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1.
Aneesh Kumar Nair Naik Dhiraj Dilip Pandit Sagar Subhash 《Journal of Plant Biology》2007,50(3):374-377
High-frequencyin vitro flowering is reported here fromin vitro regenerated shoots ofin vitro-raised seedlings of rare and endemicCeropegia lawii, Ceropegia maccannii, Ceropegia oculata, andCeropegia sahyadrica, as well as the widely distributedCeropegia bulbosa var.bulbosa andCeropegia hirsuta. In our first set of experiments, the MS medium contained 87 mM sucrose and was supplemented with varying concentrations of
BAP (4.4 to 26.6 μM). For the second set of trials, varying concentrations of sucrose (87 to 233 mM) were tested in MS media
containing a constant 4.4 p.M BAP. Sub-cultured apical as well as axillary buds flowered with similar frequencies after 30
d of incubation. For all six species, the highest percentage of flowering shoots was obtained with either 26.6 μM BAP or 175
mM sucrose. Although smaller in size, theirin vitro flowers were morphologically comparable within wVo-derived flowers. Variations among species were noted for the number of flower buds per shoot and the percentage of flower
formation. Because all six species showed similar responses in both experiments, we can suggest that this protocol is applicable
across the wide range ofCeropegia species. 相似文献
2.
Tamara S. Al-Qudah Rida A. Shibli Feras Q. Alali 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(4):496-505
A protocol for in vitro propagation of the wild germander (Teucrium polium L.) was developed. In vitro plants were developed from ex vitro axillary buds. Then, shoot tips were excised and established on Murashige and Skoog medium. Proliferation of shoots was tested
with different levels of 6-furfurylaminopurin, 6-benzyladenine, or thiadiazuron. The highest proliferation of T. polium was obtained when 6-benzyladenine and 6-furfurylaminopurin were used at 2.0 and 1.6 mg l−1, respectively. Thiadiazuron gave the lowest response for shoot proliferation. Rooting was experimented at different levels
of Indol-3-butric acid, Indol-3-acetic acid, or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. 1-Naphthaleneacetic was the only growth regulator
which promoted root induction. Rooted plants were acclimatized successfully with 75% survival and grown in the greenhouse.
In vitro- and in vivo-grown plants were analyzed for essential oil production. In vitro-grown T. polium on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine and 1-naphthaleneacetic gave higher oil yield than that grown on hormone-free
Murashige and Skoog medium. In vivo (wild)-grown T. polium produced different oil yield when collected in different months (April and October). β-caryophyllene, used as a marker compound
in the essential oil, was identified and quantified by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Gas chromatography/mass (GC-MS) spectrometry
analysis was also used to identify other components of in vitro cultures and to compare with in vivo-grown plants. 相似文献
3.
An in vitro method for propagation of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. has been developed using nodal explants from mature trees growing in the field. Irrespective of concentrations and
combinations of growth regulators used, the axillary and terminal buds sprouted and elongated when inoculated on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium. The highest numbers of shoots were formed when sprouted shoots were subcultured from MS basal medium
onto MS medium containing 2 mg dm−3 N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg dm−3 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The shoot number further increased upon subculture on MS medium containing 0.5 mg dm−3 BA. By repeated sub-culturing of shoots derived from nodal axillary buds, a high frequency multiplication rate was established.
The elongated shoots were excised and rooted in auxin free MS basal medium. Ex vitro rooting of in vitro formed shoots was achieved upon dipping the microshoots for 2 min in 2 mg dm−3 of indole-3-butyric acid solution. Successful field establishment and high (80–90 %) survival of plants was observed. 相似文献
4.
A general in vitro cloning system was established for four Helleborus species: H. argutifolius, H. foetidus, H. niger and H. orientalis. The plant material was introduced in vitro from axillary buds. A Murashige and Skoog (MS)—based medium (Murashige and Skoog
1962) was used supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose, 2-isopentenyladenine (2-iP) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Multiplication
rates depended on the genotype and varied from 1.3 for H. foetidus till 3.8 for H. niger. The first results showed that the rooting phase could be done ex vitro. Rooting was induced by a drench for one week in
a solution of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA -3 mg l−1) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA-1 mg l−1) at 5°C. 相似文献
5.
