雌雄罗氏沼虾应对低氧胁迫的行为生理响应

为查明雌雄罗氏沼虾应对低氧胁迫的行为生理响应,设置6.46(对照)、4.48和3.27 mg·L^-13种溶解氧水平,研究了雌、雄个体在胁迫6 d后肝胰脏和肌肉能量代谢酶活性及游泳和弹跳速度。结果表明: 溶解氧从6.46 mg·L^-1降至4.48 mg·L^-1,雌雄个体肌肉有氧代谢酶活性及游泳速度均显著下降,且雄性下降幅度小于雌性,厌氧代谢酶活性并无显著变化;溶解氧继续降至3.27 mg·L^-1,雌雄个体肌肉有氧代谢酶和厌氧代谢酶活性均显著下降,肝胰脏厌氧代谢酶中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及弹跳速度显著下降,且雌性肝胰脏LDH活性下降幅度小于雄性。雌雄罗氏沼虾游泳速度与游泳足肌肉有氧代谢酶活性呈显著正相关,弹跳速度则与腹部肌肉厌氧代谢酶活性呈显著正相关。表明罗氏沼虾可以通过降低能量代谢水平应对低氧胁迫,但这种生理调节会导致运动能力下降,雄性优先将能量分配于肌肉以满足运动,雌性则优先保障肝胰脏能量供应。     

不同低氧暴露对大鼠有氧代谢潜能的影响

目的:同时从血液运氧能力和骨骼肌氧化能力的角度,观察不同低氧暴露对机体有氧代谢潜能的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分成3组(n=10):常氧对照组、12h低氧暴露组(间歇低氧暴露组)和24h低氧暴露组(持续低氧暴露组)。氧浓度为13.6%。6周后测试红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸(2,3-DPG)和腓肠肌柠檬酸合成酶(CS)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性。结果:持续低氧能显著提高RBC、Hb、Hct、2,3-DPG和腓肠肌CS、SDH、MDH活性;间歇低氧除了显著提高Hb外,其它指标无明显变化。结论:持续低氧暴露同时提高机体运氧能力和骨骼肌氧化能力,可以充分提高机体有氧代谢潜能;间歇低氧暴露只能提高血氧容量,对血氧亲和力和骨骼肌氧化能力没有影响,提高机体有氧代谢潜能的效果不如持续低氧暴露。     

笼养褐马鸡冬季的社群等级

本文用BBS方法（Batchelder-Bershad-Simpson Scaling Method)对笼养褐马鸡的社群等级进行了排序,发现其等级制度为近单线式。成鸟的等级明显高于亚成体,成年雄鸟的等级明显高于成年雌鸟,成年个体的等级与体重呈显著正相关,与面部红斑大小及耳簇羽长呈极显著正相关,全体14只鸟的体重与体长及耳簇羽长呈显著正相关,与面部红斑大小呈极显著正相关。体重可以认为是直接与个体的争斗实力相关的参数,而面部红斑大小,耳簇羽长则可能是个体争斗实力的外在信号,在体重相近的雌性个体中,面部红斑和耳簇羽对社群等级有很大的影响。褐马鸡的争斗炫耀可能是以面部为中心的。     

普氏野马繁殖群在组建和放归初期的争斗行为与社群等级建立

2007年5月下旬至6月下旬,针对新组群并放归于卡拉麦里有蹄类保护区第二放归点的普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)繁殖群,采用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法,观测记录了组群和放归初期繁殖群内个体间的争斗行为(攻击行为和屈服行为),以优势指数法确定繁殖群内的个体等级序列。结果表明,新组群内个体的年龄与攻击行为发出次数不存在显著的相关性(r=0.60,t=1.62,rr0.05),攻击与屈服行为次数也无显著的相关性(r=0.56,t=1.41,rr0.05)。各个体之间从最初组群到野放争斗行为日趋减少,社群等级逐渐建立并趋于稳定。     

