惠州西湖磷模型的初级研究

国家4A旅游景区之一的惠州西湖地处亚热带地区,属于典型的浅水型城市湖泊。在西湖水本完全混合的假设和西湖实地调查和2003年-2005年监测数据的基础上,对惠州西湖建立了零维总磷模型。文中对总磷模型进行了参数的率定,校正,并用模型对2003年10月到2004年9月一周年进行总磷浓度的模拟预测。从而验证了该模型在惠州西湖水质预测中的适用性和可行性。根据西湖底泥磷释放率的特征提出修正模型,大大降低了原模型模拟误差,更精确拟合惠州西湖的总磷浓度的动态变化,有助于西湖的长期预测工作的进一步开展。     

武汉东湖不同湖区底泥总磷含量及变化的研究

以武汉东湖为对象,研究了1998.03—1999.02期间不同营养水平湖区底泥中(0—5cm,5—10cm)总磷的含量及季节动态。6个站平均总磷含量为1.15mg/g,同80年代初相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ站底泥中总磷含量分别增高1.42倍和1.03倍。受污水排放影响较重的0站磷含量高达2.78mg/g,而受污水排放影响较小的Ⅳ、Ⅴ站仅分别为0.52mg/g和0.50mg/g。东湖底泥中磷年平均含量与湖水中磷年平均浓度相关系数极高(r=0.997,n=5,p＜0.02)。通过对不同湖泊的底泥磷含量、水柱磷含量和外源负荷的比较和相关分析可以看出,水柱中磷含量较高,磷负荷较大的湖泊底泥中磷含量也高。可以预测,即使东湖的外源负荷得以控制,巨大的底泥磷内源负荷将会继续对东湖水质构成威胁。     

普通小球藻生长与武汉东湖水体磷形态的相关研究

本文探讨了武汉东湖水体中总溶解磷（TSP）、溶解反应磷（SRP）、总反应磷（TRP）、溶解水解磷（SHP）和颗粒磷（PP）对普通小球藻生长的生物有效利用性。进行了普通小球藻生长量与各磷形态及总磷（TP）被利用浓度的一元相关分析,进一步讨论了这些一元相关方程的不足,并用多元回归分析建立了普通小球藻生长量（N）与所测几种磷形态被利用浓度（CTSP,CSRP,CTRP,CSHP,CPP）的相关模型。这些模型可以用于评价湖泊水体富营养化的程度及预测藻的生长潜力。     

不同磷营养水平对烟草叶片光合作用和光呼吸的影响(英文)

研究了不同磷营养水平(0,1/4,1/2,1,2 P)对烟草(Nicotiana rustica L.)叶片光合、光呼吸、乙醇酸合成和乙醇酸氧化酶活性的影响,结果如下; 光合强度在0～1P范围内随磷水平的提高而增高,但在2P水平中略为下降。光呼吸强度在1/4～2P范围内与光合强度有相同的变化趋势,但在磷水平为零时最高;光呼吸/光合比值亦在磷水平为零时最高,并随磷营养的增加而下降。 HPMS抑制乙醇酸氧化酶活性,乙醇酸的积累量随磷水平的变化与光呼吸有一致的趋势。 在加入FMN时,不同磷营养水平的烟草叶片中乙醇酸氧化酶的活性随磷水平的提高而下降;加入FMN对酶活性的促进作用亦随磷水平的提高而下降。 叶片无机磷、有机磷及总磷含量均随磷营养水平的提高而增加。 用不同浓度的磷酸盐溶液真空渗入在1P培养的烟草叶圆片,并在0.25,0.5,10mmol/LNaHCO_3溶液中测定光合和光呼吸,结果表明在0.25和 0.5mmol/L NaHCO_3中,光呼吸随磷浓度的增加而下降;在 10mmol/L中光呼吸完全受抑制。光合作用与磷浓度关系呈单峰曲线,随着NaHCO_3浓度的提高,其高峰位置向右移,即光合最适磷浓度增大。 根据试验结果及从化学计量学推算,认为磷营养有抑制光呼吸的作用,而光呼吸的运转则有补充叶绿体内进行光合作用所需的无机磷的功能。     