Stem apical meristems, rhizome apical meristems and rhizome axillary meristems excised from Alstroemeria plants were grown in vitro on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different concentrations of gibberellic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Plantlets developed from stem apical meristems never regenerated a rhizome and eventually died. The highest regeneration rate (74.1%) of plantlets with a rhizome was observed when rhizome axillary meristems were grown on modified MS medium containing M 8.9 of BA. Alstroemeria mosaic potyvirus (AlMV) could be eradicated from infected Alstroemeria plants through meristem culture. The rate of virus eradication was 73.7 and 14.7% for plantlets developing from explants measuring 0.7 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively. Greenhouse evaluation of virus-negative and AlMV-infected Alstroemeria plants showed that healthy plants produced more floral stems, more vegetative stems, longer floral stems and gave a higher fresh weight than infected plants. 相似文献
6.
Twinkle Sugla Jubilee Purkayastha Shashi Kant Singh Siva Kumar Solleti Lingaraj Sahoo 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2007,43(5):409-414
A complete protocol is presented for the first time for the micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata, a biofuel tree, using cotyledonary nodes derived from axenic seedlings. Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from nodal segments through forced axillary branching. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 7.5 μM benzylaminopurine
(BAP) induced up to 6.8 shoots per node with an average shoot length of 0.67 cm in 12 d. Incorporation of 2.5 μM gibberellic
acid (GA3) in the medium during the first subculture after establishment and initiation of shoot buds significantly improved the shoot
elongation. Single use of GA3 during the first subculture eliminated the need for prolonged culturing on BAP medium. Further use of GA3 in the medium was not useful. Shoot culture was established for at least two subcultures without loss of vigor by repeatedly
subculturing the original cotyledonary node on shoot multiplication medium followed by shoot elongation medium after each
harvest of the newly formed shoots. Thus, from a single cotyledonary node, about 16–18 shoots were obtained in 60 d. Shoots
formed in vitro were rooted on full-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 μM indole butyric acid (IBA). Plantlets were successfully acclimated,
established in soil, and transferred to the nursery. 相似文献
7.
The spikemoss is marked by the unique root-producing pleurogeous rhizophore as well as the lycophytic microphyll. Imaichi
and Kato (Bot Mag Tokyo 102:369–380, 1989; Am J Bot 78:1694–1703, 1991) revealed that the exogenous developmental process in the rhizophore is clearly distinguishable from the developmental process
in the endogenous root, argued that the axial organ could be coordinate with other fundamental organs including the root and
stem, and demonstrated the “rhizophore concept.” In this paper, we report on the expression pattern of the spikemoss Selaginella class 1 KNOX gene, SuKNOX1, in the rhizophore. We show that the SuKNOX1 mRNA is specifically accumulated at the tip of the rhizophore as well as the shoot apical apex, but not in the root tip.
This result supports the “rhizophore concept” at the molecular level. 相似文献
8.
Rhodiola rosea is an endangered medicinal plant used for cancer, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases therapy. Due to its limited
distribution and sustainability alternative methods for production of its valuable substances are under investigation. Using
in vitro techniques apical and rhizome buds, leaf nodes, stem and radix segments from wild plants and in vitro seedlings were plated on 24 modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) media. Decontamination of plant material was successful only
in 21% of the schemes. The best shoot induction was obtained from seedling explants on media containing 2 mg/l zeatin or N6-benzylaminopurine, each. Their reduction stimulated shoot formation in the next passages (multiplication rate up to 5). Efficient
rooting was induced on half-strength MS with 2 mg/l Indole-3-butyric acid and stimulated by adding 0.2 mg/l Indolyl-3-acetic
acid. Regenerants rooted in perlite, peat, and soil (1:1:2), adapted in greenhouse, and transplanted in the mountains survived
(70%) and developed like the wild plants. Salidroside content of these plants after one or two years was high (0.64 and 0.61%
in rhizomes and 0.62 and 0.53% in roots, respectively). This is the first established efficient scheme for micropropagation
of Bulgarian R. rosea allowing habitats restoration, germplasm conservation, and potential application of biotechnology for production of valuable
substances. 相似文献
9.
