花主要受到4个途径(自主途径、赤霉素途径、春化作用和光周期途径)的内源和外界信号的同时诱导.该文对近年来国内外有关拟南芥开花诱导的4个途径的分子机制研究进展进行综述,并初步绘制出各开花诱导途径基因间的调控网络图,以进一步明确基因间的相互作用模式及其在整个开花过程中的作用地位.     

春化作用相关基因FLC的研究进展

拟南芥春化作用相关基因FLOWERING LOCUS C（FLC）属于MADS盒基因,它编码的蛋白转录因子对开花具抑制作用。春化作用通过负调控FLC的转录及蛋白表达水平,促进拟南芥的某些晚花生态型和晚花突变体开花。主要介绍了FLC基因在春化途径中的关键作用,及其春化作用通过FLC基因与其它开花途径相联系等内容。     

What is going on with the hormonal control of flowering in plants?

Molecular genetic studies using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system have overwhelmingly revealed many important molecular mechanisms underlying the control of various biological events, including floral induction in plants. The major genetic pathways of flowering have been characterized in-depth, and include the photoperiod, vernalization, autonomous and gibberellin pathways. In recent years, novel flowering pathways are increasingly being identified. These include age, thermosensory, sugar, stress and hormonal signals to control floral transition. Among them, hormonal control of flowering except the gibberellin pathway is not formally considered a major flowering pathway per se, due to relatively weak and often pleiotropic genetic effects, complex phenotypic variations, including some controversial ones. However, a number of recent studies have suggested that various stress signals may be mediated by hormonal regulation of flowering. In view of molecular diversity in plant kingdoms, this review begins with an assessment of photoperiodic flowering, not in A. thaliana, but in rice (Oryza sativa); rice is a staple crop for human consumption worldwide, and is a model system of short-day plants, cereals and breeding crops. The rice flowering pathway is then compared with that of A. thaliana. This review then aims to update our knowledge on hormonal control of flowering, and integrate it into the entire flowering gene network.     

Integration of floral inductive signals by flowering locus T and suppressor of overexpression of Constans 1

Genetic analyses have identified four major genetic pathways which control the timing of floral transitions in Arabidopsis . The floral promotion or inhibitory signals from these distinct pathways ultimately converge into a subset of genes, commonly known as the floral integrators, such that the plants are compelled either to switch into a flowering phase or to remain in the vegetative stage. In this review, we have discussed the recent findings regarding cross-talk between floral promotion pathways and flowering locus T and suppressor of overexpression of Constans 1 , the major floral integrators within Arabidopsis . The spatial regulation of these integrators has also been discussed, as these spatial patterns may help us to understand the manner in which floral inductive signals are transmitted. We have also discussed conservation and divergence with regard to the regulation of floral integrators between Arabidopsis and rice. Finally, we have provided a series of insights into the complex signaling network which coordinates plant development.