施氮对冬小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以大穗型小麦品种'兰考矮早8'和多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同施氮量对两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶RuBP(1,5二磷酸核酮糖)羧化酶和PEPC(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶)活性及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,随着花后天数的增加,两小麦品种旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性总体呈下降趋势;随着施氮量的增加,RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性呈增加趋势,其中RuBP羧化酶活性多数以N4(N 4.8 g/盆)处理最高,PEPC活性多数以N3(N 3.6 g/盆)处理最高.随着施氮量的增加,两小麦品种旗叶Fv/F0、Fv/Fm和qP均呈增加趋势,且以N4 (N 4.8 g/盆)处理的值最高,并且处理之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05).研究发现,本试验条件下,适量施用氮肥有利于小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性的增加及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数Fv/F0和Fv/Fm的提高,从而有助于光合同化物的积累和小麦穗粒重的提高.     

不同冬小麦品种衰老生理特性的比较研究

试验研究了超高产条件下 3个不同冬小麦旗叶衰老生理特性的差异。结果表明 ,大穗型品种郑州 8761和小穗型品种温麦 6号 ,旗叶衰老过程中 ,O- ·2 和 H2 O2 产生、MDA积累 ,可溶性蛋白质和光合色素降解及光合活性下降明显快于正常的中穗型品种洛阳 91 33,3个小麦品种产量高低顺序 :洛阳 91 33>温麦 6号 >郑州 8761。讨论了活性氧代谢在小麦旗叶衰老代谢中的可能作用 ,提出选择不早衰的小麦品种是实现超高产的重要措施。     

追氮时期对小麦光合作用、^14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

采用盆栽和水泥池栽研究了追氮时期对小麦光合作用、^14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶（NR）活性的影响,结果表明,拔节（雌雄蕊原基形成）期较起身（二棱）期追施氮肥,显著提高了小麦开花后的旗叶叶绿素含量和单叶光合速率;灌浆期旗叶^14C同化物向籽粒转移比例显著提高,而在营养器官的滞留比例显著降低;旗叶和根系中硝酸还原酶（NR）活性亦显著提高,小麦穗粒数、粒重和产量增加,蛋白质含量提高。     

大穗型和中穗型小麦品种光合特性的差异及其与粒重和产量的关系

选择大穗大粒型品种914391、鲁麦22（L22）和中穗中粒型品种济南17（J17）、鲁麦18（L18）,研究了不同穗粒型品种光合特性的差异及其与粒重和产量的关系。结果表明,大穗大粒型品种914391和Ｌ2叶光合速率、旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性显著高于中穗中粒型品种J17和L18,前者的单茎干重和开花后单茎、茎＋叶鞘、颖壳＋轴等器官的干物质向籽粒的转移量显著大于后者,为最终获得较高的单粒重和穗粒重奠定物质基础;中穗中粒型品种J17和L18的单位土地面积的穗数显著高于大穗大粒型品种914391和Ｌ2,以单位土地面积上旗叶平均光合速率与单茎数的乘积表示群体旗叶光合强度,J17和L18的群体旗叶光合强度、生物产量和经济系数均显著高于914391、L22,这是它们籽粒产量高的重要原因之了。     

不同穗型小麦品种旗叶光合作用日变化的研究

在大田条件下,对多穗型小麦品种豫麦49和大穗型小麦品种周麦13的旗叶净光合速率（Pn)及基影响因素,包括叶温（T1）、光合有效辐射（PAR）、蒸腾速率（Tr)、气孔导度（C）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci)等日变化的测定结果表明,开花期2品种都存在光合“午休”现象,豫麦49Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10：00和14：00,周麦13Pn日变化为单峰曲线,峰值在10：00。相关分析表明,开花期的温度和光照对豫麦49旗叶光合已造成一定程度的影响,此期的光温条件较有利于周麦13旗叶的光合作用。灌浆中期2品种均表现出一降不起型的严重“午休”现象,在强光、高温下,豫麦49旗叶Pn比周麦13降低明显。     

花后干旱对冬小麦光合、抗氧化特性和C4光合酶活性的影响

干旱是限制小麦增产最主要的非生物胁迫之一。为探究不同抗旱性冬小麦品种对花后干旱的响应,本试验以干旱敏感型品种“京冬18”和抗旱型品种“农大211”为材料,调查了花后干旱及复水后冬小麦的旗叶光合特性、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量以及各器官C4光合酶活性的变化。结果表明：花后干旱显著降低了“京冬18”的千粒重,而对“农大211”的千粒重无显著影响;与“京冬18”相比,“农大211”在干旱胁迫下叶片的SPAD值和净光合速率相对较高,F_v/F_m值相对稳定,丙二醛含量的增幅相对较小,SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的增幅相对较大;穗部(颖壳和籽粒)C4光合酶(PEPC、NADP-ME和PPDK)活性高于旗叶,且在干旱胁迫下被诱导增强;复水后,各项指标得到不同程度的恢复;相关分析表明,花后干旱下穗部C4光合酶活性增幅与旗叶脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性增幅呈显著正相关。综上,花后干旱胁迫降低了小麦旗叶光合能力,加速了膜脂过氧化和叶绿素降解,最终影响到籽粒产量;抗旱性较强的品种在干旱胁迫下通过增强穗部C4光合酶活性、旗叶渗透调节及抗氧化能...     