洱海入湖河流弥苴河下游氮磷季节性变化特征及主要影响因素

入湖河流携带污染物对洱海水环境的影响日益明显,对洱海入湖水量最大的河流——弥苴河下游水体氮磷进行了连续采样分析,以期为河口湿地建设和水质改善提供基础数据.结果表明:1)弥苴河水质介于地表水Ⅲ-Ⅴ类之间,主要污染物为氮和磷,其中总氮平均浓度为1.17 mg/L,最高浓度达到2.00 mg/L;总磷平均浓度为0.06 mg/L;2)弥苴河下游总氮、总磷浓度丰水期高于枯水期,并呈现出季节性变化规律;3)弥苴河下游水体总氮、总磷年均浓度远高于洱海水体总氮、总磷年均浓度,其中总氮高出2.10倍,总磷高出2.90倍;4)弥苴河下游河段非点源污染占据主导地位.     

有机磷农药对铜绿微囊藻生长及摄磷效应的动力学研究

研究了两种有机磷农药 (甲胺磷、辛硫磷 )在较低浓度时对铜绿微囊藻的生长效应以及微囊藻摄取磷形态 :总溶解磷 (TSP)、溶解反应磷 (SRP)和溶解有机磷 (DOP)的动力学规律。保持各培养基中总磷的浓度 6 95mg/L ,与培养基中不加有机磷农药相比 ,当培养基中甲胺磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为 1∶11和 1∶9,辛硫磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为1∶349和 1∶114时 ,微囊藻的生长受到促进 ,并且当甲胺磷与K2 HPO4,的浓度比为 1∶9,辛硫磷与K2 HPO4的浓度比为1∶114时促进效果最好 ,而当培养基中没有K2 HPO4甲胺磷作为惟一磷源时 ,微囊藻的生长受到明显的抑制。微囊藻摄取SRP的速度快于其他磷形态 ,而对DOP的利用较少。微囊藻生长越快 ,对SRP的摄取速率也越快。结果表明低浓度有机磷农药促进微囊藻生长的主要原因是有机磷的加入促进了藻类对SRP的摄取     

大豆种子储藏性磷对幼苗适应低磷胁迫的作用

选用种子大小不同、磷效率不同的两个大豆品种‘巴西10号’(B10)和‘本地2号’(L2),在不同供磷条件下进行营养液浇灌沙培,从大豆萌发至2片三出复叶完全展开期测定植株主要器官总磷、可溶性磷浓度、子叶可溶性蛋白、酸性磷酸酶比活性、植酸酶比活性的变化动态,探讨储藏性磷在大豆幼苗期适应磷胁迫中的作用。结果发现:(1)磷效率不同的两个大豆品种的种子中磷含量差异显著。(2)大豆萌发和幼苗生长过程中子叶的磷逐渐转入根、茎、叶中,并以转入叶中的磷最多,其中磷高效品种B10在发芽过程中子叶磷向各个器官转移的总磷量要高于磷低效品种L2,且持续时间长。(3)大豆萌发和幼苗生长过程中外源供磷水平显著影响子叶磷的转移,在外源供磷充足条件下各器官中总磷均高于低供磷条件,子叶中磷和外源磷存在补偿关系。(4)磷高效品种B10子叶中酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷条件下显著高于高磷条件,但磷低效品种L2在高、低磷间无显著差异。研究表明,大豆种子储藏性磷在幼苗期耐低磷能力建立方面具有重要作用。     

Phosphorus distribution inside Chinese fir seedlings under different P supplies based on 32P tracer

