宁夏水稻代表性种质及后代抗稻瘟病基因型分析北大核心CSCD

以96份宁夏水稻代表性种质资源和47份杂交后代为试验材料,采用宁夏稻瘟病菌生理小种人工接种和自然诱发相结合的方法对其进行稻瘟病抗性的大田鉴定和病圃鉴定,评价了每个材料的稻瘟病抗性;同时采用8个主效抗稻瘟病基因的功能标记对上述材料进行抗病基因的分子检测,得到了28个不同的抗稻瘟病基因型,将不同基因型的稻瘟病抗性评价进行了差异显著性分析。结果表明,同时含有Pita、Pib、Pikm、Pikh、Pi9和Pi5共6个抗病基因组成的基因型的水稻材料对稻瘟病的抗性极显著高于其他基因型的抗性。Pita基因单独与Pikm、Pikh、Pi2、Pi5基因聚合时均表现出正向聚合效应,其中Pita与Pikh基因的聚合效应最强。当Pib与Pita+Pikh聚合时,表现出负向聚合效应。这为宁夏地区通过基因聚合方法选育广谱持久抗稻瘟病水稻新品种提供了重要的参考依据。     

宁夏水稻代表性种质及后代抗稻瘟病基因型分析

以96份宁夏水稻代表性种质资源和47份杂交后代为试验材料,采用宁夏稻瘟病菌生理小种人工接种和自然诱发相结合的方法对其进行稻瘟病抗性的大田鉴定和病圃鉴定,评价了每个材料的稻瘟病抗性;同时采用8个主效抗稻瘟病基因的功能标记对上述材料进行抗病基因的分子检测,得到了28个不同的抗稻瘟病基因型,将不同基因型的稻瘟病抗性评价进行了差异显著性分析。结果表明,同时含有Pita、Pib、Pikm、Pikh、Pi9和Pi5共6个抗病基因组成的基因型的水稻材料对稻瘟病的抗性极显著高于其他基因型的抗性。Pita基因单独与Pikm、Pikh、Pi2、Pi5基因聚合时均表现出正向聚合效应,其中Pita与Pikh基因的聚合效应最强。当Pib与Pita+Pikh聚合时,表现出负向聚合效应。这为宁夏地区通过基因聚合方法选育广谱持久抗稻瘟病水稻新品种提供了重要的参考依据。     

抗稻瘟病基因Pib、Pita、Pi5、Pi25和Pi54在我国水稻微核心种质中的分布

稻瘟病抗性基因Pib、Pita、Pi5、Pi25和Pi54等对我国不同稻区的稻瘟病菌表现广谱抗性,在水稻育种中具有较高的利用价值。本研究利用各基因的功能性分子标记,检测并分析了Pib、Pita、Pi5、Pi25和Pi54在我国水稻微核心种质中的分布情况。结果显示,124份种质携带1～4个目标基因,其中黄丝桂占携带基因Pib、Pita、Pi5和Pi54;南雄早油占和乌嘴红谷分别携带3个基因Pita、Pi25和Pi54及Pita、Pi5和Pi54;叶里藏花和辽粳287等35份分别携带Pi5和Pi54、Pita和Pi54、Pib和Pi54、Pib和Pita、Pi25和Pi54、Pib和Pi5、Pita和Pi5、Pita和Pi25、Pi5和Pi25;抚宁紫皮粳子和隆化毛葫芦等86份分别携带单个目标基因。为了解我国水稻微核心种质的抗稻瘟病基因型,以及有效利用优异种质改良水稻抗瘟病性提供了信息。     

