一种简便的叶绿体色素纸层析的点样方法

“叶绿体色素的提取与分离”实验中 ,“点样”是用毛细管在滤纸上划滤液线的方法来完成的。现介绍一种用玻璃片“盖印”的点样法 ,优于毛细管点样方法。1　点样玻璃片制作挑选无缺损的载玻片 (75 mm× 2 5 mm× 1mm) ,用玻璃刀横向裁成 10 mm宽的小玻片 (2 5 mm× 10 mm×1mm ) ,此玻片即可用作点样。制成的点样玻片宽的一侧要保证平直无缺损 ,其宽度要小于滤纸条的宽度。因此 ,玻璃片的宽度为 10 mm,滤纸条的宽度可裁成 15 mm为宜。2　操作　　从小漏斗流出的滤液不要用试管收集 ,可直接滴1～ 2滴在 1块干净的载玻片上 ,用点样玻片宽的一侧…     

固氮酶铬铁蛋白和锰铁蛋白大单晶的培养

用液 /液扩散法 ,从分别含Cr和Mn的无氨培养基中生长的固氮菌 (AzotobactervinelandiiLipmann)突变种UW3 中纯化出的CrFe蛋白和MnFe蛋白 ,在合适的结晶条件下生长出深棕色大单晶 (最大晶体的尺寸分别为 0 .2 0mm× 0 .2 0mm× 0 .0 7mm和 0 .18mm× 0 .18mm× 0 .0 5mm)。PEG、MgCl2 和NaCl的浓度对这两种蛋白的出晶时间、晶核数目、晶体大小和形状都有明显影响。结果表明 ,用此结晶法有利于CrFe蛋白和MnFe蛋白生长出可供X_射线衍射分析的大单晶。     

网养对大、小鼠生长发育的影响

目的观察全网饲养对大、小鼠其生长发育的影响。方法在传统的大小鼠饲养盒底部40mm高处加不锈钢金属网格,网孔大小为10mm×100mm,网格上用于饲养动物。雌雄动物分别分为实验组和对照组,观察体重、行为、供食量和供水量的变化。结果全网养小鼠生长不如传统饲养方式生长快,但没有统计学差异;全网养大鼠生长发育正常,与传统饲养方式相比,未见差异。结论全网养大鼠不需要垫料,值得进一步推广;全网式饲养小鼠必须慎重。     

CO_2浓度升高对不同寄主植物上西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫体内消化酶活性的影响

【目的】为明确大气CO_2浓度升高对入侵昆虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis及其本地近缘种花蓟马F.intonsa的影响机制。【方法】在CO_2人工气候箱(400和800μL/L)内分别以不同的寄主植物(四季豆、茼蒿、辣椒和黄瓜)饲养西花蓟马和花蓟马3代以后,比较分析两种蓟马成虫体内消化酶(淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶)活性的差异。【结果】4种寄主植物饲养的西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫体内淀粉酶活性均随着CO_2浓度的升高而降低,其中四季豆、黄瓜、辣椒和茼蒿饲养的西花蓟马成虫体内淀粉酶活性依次降低21.39%,25.33%,44.59%和42.27%;而花蓟马成虫体内淀粉酶活性则分别降低了48.79%,49.47%,38.86%和38.92%。随着CO_2浓度的升高,两种蓟马成虫体内脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性均升高,其中四季豆、黄瓜和辣椒饲养的两种蓟马酶活性均显著升高(P0.05)。高CO_2浓度环境中四季豆饲养的西花蓟马脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别是对照的2.00和2.49倍,黄瓜饲养的种群其脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别是对照的2.36和2.27倍,辣椒饲养种群相应的酶活性分别是对照的3.61和3.59倍。而高CO_2浓度环境中四季豆、黄瓜和辣椒饲养的花蓟马脂肪酶活性仅分别是对照的1.76,2.18和2.69倍,胰蛋白酶活性分别为对照的1.72,2.19和2.42倍。【结论】CO_2浓度升高和寄主植物种类是影响两种蓟马成虫体内淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性变化的重要原因,两种蓟马均能通过调节自身的酶活性来适应未来高CO_2浓度的气候环境,其中入侵种西花蓟马对环境的适应性强于本地近缘种花蓟马。     