四川短尾鼩尿液气味在社会等级识别中的作用

本文在中立竞技场中通过两两互作确定四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)同性个体间的社会等级,并在此基础上利用其尿液,研究不同社会等级个体的自我/非自我识别能力及模式、尿液气味的行为响应机制,以及社会等级识别能力。结果表明：(1)四川短尾鼩优势个体表现攻击行为较多,从属个体防御行为较多,优势个体的标记行为显著高于从属个体。攻击行为表现为同等级雄性高于同等级雌性,且雌性间的攻击强度低于雄性。(2)从属个体和优势个体分别对自身尿液气味和非自身尿液气味存在明显偏好差异。不同性别、等级个体自我识别模式差异不明显,不同社会等级个体对于自身识别模式和非自身尿液的行为反应模式均不同。不同社会等级个体具有自我识别能力且能力不同。(3)四川短尾鼩能够识别不同社会等级个体的尿液气味,雌性对雄性尿液更感兴趣,雄性对优势雄性尿液选择回避。雄性对其他个体的访问时间与嗅舔频次均显著高于雌性,雌雄个体在识别不同社会等级的尿液气味时存在性二型。     

社群压力对圈养雌性亚洲象动情的影响

亚洲象是中国一级濒危保护动物,改善圈养亚洲象的繁殖状况是亚洲象保护工作的重要内容之一。本研究旨在通过分析社群压力对圈养雌性亚洲象应激和动情状况的影响,从而探究圈养雌性亚洲象长期不动情的原因。通过放射性免疫法检测雌性亚洲象尿液中皮质醇、孕酮和雌二醇水平以及粪便中皮质醇和雌二醇水平,以雌激素水平反映亚洲象的动情状况,以皮质醇水平反映亚洲象的应激状态,以争斗行为和友好行为的发生情况反映圈养群体的社群压力。研究发现：(1)处于优势地位的个体表现出更多的斗争行为,处于从属地位的个体受到更多的攻击行为;(2)优势个体的皮质醇水平显著高于处于从属地位个体的皮质醇水平;(3)优势个体的雌二醇和孕酮具有小幅周期性波动,而从属个体的雌二醇和孕酮水平没有表现出明显的波动。从本研究结果可以看出圈养亚洲象群体中优势个体对从属个体的行为抑制可能是导致从属个体雌激素水平低,长期不能参与繁殖的原因。     

金乌贼繁殖行为与交配策略

2014年6月于室内大型水槽使用摄像系统对金乌贼繁殖过程进行连续观察与记录,通过定性和定量比较分析,解析其繁殖过程中游泳、捕食、求偶、争斗、交配及产卵等行为特征。结果显示:金乌贼游泳主要依靠漏斗喷水的反作用力,持续游泳能力较弱;繁殖期的金乌贼继续摄食,能发现周围20—38 cm范围内的凡纳滨对虾,攻击距离为7—24 cm,能在2.1—6.1 s内完成对对虾的捕获且成功率极高,外源营养为卵(精)巢不同步发育、分批产卵和复杂的繁殖行为继续提供能量支持;金乌贼具明显的求偶行为,规格差异是影响求偶的重要因素,其中雄性亲本更倾向选择与自身规格相当或略小的雌性,而雌性亲本则更倾向于选择大规格(较大规格争斗易获胜)的雄性;金乌贼一次交配持续125—398 s,雄性有明显的精子移除行为和领域性,交配后雄性伴游在雌性周围3—24 cm范围内,不允许其他乌贼靠近,平均伴游61 min后会再次交配。精子移除、伴游以及多次交配是雄性金乌贼有效提高父权贡献率的关键行为基础;研究结果表明,金乌贼采取"多夫多妻"的混交婚配策略,两性亲本均存在多次交配现象,这能有效提高雌雄的生殖成功率和受精卵的遗传多样性。     

温度胁迫对点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响

【目的】为明确温度对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响。【方法】本研究利用生化方法测定了黑暗条件下经16,20,24,28,32和36℃处理4 h的点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)、柠檬酸合成酶(CS)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。【结果】点蜂缘蝽成虫体内5种呼吸代谢关键酶的活性均随温度升高呈现先增后减的趋势。其中点蜂缘蝽成虫雌、雄个体之间的CS活性在16和28℃时存在显著差异,16℃时雌虫CS活性较高,28℃时雄虫CS活性较高;雄虫LDH活性在36℃时显著高于雌虫,提示雌、雄个体间在低温下体内三羧酸循环代谢存在显著差异,在高温下体内糖无氧酵解水平存在显著差异。不同温度处理下雌、雄成虫的GAPDH与HOAD活性比值均远大于1. 0,说明在试验温度下点蜂缘蝽呼吸代谢消耗以糖类为主。【结论】在16℃~36℃范围内,随着温度的升高点蜂缘蝽雌、雄成虫体内呼吸代谢关键酶活性呈现先增后减的趋势,点蜂缘蝽可通过调节呼吸代谢强度适应温度变化。     