Elizabeth Jaya Jiancheng Song John Clemens Paula E. Jameson 《Plant Growth Regulation》2011,64(1):53-61
Metrosideros
excelsa and Eucalyptus occidentalis exhibit different strategies prior to flowering—the former passes through a long juvenile phase and must acquire a degree
of architectural complexity to flower, whereas the latter flowers precociously even on stems still exhibiting juvenile foliage.
As expediting flowering is of interest to breeders and horticulturalists alike we compared these species by growing plants
with two branch architecture treatments in factorial combination with two growth environments. Plants were either allowed
to branch freely or constrained to a single stem before subsequently being allowed to branch; one environment was inductive
for flowering and the other not. Three meristem identity genes (the equivalents of LEAFY, APETALA1 and TERMINAL FLOWER1) were used as indicators of flowering. Constraining E. occidentalis plants to a single stem delayed the onset of the main flush of flowering in contrast to M. excelsa, although in both species a complex interaction between branching and environment occurred. We show that the complexity of
the architecture can impact on production of flowers and can be used to expedite or enhance flowering for breeding purposes,
but this is dependent on the species. AP1 appears to be a useful marker not just for floral organ differentiation but also as an indicator of floral induction having
occurred. 相似文献
10.
A rapid and efficient plant regeneration protocol for a wide range of alfalfa genotypes was developed via direct organogenesis. Through a successive excision of the newly developed apical and axillary shoots, a lot of adventitious
buds were directly induced from the cotyledonary nodes when hypocotyl of explants were vertically inserted into modified Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.025 mg dm−3 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg dm−3 AgNO3. When the lower part of shoots excised from explants were immersed into the liquid medium with 1.0 mg dm−3 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 2 min, and then transferred to hormone free half-strength MS medium, over 83.3 % of the
shoots developed roots, and all plantlets could acclimatize and establish in soil. The protocol has been successfully applied
to eight genotypes, with regeneration frequencies ranging from 63.8 to 82.5 %. 相似文献
11.
The objective of this study was to investigate development of an efficient in vitro tissue culture system for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) complete with roots and corms. In indirect organogenesis, Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 100 mg
L−1 ascorbic acid, and the combination of 0.25 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were best for callus initiation and growth while 1.5 mg L−1 BAP was excellent for high rate of adventitious shoot formation. 1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was more preferable for adventitious corm and root initiation as well as growth. Overall, 64%
rooting and 33% corm production rates were achieved in indirect organogenesis. In direct organogenesis, MS medium supplemented
with 3 % sucrose, 100 mg L−1 ascorbic acid and 1 mg L−1 BAP was optimum for shoot growth. While 1 mg L−1 IBA was best for adventitious corm formation, 2 mg L−1 IBA promoted adventitious root initiation and growth. Overall, 36% and 57% of explants had corm and contractile root, respectively.
The high rates suggest that efficient tissue culture system could be achieved for mass propagation and ex situ conservation of threatened saffron genetic resources. 相似文献
12.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection was carried out for adventitious rooting and associated propagation traits in a second-generation
outbred Corymbia torelliana × Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata hybrid family (n = 186). The parental species of this cross are divergent in their capacity to develop roots adventitiously on stem cuttings
and their propensity to form lignotubers. For the ten traits studied, there was one or two QTL detected, with some QTL explaining
large amounts of phenotypic variation (e.g. 66% for one QTL for percentage rooting), suggesting that major effects influence
rooting in this cross. Collocation of QTL for many strongly genetically correlated rooting traits to a single region on linkage
group 12 suggested pleiotropy. A three locus model was most parsimonious for linkage group 12, however, as differences in
QTL position and lower genetic correlations suggested separate loci for each of the traits of shoot production and root initiation.
Species differences were thought to be the major source of phenotypic variation for some rooting rate and root quality traits
because of the major QTL effects and up to 59-fold larger homospecific deviations (attributed to species differences) relative
to heterospecific deviations (attributed to standing variation within species) evident at some QTL for these traits. A large
homospecific/heterospecific ratio at major QTL suggested that the gene action evident in one cross may be indicative of gene
action more broadly in hybrids between these species for some traits. 相似文献
13.