通过分析杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗磷(P)分配规律, 可以阐明两个磷高效利用杉木在不同供磷水平下吸收外源磷的分配及动态变化, 为进一步进行磷高效利用基因型的选育提供参考。该研究以2个磷高效利用杉木家系(被动忍受型M1与主动活化型M4)幼苗为试验材料, 利用 ³²P同位素示踪技术, 研究在不同供磷水平下2个杉木家系幼苗磷分配规律。结果表明, M1和M4吸收的外源磷的含量分布特征均为根>叶>茎, 自显影中相同处理时期的各器官在水平投影面上 ³²P含量均为根>茎>叶。低磷处理下M1和M4根、茎、叶吸收的外源磷的含量均明显低于高磷处理, 自显影中相同处理时间根、茎、叶低磷水平下成像的黑化程度也低于高磷水平, 且低磷处理下吸收的外源磷的含量增加缓慢, 说明低磷胁迫严重影响杉木苗磷的吸收与积累。M1和M4的根系磷分配率在低磷胁迫下呈现出明显的先减少后增加趋势, 高磷水平下根系磷分配率表现为先增加后趋于平稳。这说明M1和M4可以通过体内磷的重新分配来适应外界低磷胁迫, 即杉木苗在低磷胁迫初期将根系中的磷转移至地上部分, 随着胁迫时间的延长, 地上部分的磷向根系中转移。但两个家系在低磷条件下对吸收的外源磷的分配格局差异明显: 从开始至结束M1吸收的外源磷的分配率表现为根系>地上部分, 而M4先表现为根系>地上部分, 后表现为地上部分>根系, 说明M1在低磷胁迫后加强体内磷循环的程度相比于M4更高, 即磷从地上部分向根系转移的趋势更强烈。     

施磷对土壤速效磷含量及径流磷组成的影响

在水稻生长季节设置不同施磷水平 (0、30、70、15 0、30 0 kg P/hm2 )田间小区试验 ,研究施磷对环境及水稻产量的影响。结果表明 ,施磷量与土壤速效磷含量、土表径流磷含量均呈极显著正相关 ,随施磷量提高 ,表层土壤速效磷含量明显增加 ,径流磷含量也随之增加。早期径流液中的磷以颗粒磷为主 ,而后期可溶性磷的比例加大。一般施磷水平下径流液的可溶性磷中有机磷占的比例较大 ,而大施磷量时无机磷占的比例较大。虽然通过径流损失的磷占总施磷量的 0 .2 %以下 ,但径流液中可溶性磷的浓度和总磷浓度均已超过水体富营养化磷浓度的临界值 ,意味着长期的田间排水存在诱发附近水体富营养化的可能     

三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河氮磷污染状况研究

分别于三峡水库蓄水前的上世纪1996—1997年及蓄水后的2004年采集了香溪河水样及沉积物样,研究了蓄水前后香溪河氮磷的污染状况。结果表明,蓄水前上游总磷浓度低于0.05mg/L,下游在0.22—0.34mg/L之间,其浓度与生活污水及工业废水排放有关;总氮浓度变化不大,在0.7—1.1mg/L之间。蓄水后磷、氮浓度明显升高,但总磷在回水区由于沉降作用反而低于蓄水前。蓄水后下游氮磷比普遍高于10,加之水流变缓,使香溪河库湾发生“水华”的可能性增加。香溪河沉积物磷污染严重,总磷含量高达1221mg/kg,主要以无机磷污染为主。三峡水库蓄水后,对上游库湾水环境的不利影响已开始显现出来,必须采取有效措施,防止水环境的恶化。     

Predicting concentration of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a in a lake with short hydraulic residence time

The relationship between total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentration was determined for Skinner Lake, Indiana over an annual cycle in 1978–79. Total nitrogen:total phosphorus ratios in the epilimnion ranged from 19 to 220 suggesting a phosphorus-dependent algal yield in the epilimnion. Approximately 90% of annual TP loading reached the lake via streamflow, and 93% of this entered during snowmelt and spring-overturn periods. At that time incoming water flushed the lake 2.4 times. Atmospheric loading accounted for 1.4% of annual TP load. Internal hypolimnetic TP loading occurred during summer stratification. Mean [chl a] for the ice-free period was 15.15 mg m^–3, within the range expected for eutrophic lakes.The 1978–79 data were used in conjuction with the Vollenweider & Kerekes (1980) model to produce a model specific for the Skinner Lake system. The model predicted mean epilimnetic total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations from mean total phosphorus concentration in inlet streams and from lake water residence time during the period of spring overturn and summer stratification. The Skinner-specific model was tested in 1982 and it closely predicted observed mean epilimnetic [TP] and [chl a] during the ice-free period. This study shows that variability in lake models which average data over an annual period can be reduced by considering lake-specific seasonal variation in hydrology and external TP loading.     