HPLC法测定麻仁润肠丸大黄素、大黄酚的含量

采用KromacilC18(4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ,以甲醇 - 0 .1%磷酸溶液 (85∶15 )为流动相 ,流速为 1mL·min ,柱温为 30℃ ,检测波长为 2 5 4nm ,以外标法测定了麻仁润肠丸中大黄素、大黄酚的含量。大黄素在 8.992× 10 -3 ～ 116 .896× 10 -3 ,大黄酚在 2 1.376× 10 -3 ～ 2 77.85 8× 10 -3 范围内呈线性关系 ,其在制剂中的平均回收率 (n =6 )分别为 10 1.5 6 % (RSD =1.3% )、96 .78% (RSD =1.3% )。     

光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340—605 nm波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498—524 nm、562—582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光380 nm处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。     

棕榈蓟马生物学特性初步观察

<正> 七十年代以来,华南各地棕榈蓟马Thripspalmi Karny为害节瓜逐年严重,其为害至今未能有效控制。 过去对蔬菜的几种黄蓟马曾有所混淆,因此,对棕榈蓟马生物学特性研究的准确性有一定影响。本文在确切鉴定蓟马种类的基础上,着重将棕榈蓟马的寄主范围、田间分布、生殖方式等生物学特性观察结果整理如下,以供防冶该虫参考。     

己酸菌细胞分离及保活脱水技术的初步研究

对培养过程优化的基础上 ,利用絮凝技术将己酸菌细胞的 80 %以上从培养基中分离出来 ,其分离浓缩液的浓度达 8.0× 10 9cell/mL。菌体造型的粒径 0 .5mm× 1.0～ 2 .5mm ,在流化床上干燥 ,进气温度 6 5℃ ,出气温度 4 8℃ ,干菌体复活率达 85 %。     

花蓟马Frankliniella bispinosa的生长繁殖特性及种群动态研究(英文)

本文提出一种用香蒲 (Typhadomingensis)花粉饲养花蓟马 (F .bispinosa)的方法 ,恒温饲养表明 ,在1 5℃时 ,该蓟马的世代历期长达 3 7 5d ,雌成虫平均寿命为 3 0d ;在 2 0℃和 2 5℃恒温下 ,世代历期分别为1 8 9和 1 3 8d ,雌成虫寿命分别为 2 9 0和 2 3 3d。平均产卵量在 2 5℃时达到最高 (1 2 3 2头 雌 ) ,而在其他几种恒温下产卵量显著减少。在佛罗里达南部 ,终年可见该蓟马在鬼针三叶草 (BidenspilosaL .)花上发生 ,而种群高峰期在三月中旬到四月初 ,平均每朵花中蓟马成虫数最高时可达 48 7头。     

CO2浓度升高对西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫体内解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

【目的】阐明大气CO₂浓度升高对外来入侵昆虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis及其本地近缘种花蓟马F. intonsa的影响机制。【方法】测定和分析了CO₂人工气候箱内不同CO₂浓度（400 μL/L和800 μL/L）下饲养3代的这两种蓟马体内3种解毒酶［羧酸酯酶（CarE）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）和微粒体多功能氧化酶(MFO）］和3种保护酶［超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD）］的活性。【结果】西花蓟马成虫体内的CarE, AchE, MFO, CAT和POD酶活性随着CO₂浓度的升高而显著上升（P＜0.05）,其中800 μL/L CO₂浓度下CarE和MFO酶活性分别比400 μL/L CO₂浓度下增加了24.78%和16.05%;800 μL/L CO2浓度下花蓟马成虫体内的CarE, MFO和CAT酶活性显著高于400 μL/L CO₂浓度下花蓟马成虫体内的相应酶活性,而AchE和POD酶活性在两种CO2浓度间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。800 μL/L CO₂浓度下西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫体内的SOD酶活性均显著低于400 μL/L CO₂浓度下的相应蓟马酶活性（P＜0.05）,分别下降了65.22%和42.20%。【结论】CO₂浓度升高是导致两种蓟马成虫体内CarE,MFO和SOD酶活性上升的主要原因,而AchE, CAT和POD酶活性的变化主要受蓟马种类的影响。两种蓟马可能通过改变体内解毒酶或保护酶的活性来适应高浓度CO₂的环境。     