雄性黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)攻击支持雌性以换取交配回报

生物市场理论认为动物个体之间通过某种协定交换有价值的商品,使双方均受益。该研究采用目标动物法、行为取样法和连续记录法,对浮溪黄山野生猴谷鱼鳞坑短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)A1群(YA1群)和A2群(YA2群)成年个体在非繁殖季节(2011年8月—12月)和繁殖季节(2012年2月—5月)的雄性攻击支持雌性行为和交配行为进行研究,探讨雄性攻击支持雌性与交配之间的关系。两猴群在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节雄性攻击支持雌性与交配行为均呈显著正相关;YA2群繁殖季节与非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次均显著高于随机交配;YA1群在繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次与随机交配频次差异不显著,但在非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次显著高于随机交配,说明短尾猴成年雄性攻击支持雌性可以换取与该雌性个体的交配回报。本研究验证了生物市场理论中社会行为存在交换,首次证明了雄性攻击支持可以换取雌性的交配回报,为进一步研究雄性性竞争与雌性选择提供了实例。     

高温胁迫对厚壳贻贝摄食、代谢和相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨高温胁迫对厚壳贻贝生理代谢和免疫功能的影响,测定了不同温度胁迫水平(20→25℃; 20→30℃)下厚壳贻贝的滤水率、耗氧率、排氨率以及不同组织己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:25℃胁迫3 h后厚壳贻贝滤水率升高至0.56 L·g-1·h-1,但与对照组相比无显著变化,30℃处理后滤水率则显著降低;高温胁迫处理后,厚壳贻贝的耗氧率与排氨率均显著升高,25℃与30℃处理组间耗氧率无显著差异,但30℃处理组排氨率显著低于25℃;与对照组相比,外套膜和鳃HK活性无显著变化,但肝胰腺HK活性显著降低,鳃部HK活性显著高于外套膜和肝胰腺;外套膜PK活性显著升高,在30℃达到最大值,而25℃胁迫处理组鳃PK活性却显著降低;高温胁迫后外套膜ACP活性显著降低,25℃处理组肝胰腺ACP活性显著降低,但各处理组间鳃ACP活性无显著差异; 25℃下外套膜AKP活性显著升高,30℃时鳃和肝胰腺AKP活性显著低于对照组; 30℃胁迫下外套膜SOD活性显著升高,鳃和肝胰腺SOD活性无显著变化,肝胰腺SOD活性显著低于鳃和外套膜。实验表明,一定温度变化范围内,厚壳贻贝可通过调节自身代谢水平应对温度升高带来的胁迫,但短时间内大幅升温显著影响厚壳贻贝的摄食、代谢和免疫反应。厚壳贻贝代谢酶和免疫酶活性具有组织特异性。     

Postnatal development of the energy supplying enzyme pattern in the rat brain

The activity of seven enzymes connected with energy-supplying metabolism was followed from the second day of life till adulthood (87th day). The enzymes selected were: 1. Triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), 2. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 3. Glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD dehydrogenase (GPDH), 4. Hexokinase (HK), 5. Malate: NAD dehydrogenase (MDH), 6. Citrate syntase (CS) and 7. 3-Hydroxyacyl Co A dehydrogenase. Although some variations occurred, the enzyme profiles were characteristic of those of the nervous tissue from the second day of life onwards until adulthood and displayed relatively high activities of HK, CS and MDH and low activities of TPDH, LDH, GPDH and HOADH. The activities of all enzymes studied here increased during postnatal development and some reached adult values on the 14th day, that of TPDH on the 27th day and HOADH on the 41st day of life. The activities of MDH and GPDH did not attain the adult values still on the 41st day of life. The anaerobic energy supply capacity seems to increase transiently on the 31st day of life, i.e. at a developmental stage where the resistance against hypoxia is known to increase transiently.     