Sediment geochemistry of phosphorus at two intertidal sites on the Great Ouse estuary,S.E. England

The Great Ouse estuary in southern England is a macrotidal estuary with rather coarse sediment. Two intertidal sites were sampled five times over the year at low tide. The sediments are suboxic, organic poor (approximately 1.5% organic carbon). They are composed mainly of detrital quartz and feldspar with some calcite. At both sites the total phosphorus in the sediments ranges from 0.03 – 0.12% dry weight and total iron from 0.42–1.22% dry weight. Of the total phosphorus 20% is organic and 80% is inorganic of which 10% is water extractable. Total iron and phosphorus correlate well and the ratio of iron:phosphorus is 8.4 which is similar to that found when phosphorus is adsorbed by iron oxyhydroxides, suggesting that iron oxyhydroxides are an important substrate for phosphorus sorption in these sediments. Fluxes of phosphorus from the sediment to the overlying water, measured in cores incubated in the laboratory, are low and show no seasonality. The sodium concentration in the porewaters at both sites is variable suggesting that there is movement of water through the sediment to depths of at least 20 cm. This is borne out by variable phosphorus, iron and phosphorus concentrations in the porewaters and ill defined redox zones in the sediments.     

长三角平原区县域土壤磷素流失风险及其空间不确定性的快速评估

磷素是水体富营养化的关键限制因子,其中从农田土壤中流失的磷往往是水体磷素的主要来源。然而,土壤磷素的流失风险不仅与土壤磷素水平直接相关,其他环境因子,如距受纳水体距离、磷肥施用量、地表径流潜力等也强烈影响其流失风险。同时,基于有限样本预测得到的流失风险必然具有一定的空间不确定性。以长三角典型县域金坛区为研究案例,首先结合多个环境因子构建快速磷指数(RPI)评估模型,再利用稳健地统计学方法识别土壤全磷的空间离群值,并利用序贯高斯模型(SGS)模拟土壤全磷可能的空间分布格局,最后将其多个可能的模拟结果及上述主要因子输入到RPI模型,用以快速评估土壤磷素流失风险及其空间不确定性。结果显示,金坛区土壤磷素流失的高风险区和土壤全磷高值区分布格局在研究区北部、中部具有一定的相似性,而在中西部的旱地区两者出现差异性。高风险区主要沿着河流呈现条带状及斑块状分布,较高及以上风险区(快速磷指数值大于0.93)的面积占金坛区面积的65.88%。概率阈值分别设定为0.50、0.75、0.85、0.95时,其超标面积占金坛区总面积分别达到16.71%、5.74%、2.84%、1.04%。引入多个相关环境因子并结合经稳健处理的SGS进行流失风险指数的空间模拟和不确定性评估,可以快速评估区域农田土壤磷素流失风险及不确定性,进而为区域土壤磷素调控提供必要的空间决策支持。     

Influence on phytoplankton biomass in lakes of different trophy by phosphorus in lake water and its regeneration by zooplankton

In 49 unpolluted lakes of north-eastern Poland the biomass of algae in summer is significantly related to the concentration of total phosphorus and to the rate of phosphorus regeneration by zooplankton. Using a model with equations describing these relationships, the biomass of blue-green algae and other phytoplankton groups was predicted for 14 polluted lakes. A good approximation of actual values was obtained only for the biomass of blue-green algae calculated from the estimated rate of P regeneration by zooplankton in these lakes. It is hypothesized that more-or-less edible algae of other classes did not show dependence on the rate of input of regenerated P because their biomass was heavily reduced by grazing of zooplankton.     