The influence of sugars and growth regulators on shoot and root growth of Dactylorhiza species was studied under in vitro conditions. The seedling development was stimulated with the application of glucose and sucrose at concentration of 10 g
dm−3 each. The improvement of shoot growth rate and shoot length was enhanced by cytokinins N
6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine or N
6-benzyladenine and their combination with auxin indolebutyric acid (IBA). The root growth rate and root length of seedlings
increased in the presence of IBA and α-naphthaleneacetic acid. Individual Dactylorhiza species showed statistically significant differences in shoot and root development depending on sugar and growth regulator
combinations. 相似文献
14.
Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn] is a popular cut flower crop throughout the world, and the demand for this plant for cut flowers and potted
plants has been increasing worldwide. Recent advances in genetic engineering have enabled the transformation and regeneration
of plants to become a powerful tool for improvement of lisianthus. We have established a highly efficient plant regeneration
system and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of E. grandiflorum. The greatest shoot regeneration frequency and number of shoot buds per explant are observed on media supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine
(BAP) and α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). We report an efficient plant regeneration system using leaf explants via organogenesis
with high efficiency of transgenic plants (15%) in culture of 11 weeks’ duration. Further ectopic expression of two MADS box
genes, LMADS1-M from lily (Lilium longiflorum) and OMADS1 from orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey), was performed in E. grandiflorum. Conversion of second whorl petals into sepal-like structures and alteration of third whorl stamen formation were observed
in the transgenic E. grandiflorum plants ectopically expressing 35S::LMADS1-M. 35S::OMADS1 transgenic E. grandiflorum plants flowered significantly earlier than non-transgenic plants. This is the first report on the ectopic expression of two
MADS box genes in E. grandiflorum using a simple and highly efficient gene transfer protocol. Our results reveal the potential for floral modification in E. grandiflorum through genetic transformation. 相似文献
15.
The architecture of the musculature of the eutardigrade species Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, Hypsibius sp. and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri (Doyère in Ann Sci Nat Zool Sér 2(14):269–369, 1840) is investigated by phalloidin staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. There are methodological problems in staining
eutardigrades due to physiological alterations under stress (anhydrobiosis) and due to penetration problems of the cuticle.
It is helpful to fix specimens in the state of asphyxy, where animals are stretched following an oxygen shortage in their
environment. The musculatures of all three species correspond in their general architecture, but differ in detail, such as
in the number of muscles. All muscles are isolated muscle strands. There are on each body side two dorsal and one ventral
muscle strands, in addition to a system of dorsoventral, lateral and lateroventral muscles. Seven median ventral attachment
points give rise to dorsoventral, ventrolateral and appendage muscles. The appendages receive several muscles originating
dorsally and ventrally. The number of muscles and the arrangement differ in each appendage. The fourth appendage shows the
greatest differences with a far smaller number of muscles compared to other species. The musculature shows comparably few
strict segmental patterns, for example, the musculature of each appendage differs from the other ones. By comparison with
literature data on the same species and data of Macrobiotus hufelandi it can be shown that eutardigrades have a roughly comparable muscular architecture, but that there are several differences
in detail.
Dedicated to Professor Westheide on the occasion of his 70th birthday. 相似文献
16.
An efficient micropropagation protocol was established for Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv. Umorok, a pungent chilli cultivar. Shoot-tip explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing
cytokinins (22.2–88.8 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP, 23.2–93.0 μM kinetin, Kin, or 22.8–91.2 μM zeatin, Z) alone or in combination
with 5.7 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Maximum number of shoots were induced on medium containing 91.2 μM Z or 31.1 μM BAP
with 4.7 μM Kin. The separated shoots rooted and elongated on medium containing 2.5 or 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Axillary shoots were induced from in vitro raised plantlets by decapitating them. The axillary shoot-tip explants were used for further multiple shoot buds induction.
A maximum of about 150 plantlets were obtained from a single seedling. Hardened and acclimatized plantlets were successfully
established in the soil. 相似文献
17.