辽宁地区水稻资源抗稻瘟病基因的检测分析

为了明确辽宁地区水稻资源中抗稻瘟病基因的分布情况及抗病效应,选取辽宁地区水稻资源176份,鉴定了抗稻瘟病基因pi21、Pi36、Pi37、Pita、Pid2、Pid3、Pi5及Pib在这些材料中的分布情况,并接种鉴定了这些材料对稻瘟病的抗性。结果表明:176份供试材料中,83份对稻瘟病表现抗病,栽培稻、杂草稻及农家种中抗病品种所占的比率分别为41.48%、1.14%及4.54%。抗稻瘟病基因pi21、Pi36和Pi37在所有参试材料中均未检测到,且分别有74份、49份、47份、52份及89份材料携带Pita、Pid2、Pid3、Pi5及Pib的抗病等位基因。抗病基因绝大部分分布在栽培种中,农家种和杂草稻中分布较少。不含有抗稻瘟病基因和只携带单个抗病基因的材料对稻瘟病的抗性均较差,而抗病基因聚合可不同程度提高材料的抗性。经检测,不含有本试验鉴定的pi21等8个已克隆抗病基因的材料共32份,其中表现抗病的占21.87%;只携带1个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为52份,表现抗病的占17.31%;携带2个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为39份,表现抗病的占69.23%,其中以携带Pita+Pi5的材料最多(14份),且均表现抗病;携带3个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为31份,表现抗病的占77.42%,以携带Pita+Pid3+Pi5的材料抗性最强;携带4个抗稻瘟病基因的水稻材料22份,表现抗病的占72.73%,携带5个抗病基因的水稻材料未检测到。     

抗稻瘟病水稻资源抗性基因Pita、Pib、Pi9以及Pikm的分布研究

利用抗稻瘟病水稻资源品种杂交,聚合多个抗性基因是培育持久抗稻瘟病水稻新品种的主要育种途径.利用分子标记技术对水稻抗性资源进行基因型鉴定是分子辅助聚合育种的基础.通过以亚华种业科学院稻瘟病病圃抗病水稻资源为材料,利用特异性分子标记对Pi9、Pita、Pib以及Pikm基因在水稻抗稻瘟病资源的分布进行了鉴定,初步建立了抗性基因数据库.同时对抗性基因及与抗性反应的相关性进行了探讨,结果表明以Pi9为主效基因,同时聚合Pita和Pib抗性基因能提高持久抗稻瘟病能力.     

抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54和Pikm在黄淮稻区水稻品种资源中的抗性分布

为了探明黄淮稻区4个抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54和Pikm在品种资源中的分布及其不同基因型组合的抗病效性。本研究利用上述4个抗病基因的功能标记,对88个黄淮稻区育成品种进行抗稻瘟病基因型检测,结果表明:检出最多的抗稻瘟病基因组合是Pib+Pi54,占总检测材料的60.2%。经过2016-2017年连续两年的人工接种鉴定和田间自然鉴定,稻瘟病感病材料比例分别达到87.5%、77.3%,感病材料的比例增高说明抗性基因的抗性作用在逐渐降低。在检测品种中,抗性较好的4个基因型或基因型组合分别是Pi-ta、Pi-ta+Pi-b、Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54和Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54+Pikm,但检出率很低。本研究结果说明,黄淮稻区品种中,携带Pi-ta、Pi-ta+Pi-b、Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54和Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54+Pikm基因型的抗病性较好,应得到加强利用。本研究结果对育成品种抗稻瘟病基因或基因组合跟踪检测和抗病性评价是抗稻瘟病育种的有效途径。     

稻瘟病抗性基因Pita和Pib在我国水稻主栽品种中的分布

主效抗稻瘟病基因Pita和Pib在我国很多稻区表现高水平的稻瘟病抗性,被广泛应用于我国的水稻育种和生产.但这2个基因在国内主栽品种中的分布及利用情况一直缺乏详细的资料,致使育种利用上存在着盲目性.本研究利用源于Pita和Pib基因本身的特异性分子标记,结合稻瘟病菌接种鉴定,检测和分析了我国58份水稻主栽品种(杂交稻亲本)的Pita和Pib抗性基因型.结果表明,特籼占25、佳禾早占、密阳46、测64-7等4个籼稻品种携带Pita和Pib 2个基因;籼小占等4个籼稻品种(系)和早丰9号等5个粳稻品种携带抗性基因Pita;绵恢501等5个籼稻品种(系)和粳稻品种武育粳7号、辽粳454携带抗性基因Pib.     