南方小花蝽在不同试验空间对西花蓟马的捕食及搜寻效应

【背景】南方小花蝽是一类很有利用前景的捕食性天敌,而有关其在不同捕食空间下对我国局部地区暴发成灾的重要入侵害虫西花蓟马捕食控制效能的研究较少。【方法】在实验室条件下比较研究了南方小花蝽成虫在不同试验空间对西花蓟马成虫、若虫的捕食选择性、捕食功能反应与搜寻效应。【结果】南方小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食选择性强于成虫;在相同的试验空间,南方小花蝽成虫的日均捕食量随猎物数量的增加而增大,其对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的捕食量在猎物数量为每指形管中60头时最大,分别为15.90和19.30头;而搜寻效应随猎物数量的增加而降低。在各供试条件下,捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程;南方小花蝽成虫在小饲养容器中对西花蓟马若虫的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.2794;而在大饲养容器中对西花蓟马成虫的瞬时攻击率最小,仅为0.3506,其处理1头西花蓟马成虫的时间约需0.0402d,而处理1头若虫的时间仅需0.0242d。在相同的猎物数量下,南方小花蝽成虫在大饲养容器中对西花蓟马的日均捕食量均低于其在小饲养容器中对西花蓟马的日均捕食量。【结论与意义】南方小花蝽对西花蓟马有很强的捕食效能,对西花蓟马的种群消长具有一定控制作用。本研究旨在为应用南方小花蝽防治西花蓟马积累资料,同时为西花蓟马的综合治理奠定理论基础。     

Biological Attributes of the Nematode, Thripinema nicklewoodi, a Potential Biological Control Agent of Western Flower Thrips

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is the most important insect pest for greenhouse flower crops, but chemical control is often difficult because of the thrips' location in flowers and buds. Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) is an entomoparasitic nematode that attacks and sterilizes WFT, but its biology and impact on WFT are poorly understood. Methods to propagate and study T. nicklewoodi with a microscope slide arena for observation and a rolled bean leaf arena for rearing were developed. On average, 21.4 nematodes were excreted per day by a parasitized female WFT. The sex ratio of the excreted nematodes was 6.0/1.0 (female/male). After dissection of adult WFT, a maximum of 11 ovoid-shaped first-generation nematodes in a female thrips and 6 in a male thrips were found. There were more second-generation nematodes in the adult female WFT (192.6) than in the adult male WFT (93.7). When 50 healthy first instar WFT were exposed to 4 parasitized female WFT in a rolled bean leaf, a 75.3% mean parasitization rate in the adult stage of the thrips was obtained. In contrast to previous reports, male WFT can be parasitized as readily as females. Parasitism reduced the longevity of both adult female and adult male WFT, and the degree of reduction was higher in adult male WFT. T. nicklewoodi, when presented with various WFT life stages (first instar, second instar, prepupa, pupa, adult female, and adult male), achieved the highest attack rate in first and second instars and prepupa. The free-living nematodes excreted by the hosts actively migrated to a trichome on leaf disks in the observation arena and moved up this structure. Then, the nematode actively waved the anterior part of its body while attaching itself to the trichome with the posterior part of its body. After a nematode contacted the leg of a thrips, the nematode immediately moved up along the leg toward the abdomen of the host. Increased understanding of the biology of T. nicklewoodi is important to better assess its potential for biological control of WFT.     

