橘小实蝇一种重要的寄生蜂-凡氏费氏茧蜂

橘小实蝇寄生蜂凡氏费氏茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi（Fullaway）隶属膜翅目小茧蜂科潜蝇茧蜂亚科,是田间控制橘小实蝇的优势蜂种,在国外田间控制橘小实蝇已获得巨大成功,而国内应用寄生蜂田间控制橘小实蝇尚属空白。本研究室在研究中发现田间已有凡氏费氏茧蜂F.vandenbosch定殖,并室内繁殖成功。本文详细地描述了该寄生蜂的特征,旨在为田间应用奠定基础。     

基于生态位模型的番荔枝实蝇潜在适生性分布预测

番荔枝实蝇Ceratitis artortoe(Graham)是一种重要的外来人侵性检疫害虫.在广东口岸,其幼虫连续从入境旅客所携带的水果中被榆出.目前关于番荔枝实蝇潜在适生性分布的研究进行得很少,但对于我国的生物生态安全却有重要意义.本研究中,我们使用3种牛态位模型(ENFA模型,马氏典型性模型和Maxent模型)对番荔枝实蝇在中斟以及全球范尉内的潜在适生性分布区域进行了预测分析.结果显示:Maxent模型拥有最好的预测精确度,马氏典型件模型次之,而ENFA模型的预测精确度最差;Maxent模型和马氏典型性模型的预测精确度无显著性差异;根据Maxent模型的预测结果,番荔枝实蝇在中国的潜在适生区主要是广西、广东、海南以及云南的少部分地区.分析结果显示,番荔枝实蝇从境外传人中国南部地区并最终在上述地区定殖的风险可能性存在,但风险较小.另外,折刀法(Jackknife)分析显示,6种环境因子,例如地面霜冻频率、年平均降雨量、十月降雨量、四月降雨量、年最低温度以及蒸气压,对于番荔枝实蝇在全球和局部地区的分布模式有显著的影响.     

入境台湾果蔬3种重要有害生物的危害与防控

围绕入境台湾果蔬涉及的重要有害生物,在收集文献资料基础上,从传入和扩散、传入后的危害以及在中国大陆的适生区预测等3个方面阐述了橘小实蝇、三叶草斑潜蝇和螺旋粉虱在中国大陆的灾变过程。橘小实蝇、三叶草斑潜蝇和螺旋粉虱等3种有害生物相继传入台湾之后,分别经历了22年、17年和8年时间又相继传入中国大陆,且两者相距时间有缩短的趋势。橘小实蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇传入大陆后,得到迅速扩散蔓延,给大陆果蔬生产和贸易造成重大影响;而螺旋粉虱目前分布局限在海南,并在局部地区造成较严重的危害。台湾发生的有害生物在中国大陆均有较大范围的适生区,即便是已传入数十年的橘小实蝇,因气候等条件的变化,其在中国适生区也在扩大之中。根据分析结果,从有害生物风险分析、口岸查验和检疫、入侵害虫的监测与防控等方面提出有效管控入境台湾果蔬有害生物的对策措施。     

昆士兰果实蝇传入中国的风险分析

遵循国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,利用相关风险性分析模型和多指标综合评价的方法,从昆士兰果实蝇的地理分布和管理标准、传入中国的可能性、定殖和扩散的可能性以及对经济的潜在危害性等5个方面,对该实蝇传入我国的风险进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,昆士兰果实蝇的综合风险值R=2.5295...     

瓜果上主要实蝇类害虫PCR-RFLP分子鉴定技术的建立及应用

[目的]建立一种针对实蝇幼虫快速鉴定的技术方法,并应用该技术以明确我国瓜果上主要实蝇类害虫的优势种.[方法]以我国瓜果蔬菜上危害最为严重的瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett)、南亚果实蝇Bactrocera tau Walker和橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)为对象,基于3种实蝇种间存在线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ因子(mtCOⅠ)基因的序列差异,利用3种限制性内切酶SapⅠ、BsmⅠ和Sac Ⅰ酶切识别这些差异序列的特异性酶切位点,根据酶切后mtCOⅠ基因片段大小不同,对3种实蝇进行快速的鉴定识别,并进一步应用此技术对来自我国7省11市的7种瓜菜和2种水果上的21份实蝇幼虫样本进行鉴定.[结果]通过单独或组合酶切的方式建立了一套针对瓜实蝇、南亚果实蝇和橘小实蝇的PCR-RFLP快速分子鉴定技术,并将此方法应用于田间监测.田间鉴定结果表明,湖北、湖南、浙江等地区危害瓜菜的实蝇主要是南亚果实蝇,广东、广西、海南等地区瓜菜上的实蝇种类主要是瓜实蝇,且瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇存在寄主重叠现象,云南危害火龙果和芒果等水果上的实蝇主要是橘小实蝇.[结论]本研究建立的瓜实蝇、南亚果实蝇和橘小实蝇的识别鉴定方法,因不受虫体、虫态的影响,且具有低成本、高效、快速、重复性好的特点,适用于田间瓜果上实蝇样本的快速诊断检测.依据田间鉴定结果,预测近年来瓜实蝇可能有逐渐向北扩散的趋势.     