优质稻品种粤农丝苗稻瘟病广谱抗性遗传及基因组成分析

粤农丝苗是广东省近年来选育的常规优质稻主栽品种,对稻瘟病具有很强的抗性,可作为恢复系亲本应用于杂交稻育种。本研究利用来源于华南稻区的稻瘟病菌株对粤农丝苗的抗谱进行测定。结果显示,粤农丝苗具有广谱抗性;为深入了解该品种的抗性基因组成和抗性遗传规律,对粤农丝苗×丽江新团黑谷的F2遗传分离群体进行抗病遗传分析,结果表明粤农丝苗的稻瘟病抗性可能受多基因控制;以Pi1、Pi2、Pi9、Pib、Pita等主效抗病基因分子标记进行检测,结果表明粤农丝苗至少包含Pi2和Pib两个抗性位点。本研究结果初步揭示了粤农丝苗高抗稻瘟病的遗传基础,为抗病品种的推广应用提供重要分子依据。     

黄淮区粳稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54、Pikm的分子检测

利用水稻稻瘟病抗病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54 和Pikm的功能标记对2016年山东省水稻中晚熟组区试、机插秧组区试的32个参试品系及连云港农业科学院科企水稻联合体黄淮粳稻区试16个品系进行了分子标记检测,结合稻瘟病抗性接种鉴定,对基因型与表型进行相关性分析。结果表明48个品种中携带Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54和Pikm抗性基因的品种数分别为15个、25个、26个和21个,其中鲁资稻7号、连粳14JD24含有4个基因的抗性等位基因,YS-6-6、济稻1号、D400等13个品种分别含有3个基因的抗性等位基因,临稻10号、丰稻2号、天和糯303等8个品种不含抗性等位基因。稻瘟病鉴定结果表明,48份品种中,济稻1号、圣稻072、连粳14JD24等4个品种表现中抗（MR）;临稻10、YS-6-6、圣稻053等26个品种表现中感（MS）;晶稻180、临13-105、圣稻504等15个品种表现感病（S）;H11-15、润农9号、晶稻160表现高感（HS）。Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54、Pikm 4个抗性基因已在黄淮区粳稻抗稻瘟病育种中得到广泛应用。其中Pikm与稻瘟病抗性综合指数存在显著相关性（r=0.477 5,P<0.01）。     

辽宁省主栽水稻品种抗稻瘟病基因的鉴定及分析

鉴定主栽水稻品种及育种骨干亲本的抗瘟基因型,有助于了解不同抗病基因在品种中的分布,为抗病品种选育及品种布局提供参考。本研究选取辽宁省24份水稻材料,根据7个抗稻瘟病基因的保守区设计引物,扩增各品种的编码区序列,对扩增的序列进行对比分析,鉴定各基因在24个品种中的分布情况。结果表明:辽宁省24个主栽水稻品种均不携带Pi21、Pi36、Pi37或其抗病等位基因,而Pid2、Pid3、Pita和Pik/Piks/Pikm/Pikp在24个品种中以不同突变类型及不同频率出现,其中,在2个品种中检测到Pid2抗病基因及Pid3的抗病等位基因;4个品种检测到Pita的抗病等位基因,Pita的等位基因中新发现的几处碱基突变并未影响抗病基因的功能;所有品种中均无与Pik及其复等位基因完全一致的序列,但利用携带AVR-pik的稻瘟病菌接种鉴定结果表明,辽粳454和沈农265携带的Pik等位基因可能仍具有抗病基因功能。     

The in silico map-based cloning of Pi36, a rice coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat gene that confers race-specific resistance to the blast fungus

The indica rice variety Kasalath carries Pi36, a gene that determines resistance to Chinese isolates of rice blast and that has been located to a 17-kb interval on chromosome 8. The genomic sequence of the reference japonica variety Nipponbare was used for an in silico prediction of the resistance (R) gene content of the interval and hence for the identification of candidate gene(s) for Pi36. Three such sequences, which all had both a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat motif, were present. The three candidate genes were amplified from the genomic DNA of a number of varieties by long-range PCR, and the resulting amplicons were inserted into pCAMBIA1300 and/or pYLTAC27 vectors to determine sequence polymorphisms correlated to the resistance phenotype and to perform transgenic complementation tests. Constructs containing each candidate gene were transformed into the blast-susceptible variety Q1063, which allowed the identification of Pi36-3 as the functional gene, with the other two candidates being probable pseudogenes. The Pi36-encoded protein is composed of 1056 amino acids, with a single substitution event (Asp to Ser) at residue 590 associated with the resistant phenotype. Pi36 is a single-copy gene in rice and is more closely related to the barley powdery mildew resistance genes Mla1 and Mla6 than to the rice blast R genes Pita, Pib, Pi9, and Piz-t. An RT-PCR analysis showed that Pi36 is constitutively expressed in Kasalath.     

