花生豆象的潜在威胁和检疫地位

【背景】花生豆象原产于非洲,目前已扩散至北美洲、亚洲和大洋洲,为害多种农作物,是重要的仓储害虫,1992年曾被列入《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》。但2007年颁布的《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》未包括花生豆象,原因可能是该虫已在我国云南等地发生。【方法】通过检视我国检疫部门截获的标本、核对“云南花生豆象”相关研究资料,说明花生豆象的鉴定特征,并使用CLIMEX3．0对其在我国的适生区进行预测分析。【结果】我国报道花生豆象的发生缘于我国酸角豆象的鉴定错误。花生豆象的外部形态与酸角豆象极为相似,但通过生殖器特征可以明确鉴定并区分这2种害虫。我国多个花生主产区是花生豆象的适生区,花生豆象一旦入侵,就会给我国的花生生产造成极大的损失。【结论与意义】花生豆象人侵我国的风险大,建议将其增补为中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物。     

三种进境林木检疫性有害真菌名称的更正

2007年中华人民共和国农业部公布的《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物》中包括了3种木材腐朽病原真菌,即松干基褐腐病菌Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotlaba et Pouzar、木层孔褐根腐病菌Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn.和橡胶白根病菌Rigidoporus lignosus (Klotzsch) Imaz.。基于国内外最新分子系统学研究,上述3种名称均发生了较大变化,为了适应进境林木检疫的需要及为今后植物检疫性有害生物名录的更新做好技术储备,我们对这3种重要的对外检疫性林木病原菌的名称说明和更改如下：松干基褐腐病菌Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotlaba et Pouzar的拉丁学名应改为Coniferiporia weirii (Murrill) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai,相应的汉语学名也应改为韦氏松柏卧孔菌;木层孔褐根腐病菌Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn.的拉丁学名应改为Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai,相应的汉语学名也应改为有害红皮孔菌;橡胶白根病菌Rigidoporus lignosus (Klotzsch) Imaz.是小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem的同物异名,因此其名称应叫做小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem。另外,有害红皮孔菌 Pyrrhoderma noxium和小孔硬孔菌Rigidoporus microporus已经在我国广泛分布,因此今后在修订进境植物检疫性有害生物名录时对有关有害生物种类进行增删应予以考虑。     

新的《进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》开始执行

<正> 最近,农业部公布了《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》,并于1992年10月1日起开始执行。 该名录是依据《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》的有关规定,根据我国实际情况,参考了过去有关检疫规定和国际间植物检疫的做法。广泛征求有关专家和部门的意见制定的。 该名录将危险性病、虫、杂草分为一类和二     

我国大陆一新入侵种:七角星蜡蚧(半翅目:蚧总科:蚧科)

七角星蜡蚧Ceroplastes stellifera(Westwood)是一种多食、热带广布害虫,2007年被列入《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》中。该虫在我国以前仅记录于台湾省,2013年10月下旬,发现该虫在云南省西双版纳地区危害鹅掌柴(Schefflera octophylla)和芒果(Mangifera indica),为我国大陆的新入侵害虫。本文介绍了其形态特征、地理分布、寄主植物、经济重要性等。     

外来入侵新害虫——无花果蜡蚧

无花果蜡蚧Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus)原产于非洲,是危害经济林和园林树种的重要害虫。2007年被列入《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》中。2012年4月下旬,该虫于广东省茂名市和四川省攀枝花市的榕树上被首次发现,为我国的新入侵害虫。本文介绍了其形态特征、地理分布、寄主植物、生物学和经济重要性等。     

大家白蚁的分布及其检疫的重要性

近几年,我国口岸动植物检疫部门从选境植物检疫中截获并已定名的有害白蚁计10种,其中大家白蚁是《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》中二类危险性害虫。该种家白蚁分市广,适应性强,比其它种类白蚁危害更严重,我国至今没有发现这种家白蚁的自然分布,然而它已多次入侵我国11处地域,其中多数是它的适生地域,对我国、特别是南方的经济建设构成潜在的威胁。本文也对该种白蚁的植物检疫预防措施提出了相应要求。     