衰亡期黑藻与生长期菹草交替生长对水体磷迁移的影响

为利用冷暖种交替控制水体磷污染、抑制水体富营养化,揭示湖泊演化规律和机理。研究设置单季植物组(黑藻组、菹草组)和交替生长组(黑藻组+菹草组)进行实验。交替生长组在黑藻衰亡期种植菹草,监测各组上覆水和底泥中各形态磷含量的变化,计算黑藻衰亡释放磷及菹草生长吸收磷的总量,同时测定环境因子指标。分析沉水植物交替生长(黑藻+菹草)过程对衰亡期沉水植物(黑藻组)释放磷所带来的二次污染的消减作用,并分析环境因子变化与磷含量之间的关系。实验结果表明:黑藻+菹草组显著(P<0.05)降低了上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度;显著(P<0.05)降低了间隙水中DTP和SRP的浓度。底泥TP含量黑藻组呈上升趋势,黑藻+菹草和菹草组呈下降趋势。在采用菹草生物量期望2倍于衰亡植物黑藻生物量的模拟实验条件下,每实验组沉水植物黑藻衰亡分解所释放的磷为1.51 g,沉水植物菹草生长所富集吸收的磷为1.83 g。因此,菹草具备消减黑藻所释放磷的能力,可作为冷暖种交替控制水体富营养化的备选物种。实验组磷的迁移方向分别为:黑藻组磷迁移最终方向为底泥,黑藻+菹草组和菹草组磷的迁移方向为植物。黑藻+菹草组通过提高环境中DO和ORP,使得水相中磷向沉积物相中迁移,从而使得水相中各形态磷浓度保持在相对较低的水平。     

Distribution and release of sedimentary phosphorus in Lake Ladoga

Sedimentary phosphorus fractions and phosphorus release from the sediments were studied in Lake Ladoga at altogether 46 sampling sites, representing the full range of sediment types encountered in the lake. Determination of P fractions and physico-chemical analyses were made of surface sediment cores (10–20 cm long, each sampled at 3–4 levels) and in the overlying water. The range of total phosphorus per dry weight of sediment was 0.2–3.3 mg g^–1, and that of inorganic P 0.1–2.5 mg g^–1. The levels of interstitial soluble phosphorus, range 2–613 µg 1^–1 for total P and 1–315 µg 1^–1 for inorganic P, were higher than those of dissolved P concentrations in the overlying water. Diffusive fluxes of phosphate from sediment to the overlying water were estimated using three independent methods. The estimated range was 4–914 µg P m^–2 d^–1; the mean value for the whole bottom area, 0.1 mg P m^–2 d^–1, is lower than previously published estimates. The estimated annual contribution of sedimentary inorganic P flux to Lake Ladoga water is equal to 620 tons of P per year, which amounts to more than 10% of the estimated external P load into the lake. 68% of the total diffusive flux emanates from deep water sediments, which are not exposed to seasonal variation of conditions. In deep lakes, such as Lake Ladoga, phosphorus release from the sediments is controlled primarily by diffusive mechanisms. Wave action and currents as well as bioturbation are probably of importance mainly in shallow near-shore areas. Phosphorus release by gas ebullition and macrophytes is considered negligible.     

Iron:phosphorus ratio in surface sediment as an indicator of phosphate release from aerobic sediments in shallow lakes

Analysis of Danish lakes showed that both mean winter and mean summer concentrations of lake water total phosphorus in the trophogenic zone correlated negatively with the total iron to total phosphorus ratio (Fe:P) in surface sediments. No correlation was found between the water total phosphorus concentration and either the sediment phosphorus concentration alone or with sediment calcium concentration. The increase in total phosphorus from winter to summer, which is partly a function of net internal P-loading, was lowest in lakes with high Fe:P ratios in the surface sediment.A study of aerobic sediments from fifteen lakes, selected as representative of Danish lakes with respect to the sediment Fe and phosphorus content, showed that the release of soluble reactive phosphorus was negatively correlated with the surface sediment Fe:P ratio. Analysis of phosphate adsorption properties of surface sediment from 12 lakes revealed that the capability of aerobic sediments to buffer phosphate concentration correlated with the Fe:P ratio while the maximum adsorption capacity correlated with total iron. Thus, the Fe:P ratio may provide a measure of free sorption sites for orthophosphate ions on iron hydroxyoxide surfaces.The results indicate that provided the Fe:P ratio is above 15 (by weight) it may be possible to control internal P-loading by keeping the surface sediment oxidized. Since the Fe:P ratio is easy to measure, it may be a useful tool in the management of shallow lakes.     