Giovanni Iapichino Marcello Airò 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(4):330-337
Multiple shoots were induced on stem segments of an 8-y-old plant of Metrosideros excelsa Sol ex Gaertn. “Parnel”. Axillary shoots produced on uncontaminated explants were excised, segmented, and recultured in the
same medium to increase the stock of shoot cultures. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, augmented with different concentrations
of 2- isopenthenyladenine (2iP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), either singly or in combinations, as potential medium for
shoot multiplication by nodal segments was tested. In the following experiment, equal molar concentrations of four cytokinins
[2iP, kinetin, zeatin, and N
6-benzyladenine (BA)] in combination with equal molar concentrations of three auxins [IAA, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA),
and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)] were tested for ability to induce axillary shoot development from single-node stem segments.
The highest rate of axillary shoot proliferation was induced on MS agar medium supplemented with 1.96μM 2iP and 1.14μM IAA
after 6 wk in culture. Different auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA) were tested to determine the optimum conditions for in vitro rooting of microshoots. The best results were accomplished with IAA at 5.71μM (89% rooting) and with IBA at 2.85 or 5.71μM
(86% and 86% rooting, respectively). Seventy and 90 percent of the microshoots were rooted ex vitro in bottom-heated bench (22 ± 2°C) after 2 and 4 wk, respectively. In vitro and ex vitro rooted plantlets were successfully established in soil. 相似文献
18.
Summary. This review article focuses on the synthesis and reactions of N,N-di-Boc glutamate and aspartate semialdehydes as well as related aldehydes. These building blocks are prepared according to
various strategies from glutamic and aspartic acids and find interesting synthetic applications. In the first part, the methods
for the synthesis of N,N-di-Boc-amino aldehydes are summarized. The applications of these chiral synthons for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids
and other bioactive compounds are discussed in the second section.
Received April 24, 2002 Accepted August 13, 2002 Published online January 30, 2003
Authors' address: Prof. Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens,
Greece, E-mail: vikon@aua.gr
Abbreviations: AcNH-TEMPO, 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical; AIBN, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); Aliquat,
methyltrioctylammonium chloride; Bn, benzyl; Boc, tert-butoxycarbonyl; But, tert-butyl; m-CPBA, 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid; DAST, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride; DBU, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; (R,R)-(+)-DET, (R,R)-(+)-diethyltartrate; DIBALH, diisobutyl aluminium hydride; DMAP, 4-dimethylaminopyridine; DMF, dimethylformamide; Et3N, triethylamine; KHMDS, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; (S)-LLB, lanthanium-lithium-bis-metallic binaphthol catalyst; MsCl, methanesulfonyl chloride; NEM, N-ethylmorpholine; NMO, 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide; PPA, propylphosphonic acid anhydride; TBHP, tert-butyl hydroperoxide; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; THF, tetrahydrofuran; TMSI, 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole; Trt, trityl. 相似文献
19.
20.
Despite species in the Rubus fruticosus complex (wild blackberry) being among the most invasive plants globally in regions with large annual fluctuations in water
availability, little is known about their water relations. We compared water relations of a prominent member of the complex,
R. armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry), with species native to the Pacific Northwest of North America (PNW), R. spectabilis (salmonberry) and R. parviflorus (thimbleberry). In eight stands of each species located near Portland, Oregon, USA, we measured mid-day hydraulic resistance
(R
plant), and daily time series of stomatal conductance (g
s), leaf water potential (Ψlf), and environmental conditions at four time periods spanning the 2007 growing season. Although all species maintained Ψlf above −0.5 MPa in spring, R. armeniacus maintained less negative Ψlf (≥−1.0 MPa) than the natives in summer, a factor attributable to advantages in both its root and shoot systems. R
plant of R. armeniacus was ≤0.1 MPa mmol−1 m2 s for the duration of the study, and approximately 25–50% of R
plant for the native species in summer. R. armeniacus had higher g
s compared to the native species throughout the spring and summer, with approximately twice their rates in summer. Our R
plant and g
s results show that R. armeniacus has access to more water during PNW summers than congeneric natives, allowing it to maintain high water-use, and potentially
helping it achieve higher growth and reproductive rates. Water relations may therefore be a critical component of the competitive
and invasive success of R. armeniacus and other R. fruticosus species worldwide. 相似文献