今年出版的昆虫分类新书介绍

科学出版社出版了《中国经济昆虫志》3册,都有重要的参考价值。 《鞘翅目:叶(虫甲)总科(一)》谭娟杰、虞佩玉等编著,内容包括豆象科、负泥虫科、肖叶甲科等3科74属259种的记述,附检索表、寄主植物表、参考文献及中名、学名索引,共213页,插图194幅,彩色图版18版。 《鞘翅目:象虫科(一)》赵养昌、陈元清编著。记述了10亚科81属206种,有     

从进境杨木中首次截获条纹根瘤象(鞘翅目:象甲科)

【目的】2016年9月临沂出入境检验检疫局从德国进境的杨木原木中检出活体象甲科昆虫。【方法】通过形态学观察与线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶(mt COⅠ)序列测定及系统进化分析,对该虫进行了物种鉴定。【结果】该虫的形态特征与条纹根瘤象相似;测序分析发现,其COⅠ序列特征与Gen Bank中条纹根瘤象mt COⅠ序列相似性为100%;系统进化树表明,其与条纹根瘤象聚为一组。【结论】以上结果证实该虫为条纹根瘤象。这是我国首次从进境带皮杨木中截获该有害生物,需引起检验检疫部门的重视。     

石笔木的学名考正：Tutcheria championii 还是 T. spectabilis?

为何Tutcheria championii Nakai (1940) 发表较晚, 却被《中国植物志》等志书作为正确学名;而 T. spectabilis (Champ. ex Benth.) Dunn (1908)这更早发表的名称却成了异名？ 笔者在本文解释,根据《国际植物命名法规》,因T. championii这后出替代名发表时曾引用Camellia spectabilis Champ. ex Benth.,而主模式标本因此已包含在内,所以在Tutcheria属内,具相同主模式的T. spectabilis是合法名也具有优先权,应为正确学名。     

桔小实蝇三龄幼虫染色体的组型

<正> 桔小实蝇Bactrocera(Bactrocera)do-rsalis Hendel,属双翅目(Diptera),实蝇科(Tephritidae),是中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性害虫。此虫可为害柑桔类、芒果、番石榴、洋桃、枇杷、杏、桃、番荔枝、木瓜、梨、葡萄、西番莲、辣椒和茄子及番茄等250余种水果和蔬菜。由于成虫产卵于新鲜果实中,幼虫在果中成长。因此,在对进境的水果和蔬菜实施植     

Prey selection and foraging behaviour by Pterostichus cupreus L. (Col., Carabidae) under laboratory conditions

Abstract: Several authors have indicated that carabid beetles offer potential as predators of insect pests on arable crops, but this potential is reduced by their limited ability to climb the crop plants. In the current investigation an initial laboratory experiment indicated that seven species of carabid beetles commonly found in arable fields in the UK would feed on both aphid and collembolan prey. Pterostichus cupreus L. and Bembidion guttula Fabr. were found to accept both live and dead aphids and collembolans. In further laboratory investigations P. cupreus exhibited greater consumption of the cereal aphid Metopolophium dirhodum Walker than the alternative prey species Heteromurus nitidus , Templeton (Collembola, Entomobryidae) and there was some indication of preference for the aphid prey as these were often consumed first. Significantly more handling time was required for the consumption of M. dirhodum compared to H. nitidus. The treatments where P. cupreus was given a diet of aphids or collembolans prior to the prey choice experiment, did not appear to influence the number or type of prey items consumed.
Using a four-arm olfactometer P. cupreus reacted positively to the volatiles from collembolans, but gave a less clear response to those from the cereal aphid M. dirhodum . In an artificial field arena P. cupreus readily climbed barley plants in search of M. dirhodum , perhaps as a response to volatile emissions, but this behaviour changed when H. nitidus were introduced onto the substrate of the arena. Although the current results indicated that P. cupreus has potential for the control of cereal aphids, the presence of alternative prey appeared to reduce this potential and suggest that the carabid is an opportunistic feeder.     