低温对橘小实蝇羽化的影响

【背景】橘小实蝇是重要的检疫性害虫,发生危害严重。有关低温对橘小实蝇成虫羽化的影响尚未见报道。【方法】通过设置不同温度(8、4、0和-4℃)及处理时间(12、18和24 h),研究了橘小实蝇羽化率和羽化时间的变化。【结果】随着温度的降低,橘小实蝇羽化率和羽化时间显著降低和延长。羽化率可从正常温度(28℃)下的100.0%降低至6.7%(0℃);羽化时间可从正常温度(28℃)下的9.0 d延长至12.5 d(0℃)。当温度为-4℃时,橘小实蝇不能正常羽化。【结论与意义】橘小实蝇的耐寒性较差。本研究可为该虫适生区划定提供理论依据。     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

基于最大熵值法生态位模型（Maxent）的三种实蝇潜在适生性分布预测

本研究首先对3种重要生态位模型BIOCLIM, DOMAIN和Maxent（基于最大熵值原理模型）的分布预测精确度进行了分析和比较, 再结合分布点记录以及一系列环境数据图层对3种重要外来入侵性检疫害虫（葫芦寡鬃实蝇Dacus bivittatus、埃塞俄比亚寡鬃实蝇D. ciliatus和西瓜寡鬃实蝇D. vertebratus）的潜在适生性分布区域进行了预测和分析。在模型预测精确度的比较过程中, 3种评估指标（ROC/AUC, Kappa, TSS）均显示Maxent拥有最好的预测结果和最好的运行性能。由Maxent对葫芦寡鬃实蝇、埃塞俄比亚寡鬃实蝇和西瓜寡鬃实蝇的预测结果显示, 这3种实蝇在中美洲、南美洲、东南亚和澳大利亚沿岸的广大地区在总体上具有相似的分布区域。相对而言, 埃塞俄比亚寡鬃实蝇在全球范围具有最为广泛的分布区域, 除前述地区外, 其潜在适生区还包括地中海沿岸、沙特阿拉伯、也门、安曼和伊朗南部的大片地区, 这也意味着在3种寡鬃实蝇中, 它能忍受变化幅度最广的生态、环境条件。在中国, 云南和海南都极适宜于3种实蝇的生存, 同时广东南部及台湾的部分地区也是它们的潜在适生区。基于Maxent的预测结果显示, 相对而言, 埃塞俄比亚寡鬃实蝇在中国范围也具有最为广泛的分布区域, 除前述省份和地区外, 四川、贵州和西藏的南部部分地区以及中国南部的部分沿海地区, 也都是它的潜在适生区。综合所得出的预测结果, 3种寡鬃实蝇从境外传入广东并在此定殖的风险可能性是实际存在的。Jackknife分析显示, 温度以及与此有关的环境因子对于3种实蝇在全球和局部地区的分布模式和分布情况都有极大的影响, 并需要进一步的研究。     

橘小实蝇神经肽sulfakinin的分子生物学特性及其表达模式

【目的】分析橘小实蝇sulfakinin的时空表达模式及其对饥饿的响应,初步明确sulfakinin在调节橘小实蝇行为和生理方面的功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术克隆橘小实蝇神经肽sulfakinin的c DNA序列,采用实时定量PCR技术分析该基因在橘小实蝇不同发育阶段、成虫不同组织、幼虫不同组织及其在饥饿胁迫下的表达模式,并运用半定量RT-PCR技术进一步验证。【结果】实时定量PCR分析结果表明,sulfakinin在橘小实蝇的幼虫期和成虫期显著性高表达,卵期和蛹期几乎不表达。其中早期成虫表达量最高,约为晚期成虫的2倍,幼虫期表达量位于两者之间。在橘小实蝇幼虫、成虫不同组织中,sulfakinin在中枢神经系统的表达量显著高于其他组织,在触角的表达量仅次于中枢神经系统。此外,橘小实蝇在经饥饿处理24 h的过程中,sulfakinin的表达量均出现下调,其中从饥饿处理结果可知在6 h下降幅度最大,12 h和24 h表达量下降幅度减少。半定量RT-PCR技术进一步检测结果与实时定量PCR技术检测结果一致。【结论】sulfakinin在橘小实蝇中枢神经系统可能调节橘小实蝇成虫对饥饿胁迫的响应。其在触角中的高表达可能与橘小实蝇嗅觉的敏感性相关。本研究为进一步研究橘小实蝇sulfakinin的生理功能、评估其药靶潜力奠定了理论基础。     

进境台湾果蔬主要病虫风险评估与早期监测预警

[目的] 定量评估进境台湾果蔬主要病虫在大陆的入侵风险,为早期监测预警提供依据。[方法] 首先,基于外来物种传入、定殖、扩散和危害的一般过程,构建了包括4个层次26个指标的进境台湾果蔬有害生物入侵综合风险评估指标体系,规范了风险指数的计算方法,评估了14种病虫随台湾果蔬入侵的综合风险;其次,利用气候生态位模型预测了它们在我国的适生区;最后,融合进境台湾果蔬到达港口、物流中转站、集散地和主要病虫的适生区的空间分布,通过空间叠加分析划定了它们在我国传入并定殖的风险区及其空间异质性。[结果] 14种被评估病虫在我国的综合风险值均大于0.7,属高风险等级。14种病虫在我国都存在广阔的适生区,但不同物种适生区的面积和空间分布存在差异。福建、广东、海南等东部和南部沿海地区是它们适生区的高度重叠区,超过95%的台湾果蔬到达港口、物流中转和集散地的集中分布区,潜在的入侵风险极高。[结论] 进境台湾果蔬贸易能够促进或加剧外来有害生物的入侵。研究进一步证实了台湾已经并将继续成为大陆外来有害生物入侵的踏板。建议进一步加强海关检疫、开展和完善监测预警等措施预防和控制有害生物入侵,为农业生物安全提供保障。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.