Modifications in energy metabolism during the development of chick glial cells and neurons in culture

Developmental changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), enolase, hexokinase (HK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were measured in cultures of pure neurons and glial cells prepared from brains of chick embryos (8 day-old for neurons, 14 day-old for glial cells) as a function of cellular development with time in culture. The modifications observed in culture were compared to those measured in brain extracts during the development of the nervous tissue in the chick embryo and during the post-hatching period. A significant increase of MDH, GDH, LDH, and enolase activities are observed in neurons between 3 and 6 days of culture, whereas simultaneously a decrease of HK values occurs. In the embryonic brain between 11 and 14 days of incubation, which would correspond for the neuronal cultures to day 3 through 6, modifications of MDH, GDH, HK, and enolase levels are similar to those observed in neurons in culture. Only the increase of LDH activity is less pronounced in vivo than in cultivated cells. The evolution of the tested enzymatic activities in the brain of the chick during the period between 7 days before and 10 days after hatching is quite similar to that observed in cultivated glial cells (prepared from 14 day-old embryos) between 6 and 18 days of culture. All tested activities increased in comparable proportions. The modifications of the enzymatic profile indicate that some maturation phenomena affecting energy metabolism of neuronal and glial elements in culture, are quite similar to those occuring in the total nervous tissue. A relationship between the development of the energy metabolism of the brain and differentiation processes affecting neuroblasts and the glial-forming cells is discussed.     

The effects of diet on the maximal activities of glutaminase, citrate synthase, hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the skin of haired and hairless mice of various ages.

1. The maximal activities of hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and glutaminase (GLU) which provide a quantitative indices of flux through several important pathways have been measured in the skin of haired Balb/c and hairless Balb/c (nu/nu) mice under normal and dietary stress. 2. The skin of old haired mice exhibited higher PFK and LDH activities with lower HK, CS and GLU activities. All activities of enzymes associated with energy metabolism in the skin of old hairless mice were higher than those in the skin of haired mice. 3. HK, LDH, CS and GLU activities were maintained at normal levels in the skin of haired mice when these mice were fed diets deficient in energy or protein components (HPLE, LPNE). These enzymes however were severely suppressed when mice were fed a diet deficient in both energy and protein components (LPLE). Recovery of activities of these enzymes to the control level was observed when mice were refed with the normal diet for a week.     

Energy metabolism in the granulation tissue of diabetic rats during cutaneous wound healing

The skin cells chiefly depend on carbohydrate metabolism for their energy requirement during cutaneous wound healing. Since the glucose metabolism is greatly hampered in diabetes and this might affect wound repair process. This prompted us to investigate the intermediate steps of energy metabolism by measuring enzyme activities in the wound tissues of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats following excision-type of cutaneous injury. The activities of key regulatory enzymes namely hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) have been monitored in the granulation tissues of normal and diabetic rats at different time points (2, 7, 14 and 21 days) of postwounding. Interestingly, a significant alteration in all these enzyme activities was observed in diabetic rats. The activity of PFK was increased but HK, LDH and CS showed a decreased activity in the wound tissue of diabetics as compared to normal rats. However G6PD exhibited an elevated activity only at early stage of healing in diabetic rats. Thus, the results suggest that significant alterations in the activities of energy metabolizing enzymes in the wound tissue of diabetic rats may affect the energy availability for cellular activity needed for repair process and this may perhaps be one of the factor responsible for impaired healing in these subjects. (Mol Cell Biochem 270: 71–77, 2005)     

High swimming and metabolic activity in the deep-sea eel Synaphobranchus kaupii revealed by integrated in situ and in vitro measurements

Several complementary studies were undertaken on a single species of deep-sea fish (the eel Synaphobranchus kaupii) within a small temporal and spatial range. In situ experiments on swimming and foraging behaviour, muscle performance, and metabolic rate were performed in the Porcupine Seabight, northeast Atlantic, alongside measurements of temperature and current regime. Deep-water trawling was used to collect eels for studies of animal distribution and for anatomical and biochemical analyses, including white muscle citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities. Synaphobranchus kaupii demonstrated whole-animal swimming speeds similar to those of other active deep-sea fish such as Antimora rostrata. Metabolic rates were an order of magnitude higher (31.6 mL kg(-1) h(-1)) than those recorded in other deep-sea scavenging fish. Activities of CS, LDH, MDH, and PK were higher than expected, and all scaled negatively with body mass, indicating a general decrease in muscle energy supply with fish growth. Despite this apparent constraint, observed in situ burst or routine swimming performances scaled in a similar fashion to other studied species. The higher-than-expected metabolic rates and activity levels, and the unusual scaling relationships of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism enzymes in white muscle, probably reflect the changes in habitat and feeding ecology experienced during ontogeny in this bathyal species.     

The effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by gavage on some metabolic enzymes of rat liver

In this experimental study, the effect of fish n-3 fatty acids was studied on the some important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in rat liver. Wistar albino rats of experimental group (n= 9) were supplemented fish omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as 0.4 g/kg bw. by gavage for 30 days in addition to their normal diet. Isotonic solution was given to the control group (n= 8) by the same way. At 30th day, the rats were killed by decapitation under ether anesthesia, autopsied and liver was removed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of above-mentioned enzymes in the liver. The n-3 PUFA caused increases in the activities of HK, G6PD, LDH, and MDH in comparison with control. These increases were statistically significant (P < 0.01) except 6PGD activity. As a result, n-3 PUFA may regulate the metabolic function of liver effectively by increasing HK, G6PD, 6PGD, LDH, and MDH enzyme activities of rat liver when added in enough amounts to the regular diet.     

Seasonal, sex, and interspecific differences in activity time budgets and diets of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus), living sympatrically in northern Cameroon

I examined seasonal, sex, and interspecific differences in activity time budgest and diets of patas (Erythrocebus patas) and sympatric tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) on the basis of 5-day data sets collected in three and two different seasons, respectively, by the method of focal animal sampling. The seasons included species-specific mating and birth seasons. As compared with not only the birth season but also conspecific females, both patas resident male and tantalus male spent less time feeding and more time resting, day and night, in their respective mating seasons. Given that day-resting time includes time for vigilance for non-resident males and receptive females, this may reflect that males should minimize time spent feeding to allow maximum participation in other fitness-increasing activities such as mating-relating activities asSchoener (1971) predicted. In both species, the males consumed fruits containing less protein but more calories and showed a high feeding rate to compensate for the shorter time spent feeding in the mating season. In contrast, females consumed protein-rich food types (i.e. animals, protein-rich seeds, leaves, and flowers) in the birth season to meet the high demand for protein due to pregnancy and lactation. Given that the season for males was considered to be not a calendar but a reproductive “season” (i.e. mating or birth season), both sexes of patas spent more time moving and less time day- and night-resting than did the tantalus counterparts irrespective of the “season”. Patas subsisted on fruits, gums, and supplementarily lipid-rich seeds as an energy source and animal matters and protein-rich seeds as a protein source. In contrast, tantalus subsisted on fruits and lipid-rich seeds as energy and flowers and leaves as protein.     

Ontogenetic development of energy-supplying enzymes in rat and guinea-pig heart

The purpose of the present study was to compare the ontogenetic development of the activity of myocardial energy-supplying enzymes in two mammalian species, differing significantly in their level of maturation at birth. The animals were investigated during the late prenatal period and 2, 7, 14, 21, 25, 30, 63, 120 and 730 days after birth in the rat and 2, 21, 84 and 175 days in the guinea-pig. The following enzymes were assayed in the right and left ventricular myocardium: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, lactate uptake and/or formation), triose phosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH, carbohydrate metabolism), glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, glycerol-P shuttle)), hexokinase (HK, glucose phosphorylation), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, tricarboxylic cycle), citrate synthase (CS, tricarboxylic cycle) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH, fatty acid breakdown). The rat heart, highly immature at birth, exhibits three different developmental patterns of energy-supplying enzymes, identical in both ventricles: (i) two mitochondrial enzymes of aerobic metabolism (CS, HOADH) and GPDH have a relatively low activity at the end of prenatal life; thereafter their activity steadily increases, approaching the adult levels between the 3rd and 4th postnatal weeks. A significant decrease was observed between the 4th and 24th months. (ii) MDH and LDH: prenatal values were significantly higher as compared with the 2nd postnatal day; after this period the activities increased up to adulthood (4 months) and decreased during senescence. (iii) The activities of HK and TPDH are characterized by only moderate changes during development. HK differs from all other enzymes by the highest prenatal values, which exceed even adult values. In contradiction to the rat heart, the developmental differences in more mature guinea-pig heart were significantly less pronounced. The only ontogenetic differences observed were the lower activities of enzymes connected with aerobic metabolism at the end of the prenatal period. Our results point to possible differences in the development of adaptive metabolic pathways in animals with different levels of maturation at birth.