In vivo rearing of Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) and prospects as a biological control agent of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Methods are described for the in vivo production of the nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi (Siddiqi), an obligate parasite and potential biological control agent of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Nematode infection is not lethal but causes sterilization of adult female hosts. Both fertilization and horizontal transmission of T. nicklewoodi is achieved in 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes (infection arenas), in the presence of 100% humidity, a temporary food source and preferably a damp substrate. Following exposure to infection arenas, F. occidentalis are reared on excised bean leaves Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) in polypropylene containers for 2 wk at 25 degrees C to allow the reproduction and development of a single generation of nematodes within infected hosts's abdominal cavity. To identify infected hosts after this incubation period, thrips are isolated in microcentrifuge tubes and monitored for free-living nematodes being released along with frass. Infected thrips are reintroduced back into infection arenas to inoculate further thrips to maintain the culture. We documented the output of the rearing procedure using a standard method and following simple manipulation of several individual parameters of the infection technique. The standard method was the most efficient, and resulted in an increased (output/input) ratio of infected thrips of approximately 2; i.e., the number of infected thrips approximately doubles each generation. Monitoring infected thrips revealed that nematodes were first released between 12-14 d postinfection and for an average of 7.9 d at 25 degrees C; highlighting the potential to reuse infective thrips between infection arenas. The possibility of using T. nicklewoodi as an inoculative agent against F. occidentalis infesting floricultural crops is discussed.     

Evaluation of an improved method for mass-rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid

Improved laboratory methods are described in detail for mass rearing of various thrips species, such as Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and a thrips parasitoid, Ceranisus menes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), using various foods. In one method, plant pollen and honey solution are used as food sources. In a second method, germinated broad bean seeds are used. Eggs, produced in large numbers in water, are collected by a suction funnel onto a filter paper and incubated in a Petri dish. Large numbers of larvae that hatch are collected by using food traps (plant pollen). Larvae can be reared on pollen or on germinated broad bean seeds until adult emergence without additional water and food. This method has been found useful for producing even-aged thrips at different densities (up to 500 larvae in a cage of 80 mm diameter) with relatively low mortality rates. Evaluation of this rearing method for F. intonsa, shows that during 2 weeks at 20 °C per 100 females more than 4000 females could be produced in the next generation. About 5 min per day is required to achieve this productivity of mass production. The method is also suitable for producing large numbers of the solitary endoparasitoid of thrips larvae, C. menes.     

一种用于显微观察的蓟马标本的制片新方法

蓟马（昆虫纲：缨翅目）是昆虫纲中有重要经济意义的目之一,由于个体微小,因此需要制作成高质量的玻片在高倍显微镜下观察和研究。如果玻片标本质量欠佳,常常导致无法鉴定其种类。不同的研究中处理蓟马标本的技术和方法各异。本文介绍一种新的制片方法,这一方法需要更少的化学药品,且适合处理深颜色的标本。而且,用这个方法处理的标本清晰,保持其自然体色,这些特征在鉴定种类时是十分必要的。本方法处理标本包括4个步骤：氢氧化钾透明（一般5％一10％KOH溶液中,常温放置1～2d或者100℃水浴加热1～2h,处置时间随材料大小和颜色的深浅有所变化）、纯酒精脱水（材料透明后转移到纯酒精中浸泡4—5min）、Hoyer＇s介质装片（滴一滴Hoyer＇s介质于载玻片中央,而后将脱水后的材料转移至介质中,用细拨针小心整翅、足以及触角的姿态,盖上盖玻片）和干燥贴标签（装片后放置在35～45℃烘箱中2～3d或者室温下放置1星期,然后将采集信息、寄主信息以及鉴定表格制成标签,贴于玻片两侧）,与其它制片方法相比,此法最简洁。文末对不同的制片方法作了比较和讨论。     

Pathogenicity of the Hyphomycete Fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the Western Flower Thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis

The pathogenicity of several isolates of the hyphomycete fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to Frankliniella occidentalis was investigated. Treatment of adult thrips with M. anisopliae resulted in at least 94% mortality at 7 days post-inoculation. In contrast, V. lecanii isolates only gave mortalities of between 20 and 70%. Detailed studies were made on the most virulent isolate of M. anisopliae (275) to determine its efficacy at different doses and temperatures. At 23 C the LC was ca. 3 105 conidia ml-1 after 5 days and the LTs were 50 50 3 and 4.5 days at 10 7 and 106 conidia ml-1 respectively. Temperature influenced fungal virulence to adult thrips; the LT at 18 and 20 C was ca. 4 days and at 23 or 26 C it was ca. 3 days. 50 Larvae were less susceptible to infection than adult thrips (27% versus 100% mortality), presumably due to the inoculum being shed with the exuvium during ecdysis. Conidia of M. anisopliae isolate 275 germinated rapidly on the surfaces of larvae, pupae and adults, with most germlings producing appressoria within 24 h post-inoculation. Fungal elements were present in significant amounts in the body 3 days after treatment.     

锈褐原花蝽在不同温度下的发育与积温必需条件

阿月浑子树木虱Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer （半翅目: 木虱总科）是伊朗园林树木阿月浑子树上常见的最具破坏性的害虫,其捕食性天敌锈褐原花蝽Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner在伊朗阿月浑子树种植区为该害虫的生防因子。本研究在17.5~35℃的8个恒温以及相对湿度55%±5%,光照周期16L∶8D的控制条件下,在A. pistaciae若虫上饲养这种捕食性花蝽的同时,调查温度对其发育的影响。结果表明：这种捕食性花蝽在17.5~32℃下可成功发育;然而在35℃下,卵不能孵化,且只有10%的若虫进入成虫阶段。30℃下从卵至成虫羽化的发育历期最短。据测算估计,这种捕食性花蝽的卵、若虫发育以及整个发育（卵至成虫）的积温分别为77,200和263度·日;卵、若虫和整个发育的低温度阈值分别为8.53, 9.2 和9.47℃。这些结果为建立阿月浑子树木虱的综合防治计划提供了宝贵的信息。     

Temperature-dependent wing dimorphism in a Japanese strain of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

A Japanese strain of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) was reared under 4 temperature and two photoperiodic conditions on leaves of green bean. On the basis of the ratio of fore wing length to head width (RWL) of adult thrips we defined individuals with RWL above 3.7 as macropterous forms and those with RWL below 3.5 as brachypterous forms. Percentages of macropterous individuals among females were 0 % at 18 °C, 10.6 % at 22.5 °C, 21.8 % at 25 °C, and 77.5 % at 27.5 °C, under 15L–9D. The proportion of macropters among females developing under 15L–9D was no different from that among those developing under 10L–14D. These results indicate that photoperiod does not affect wing form, and suggest that the proportion of macropterous females increases with temperature. Although development time from hatching to adult eclosion, adult pre-oviposition period, adult head width, adult longevity, total fecundity, and fecundity schedule were compared between macropterous and brachypterous females developing at 25 °C and 15L–9D, these traits were not significantly different between the wing forms. Males of this experimental strain were all brachypterous.     

Crowding leads to higher incidence of brachypterous females in the tobacco thrips,Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The effects of larval density on the wing form determination of female tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, were investigated by rearing thrips on leaf disks at 27.5 °C. The developmental period, head width, body length, and forewing length of individuals in each wing morph were determined to assess the relationships among larval density, growth, and wing form. Data showed that higher rearing densities increased the production of female F. fusca brachypters. There was no consistent difference in the mean developmental periods between the two wing morphs or among all 5 density treatments. The body length of females tended to decrease with increasing rearing density, but there was no significant difference in body size between the two wing morphs when they were reared under the same density level.     

越北腹露蝗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对越北腹露蝗FruhstorferiolatonkinensisWill.触角的外部形态进行观察的结果表明,蝗蝻和成虫触角均分布有以下6种感器,毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、腔锥形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛,其中锥形感器有长、短锥之分,腔锥形感器有Ⅰ、Ⅱ型之分。芽孢形感器、盾形感器和钟形感器只限于蝗蝻的触角。成虫触角鞭节末端长锥形感器数量多于蝗蝻;而蝗蝻触角鞭节末端短锥形感器数量多于成虫。成虫触角从第9节开始,蝗蝻触角从第11节开始锥形感器和腔锥形感器的数量明显增多。