Polymorphism analysis of genomic regions associated with broad-spectrum effective blast resistance genes for marker development in rice

Cultivated European rice germplasm is generally characterized by moderate to high sensitivity to blast, and blast resistance is therefore one of the most important traits to improve in rice breeding. We collected a panel of 25 rice genotypes containing 13 broad range rice resistance genes that are commonly used in breeding programs around the world: Pi1, Pi2, Pi5, Pi7, Pi9, Pi33, Pib, Pik, Pik-p, Pita, Pita ² , Piz and Piz-t. The efficiency of the selected Pi genes towards Italian blast pathotypes was tested via artificial inoculation and under natural field infection conditions. To characterize haplotypes present in the chromosomal regions of the blast resistance genes, a polymorphism search was conducted in the sequence regions adjacent to the blast resistance by examining DNA from the Pi gene donors with a panel of 5–7 potential receivers (cultivated European rice genotypes). Seven InDel and 8 presence/absence polymorphisms were directly detected by gel analysis after DNA amplification, while sequencing of 12.870 bp through 32 loci in different genotypes revealed 85 SNP (one SNP every 151 bp). Seven SSRs were additionally tested revealing 5 polymorphic markers between donors and receivers. Polymorphisms were used to develop 35 PCR-based molecular markers suitable for introgressing of Pi genes into a set of the European rice germplasm. For this last purpose, allelic molecular marker variation was evaluated within a representative collection of about 95 rice genotypes. Polymorphic combinations allowing introgression of the broad spectrum resistance genes into a susceptible genetic background have been identified, thus confirming the potential of the identified markers for molecular-assisted breeding.     

海南普通野生稻稻瘟病抗性资源调查和鉴定

为挖掘海南普通野生稻稻瘟病抗性资源,2010年诱发鉴定了41个居群410份材料苗期叶瘟,2011年接种稻瘟病菌（YC25）鉴定了37个居群121份材料穗颈瘟,2012年调查了80个居群2461份材料田间自然状态的抗病性。结果表明：苗期叶瘟抗性鉴定有21份高抗、117份抗病。苗期抗、高抗叶瘟性的138份材料中穗颈瘟鉴定4份高抗和3份抗病,14份表现为田间自然抗病。苗期叶瘟鉴定不抗病或未作此鉴定材料中,4份表现为抗穗颈瘟和田间自然抗病。这些抗性材料来自海口、文昌、万宁、三亚、澄迈、东方等地。本研究为海南普通野生稻资源进一步研究和抗稻瘟病育种利用提供参考     

The blast resistance gene Pi37 encodes a nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat protein and is a member of a resistance gene cluster on rice chromosome 1

The resistance (R) gene Pi37, present in the rice cultivar St. No. 1, was isolated by an in silico map-based cloning procedure. The equivalent genetic region in Nipponbare contains four nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) type loci. These four candidates for Pi37 (Pi37-1, -2, -3, and -4) were amplified separately from St. No. 1 via long-range PCR, and cloned into a binary vector. Each construct was individually transformed into the highly blast susceptible cultivar Q1063. The subsequent complementation analysis revealed Pi37-3 to be the functional gene, while -1, -2, and -4 are probably pseudogenes. Pi37 encodes a 1290 peptide NBS-LRR product, and the presence of substitutions at two sites in the NBS region (V239A and I247M) is associated with the resistance phenotype. Semiquantitative expression analysis showed that in St. No. 1, Pi37 was constitutively expressed and only slightly induced by blast infection. Transient expression experiments indicated that the Pi37 product is restricted to the cytoplasm. Pi37-3 is thought to have evolved recently from -2, which in turn was derived from an ancestral -1 sequence. Pi37-4 is likely the most recently evolved member of the cluster and probably represents a duplication of -3. The four Pi37 paralogs are more closely related to maize rp1 than to any of the currently isolated rice blast R genes Pita, Pib, Pi9, Pi2, Piz-t, and Pi36.     