Prey foraging of red titi monkeys, Callicebus cupreus, in comparison to sympatric tamarins, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis

We compared the prey capture strategies of red titi monkeys, Callicebus cupreus, with those of sympatric mustached, Saguinus mystax, and saddleback tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis, to examine whether animal prey is important in niche differentiation between these Neotropical primates. We collected data on strata and substrate use during foraging, on prey searching and capturing, and on prey type of two C. cupreus groups and one group each of S. mystax and S. fuscicollis during a 5-month field study in northeastern Peruvian Amazonia. Our results showed that C. cupreus differed both from S. mystax and S. fuscicollis in prey capture strategies: (1) C. cupreus used lower forest strata for prey search and capture than S. mystax and higher forest strata than S. fuscicollis. (2) C. cupreus captured prey on a higher variety of substrates than S. mystax and more often on open microhabitats compared to S. fuscicollis. (3) C. cupreus captured prey more often directly than S. mystax and rarely by manual search, in contrast to S. fuscicollis. (4) C. cupreus fed exclusively on arthropods and focused on Hymenoptera, in contrast to both tamarin species that focused on Orthoptera and included vertebrates in their diet. These findings indicate that animal prey plays a role in niche differentiation between C. cupreus and S. fuscicollis/S. mystax and might facilitate the coexistence of these three sympatric species.     

Lijndenia, a re–established paleotropical genus of the Melastomataceae–Memecyleae

The genus Lijndenia Zoll. & Mor. is re–established and emended to include four species, L. laurina Zoll. & Mor. from W Malesia and Java, L. capitellata (Arn.) Bremer from Ceylon, L. gardneri (Thw.) Bremer from Ceylon, and L. barteri (Hook. f.) Bremer from tropical W Africa. The latter three names are new combinations.     

The role of large-scale spatially explicit and small-scale localized processes on the population dynamics of cereal aphids

A field-scale study of the spatially explicit interaction between the carabid Poecilus cupreus Linnaeus, and two common aphid species (Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker)) in winter wheat was conducted. All three species showed considerable spatial pattern at the field scale. Activity-density of P. cupreus was an order of magnitude higher in the central part of the field compared to its periphery. Where P. cupreus activity-density was highest, S. avenae and M. dirhodum population peaks were delayed. Additionally, in the case of M. dirhodum, lower maximum counts were evident where P. cupreus activity-density was highest. An analysis of the movement of individual P. cupreus using release-recapture indicated that those beetles within the centre of the field exhibited reduced displacement, which may have caused the generation or maintenance of spatial pattern. Crop density was also measured throughout the field. Although crop density had no large-scale spatial pattern, its variability at the small-scale was consistent with an influence on aphid population dynamics. This study demonstrates empirically that both large-scale spatially explicit and small-scale localized processes influenced aphid population dynamics simultaneously.     

苦苣苔科植物学名种加词的问题

苦苣苔科植物是个研究活跃的类群,近年来随着新类群的报道和分类系统的变动,在该科的分类学研究中,出现了不少学名的种加词的性和属名不一致或出现拼写错误的情况,虽然这些错误不影响该名称的合格发表,但还是有必要根据《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》进行改正。该文就苦苣苔科植物中属名以-stigma结尾的学名、属名以-cheilos结尾的学名、根据属名词尾不容易判断出性别的学名、拼写错误的名称等问题进行了分析,并对13个不符合法规的名称予以改正。此外,还就苦苣苔科植物学名的合格发表和规范使用进行了讨论。     

ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY PIERRE POIVRE IN CANTON, MANILA, INDIA AND hlADAGASCAR (1751–1756).

Perusal of Brisson's 'Ornithologie', Pierre Poivre's autobiography and this traveller's publications induced the writer to concern himself with the type localities of Brisson's new Oriental birds. Those accepted by previous authors proved to be wrong in a number of cases. On the strength of the actual type localities the current names of some well-known birds will have to be changed. The following names are affected: —
Eurystomus orientalis (L.), Eclectus pectoralis (St. Müller), Saxicola borbonensis W. Sclater, Lalage nigra (Forster), Ducula aenea (L.), Cinnyris asiatica (Latham), Pelargopsis capemis (L.) and Psittacula krameri echo (Newton).     