The variability in total and extractable soil phosphorus under a grazed pasture

A comparison of the total soil phosphorus (P) and extractable soil P between 224 samples of topsoil from an area of ~27 m² within a grazed, established grass/clover sward has been made. The values of total soil P displayed an approximately normal distribution around a mean concentration of 1264 mg P kg-1 and were positively correlated to acetic-acid-extractable P which accounted for <2% of the total soil P. The amount of total water-extractable P was much smaller (~0.4% of total soil P) and was not significantly correlated with either the concentration of total soil P or acetic-acid-extractable P. A variable proportion (from less than 5 to 60%) of the total water-extractable P was present in a non-molybdate-reactive form, and there was no apparent relationship between these molybdate-reactive and molybdate-unreactive forms. All variograms showed a positive intercept on the ordinate. For acetic-acid-extractable P, the greatest proportion of variance was attributable to the molybdate-reactive P fraction, while it was equally proportioned between molybdate-reactive and -unreactive P forms in water extracts. The greatest variance usually occurred at the maximum sampling distance (18 m). However, even at the smallest distance (11 cm) the variability in total acetic-extractable P was 2.35 mg P kg-1 and water-extractable P was 0.45 mg P kg-1. Therefore the roots of individual plants within the studied pasture may encounter considerable variability in the concentration of available phosphorus. The potential variability of phosphorus found between rooting zones of different individual plants was greater than that likely to be encountered within the area exploited by any one individual root system.     

城市居民食物磷素消费变化及其环境负荷——以厦门市为例

城市磷代谢不但关系到居民食品安全,还影响到城市生态系统的环境质量.快速的城市化进程及由此带来的居民生活水平的提高,会改变食物消费的数量、质量和结构,从而对城市磷代谢产生重要影响.分析了1988-2010年厦门市经食物消费进入城市系统的磷素变化动态,在此基础上对人均食物磷消费量与相关社会经济因子进行了Spearman相关分析,并计算了居民食物磷素消费的环境负荷.研究结果表明:(1)随着厦门城市化进程的推进,食物磷素消费总量波动上升;人均食物磷素消费量呈M型变化,两个峰值分别出现在1998年和2003年;高磷含量食物如奶制品、水产品,在人均食物磷素消费量中所占比例剧增,分别由0.3％和6.8％上升至14.9％和15.5％.(2)人均粮食磷素消费量与恩格尔系数、平均家庭人口数呈高度正相关,与人均可支配收入、食物价格指数以及具有大学学历以上人口比重呈高度负相关;而植物油、瓜果、畜禽肉、蛋类、奶类和水产品磷素消费量则与粮食所呈现的相关性相反.(3)随着食物磷素消费总量的增加,磷素的环境负荷总量也呈剧增趋势,尤其进入土壤的磷素量剧烈上升,所占比例由59.7％增至85.1％,这可能与禁磷措施的实行、污水处理率的提高、处理工艺的改进等有关.     

保安湖沉积物和间隙水中氮和磷的含量及其分布

保安湖沉积物中氮（Ｎ）的含量平均为５．２０ｍｇ／ｇ，平面分布以桥墩湖分含量最高。沉积物中磷（Ｐ）的含量平均为０．７５ｍｇ／ｇ，平面分布以扁担塘湖区含量最高。沉积物间隙水中总氮的平均含量为３．６３ｍｇ／Ｌ，无机氮中以氮氮的含量最高，占总氮的５７．２％；间隙水中总磷的含量平均为０．０９８ｍｇ／Ｌ，磷酸盐占总磷的５０．０％，间隙中氮和磷含量的平面分布差异不明显。间隙中氮和磷的含量比湖水中含量高，但除氨氮