Quantitative trait loci associated with leaf and neck blast resistance in recombinant inbred line population of rice (Oryza sativa).

Blast is an economically important disease of rice. To map genes controlling blast resistance, recombinant inbred lines (RIL) were developed from Khao Dawk Mali 105, an aromatic, blast-susceptible cultivar and the blast resistance donor, CT 9993-5-10-M (CT). A linkage map encompassing 2112 cM was constructed from 141 RILs using 90 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and 31 simple sequence repeats (SSR). Virulent isolates of blast fungus were identified by screening differential host sets against 87 single-spore isolates collected from the north and northeast of Thailand. Fifteen virulent blast isolates were selected for leaf blast screening. Neck blast was evaluated both under natural conditions and controlled inoculations. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for broad resistance spectrum (BRS) to leaf blast were located on chromosomes 7 and 9. In particular, the QTL(ch9) was mapped near the Pi5(t) locus. The QTL(ch7) was located close to a previously mapped partial resistance QTL. Both loci showed significant allelic interaction. Genotypes having CT alleles at both QTL(ch7) and QTL(ch9) were the most resistant. Two neck-blast QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 5 and 6. The inconsistent map locations between the leaf and neck blast QTLs indicate the complexity of fixing both leaf and neck blast resistance. The coincidence of BRS and field resistance QTLs on chromosome 7 supports the idea that BRS may reflect the broad resistance spectrum to leaf blast in rice. These findings laid the foundation for the development of a marker-assisted scheme for improving Khoa Dawk Mali 105 and the majority of aromatic Thai rice varieties that are susceptible to blast.     

Two adjacent nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat class genes are required to confer Pikm-specific rice blast resistance

The rice blast resistance gene Pikm was cloned by a map-based cloning strategy. High-resolution genetic mapping and sequencing of the gene region in the Pikm-containing cultivar Tsuyuake narrowed down the candidate region to a 131-kb genomic interval. Sequence analysis predicted two adjacently arranged resistance-like genes, Pikm1-TS and Pikm2-TS, within this candidate region. These genes encoded proteins with a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and were considered the most probable candidates for Pikm. However, genetic complementation analysis of transgenic lines individually carrying these two genes negated the possibility that either Pikm1-TS or Pikm2-TS alone was Pikm. Instead, it was revealed that transgenic lines carrying both of these genes expressed blast resistance. The results of the complementation analysis and an evaluation of the resistance specificity of the transgenic lines to blast isolates demonstrated that Pikm-specific resistance is conferred by cooperation of Pikm1-TS and Pikm2-TS. Although these two genes are not homologous with each other, they both contain all the conserved motifs necessary for an NBS-LRR class gene to function independently as a resistance gene.     

Gene interactions and genetics of blast resistance and yield attributes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Blast disease caused by the pathogen Pyricularia oryzae is a serious threat to rice production. Six generations viz., P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂ of a cross between blast susceptible high-yielding rice cultivar ADT 43 and resistant near isogenic line (NIL) CT13432-3R, carrying four blast resistance genes Pi1, Pi2, Pi33 and Pi54 in combination were used to study the nature and magnitude of gene action for disease resistance and yield attributes. The epistatic interaction model was found adequate to explain the gene action in most of the traits. The interaction was complementary for number of productive tillers, economic yield, lesion number, infected leaf area and potential disease incidence but duplicate epistasis was observed for the remaining traits. Among the genotypes tested under epiphytotic conditions, gene pyramided lines were highly resistant to blast compared to individuals with single genes indicating that the nonallelic genes have a complementary effect when present together. The information on genetics of various contributing traits of resistance will further aid plant breeders in choosing appropriate breeding strategy for blast resistance and yield enhancement in rice.