Prey preferences of six species of Carabidae (Coleoptera) and one Lycosidae (Araneae) commonly found in UK arable crop fields

Abstract: Laboratory experiments were used to determine the feeding preferences of six carabid beetles and one lycosid spider on aphid and collembolan prey. The first investigation used only five species of carabid Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, Pterostichus madidus F., Harpalus rufipes DeGeer, Nebria brevicollis F. and Carabus violaceus L., which had been caught most commonly in pitfall traps in the headland region of arable crop fields. When offered Brevicoryne brassicae L., Sitobion avenae F., Metopolophium dirhodum Walker and Rhopalosiphum padi L. as prey items, the species consistently consumed in high numbers was M. dirhodum . In subsequent experiments four carabids Pterostichus cupreus L., P. melanarius, P. madidus. H. rufipes and a lycosid spider Trochosa ruricola DeGeer whose distribution was shown by pitfall trapping to extend throughout the arable crop, were the chosen predators. These predators were offered a choice between M. dirhodum and entomobryid collembolans (a recognised alternative prey item) to gauge their preference between the two prey types. Both male and female P. cupreus and P. melanarius showed a significant preference for the aphid prey, while there was no significant preference displayed by the other species. The effect of temperature on the voracity of these five predators fed on M. dirhodum was investigated. There were significant differences in the number of aphids consumed by the species and sexes at the different temperatures. Regression analysis on the mean numbers of aphids eaten by each sex of the five predators, showed that in the majority of cases there was a significant increase in predation with increasing temperature. In considering the dietary preferences illustrated by these experiments, it appeared that P. cupreus and P. melanarius offered the greatest potential in controlling aphids on arable crops.     

Electrophysiological responses of the antennal campaniform sensilla to rapid changes of temperature in the ground beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and Poecilus cupreus (Tribe Pterostichini) with different ecological preferences

Abstract.  Cold cells innervating antennal campaniform sensilla of the ground beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fabricius, 1787) and Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus, 1758) belonging to the tribe Pterostichini fire at a stationary rate of 22–23 imp s⁻¹ at 23 °C. In P. oblongopunctatus , there is a strong negative correlation between the stationary firing rate of the cold cell and temperature. By contrast, no relationship between the firing rate and temperature is observed in P. cupreus. Mean peak frequencies, reaching up to nearly 500 Hz, and first-second firing rates, reaching up to 140 imp s⁻¹, are observed at the beginning of the phasic-tonic response to rapid cooling of the cold cells of P. cupreus, which are significantly higher than those for P. oblongopunctatus . However, firing rates of the cold cells of the two ground beetles studied do not differ 3 s later, during the tonic stabilization period of the response. The length of the long interspike period, lasting up to several seconds, at the beginning of rapid warming, is a positive function of the extent of change in temperature, and is longer in P. oblongopunctatus than in P. cupreus . These differences in the responses of the cold cells are related to the ecological preferences of the two ground beetles.     

Habitat age increases reproduction and nutritional condition in a generalist arthropod predator

We studied the nutritional and reproductive response of Poecilus cupreus (synonymous with Pterostichus cupreus), one of the most abundant carabid beetles in arable land, to the succession in sixteen 1- to 4-year-old wildflower areas. A total of 390 male and 373 female beetles was examined. Each female was dissected and the number of ripe eggs counted. The nutritional state was expressed by a condition factor, which was calculated for each individual based on the observed weight and elytra length of male and female P. cupreus. Carabids in the 1-year-old wildflower areas contained significantly less ripe eggs than those from the 4-year-old areas. The condition factor of female and male beetles was significantly lower in 1- than 2- to 4-year-old areas. We examined the influence of habitat parameters (vegetation cover, soil water content, coarse and fine sand, pore volume, habitat size and age, surrounding landscape structure) on the reproductive success and nutritional state of P. cupreus in the 16 wildflower areas. The number of eggs was best explained by habitat age, accounting for 53.4% of the variability. The variation in the condition factor of female and male beetles was best explained by habitat age, which accounted for 73% and 71% of the variation, respectively. Moreover, the beetles' reproductive potential and nutritional condition were significantly associated with vegetation cover, and occasionally also with soil water content. The potential of wildflower areas as a reservoir for the generalist predator P. cupreus was shown to increase with successional age.