不同种植行距的大穗型小麦品种''''兰考矮早八''''中几种与旗叶衰老有关的生理指标变化

在大田高产栽培条件下,检测不同种植行距的大穗型小麦品种‘兰考矮早八’开花后与旗叶衰老相关生理指标以及产量性状的结果表明,相对于传统行距为20cm而言,‘兰考矮早八’种植行距缩至15cm的花后旗叶中叶绿素降解减慢,丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,抗氧化系统酶活性增强,功能叶衰老减缓,穗粒重提高;行距缩至10cm时,尽管灌浆中后期过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增强,但过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,花后旗叶中叶绿素降解加快,MDA含量升高,植株衰老加快,穗粒重下降。     

不同年代小麦品种旗叶的光合特性及抗氧化酶活性研究

以不同时期在黄淮冬麦区推广并具有一定代表性的5个小麦品种碧蚂1号、丰产3号、小偃6号、小偃54和小偃81为材料,研究了品种更替过程中小麦旗叶的光合特性以及抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明,各小麦品种旗叶净光合速率均于开花后10 d左右达到最大值后下降,并在开花灌浆期有显著差异,且近期品种始终高于早期品种.随着灌浆进程推进,各小麦品种旗叶叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶活性呈现出与净光合速率基本一致的变化趋势(其中过氧化氢酶活性为下降趋势),而丙二醛含量持续升高,但近期小麦品种始终低于早期品种且差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01).研究发现,近期育成小麦品种的旗叶在生育后期具有相对较高的光合速率,可能与其叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量下降速率较缓、抗氧化酶活性较高、膜脂过氧化程度较轻有关.     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在相同土壤含水量下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm均表现为随着施氮量的增加而升高;增加施氮量有利于提高穗数,但过多（300kg／hm^2）或过少（150kg/hm^2）施氮均不利于穗粒数和干粒重的提高,而导致减产。在相同施氮量下,均表现为花后土壤含水量60％～70％处理的旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm最高,40％～50％处理最低,80％～90％处理居中,花后土壤含水量过高（80％～90％）或过低（40％-50％）导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低。表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均影响小麦旗叶的光合特性降低,而适当增施氮肥可以改善旗叶的光合特性,增加粒重,提高产量。     

潘庆民1,于振文2,王月福2

采用盆栽和水泥池栽研究了追氮时期对小麦光合作用、14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响.结果表明,拔节(雌雄蕊原基形成)期较起身(二棱)期追施氮肥,显著提高了小麦开花后的旗叶叶绿素含量和单叶光合速率;灌浆期旗叶14C同化物向籽粒转移比例显著提高,而在营养器官的滞留比例显著降低;旗叶和根系中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性亦显著提高.小麦穗粒数、粒重和产量增加,蛋白质含量提高.     

Effect of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activities of Various Green Organs in Winter Wheat

In two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in their response to high temperature, JD8 (tolerant) and J411 (sensitive) we studied the effect of heat stress on the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) in green organs during grain-filling. There were significantly higher PEPC activities and lower RuBPC activities in each of the non-leaf organs (awn, glume, lemma, peduncle, and sheath) than in the flag leaf blade. Under heat stress for 12 d, the activity of RuBPC quickly declined and the activity of PEPC first increased and later declined in all organs, resulting in a great increase of the PEPC/RuBPC ratios in the organs, particularly in non-leaf organs which had a higher PEPC/RuBPC than the flag leaf blade in all times. The PEPC activity and PEPC/RuBPC ratio in every organ of JD8 were higher than those in the same organ of J411. Thus the differences in PEPC activities and PEPC/RuBPC may be associated with the differences in photosynthetic heat tolerance among the organs of the same plant or between the two cultivars.     

Variation in amounts of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, and some other enzymes of the c(4) pathway in some wheat species

First leaves and flag leaves of the wheat species Triticum aestivum cv Anza (6×), T. boeoticum Boiss (2×) L. were examined for content of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) by protein blot analyses using antibodies to maize leaf enzymes and by activity assays. In agreement with previous reports, the amount of RuBPC per mesophyll cell was about 3 times more in the hexaploid species, T. aestivum, than in the diploid species, T. boeoticum, both in first leaves and in flag leaves. In contrast, the level of PPDK polypeptide was nearly 3-fold higher per unit leaf area in the first leaf and 63% higher in the flag leaf of this diploid species compared to this hexaploid species. There was no significant difference in the levels of polypeptide and enzyme activity of PEPC between diploid and hexaploid wheat. Despite this significantly greater level of PPDK in the diploid species, the actual amount of PPDK could still supply only a limited amount of the enzyme activity necessary to provide phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) for any putative intracellular C₄ carbon shuttle providing carbon to RuBPC. Thus, this difference in enzyme amount could not by itself account for the reported high rates of net photosynthesis at high light intensity in T. boeoticum. Together with reported anatomical differences between the diploid and hexaploid species, however, this biochemical difference may be of physiological importance.     

The effect of ammonium and nitrate on CO2 assimilation,RuBP and PEP carboxylase activity and dry matter production in wheat

Photosynthetic¹⁴CO₂ assimilation, ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and dry matter (DM) production were examined in wheat under varying levels and forms of nitrogen.¹⁴CO₂ assimilation increased gradually after germination reaching a peak value at anthesis, followed by a sharp decline. A similar pattern was observed for both the carboxylases, RuBPC and PEPC activities. Increase in nitrogen levels, in general, brought about a significant increase over the control (zero-nitrogen) in¹⁴CO₂ assimilation, RuBPC, PEPC activities and DM production. There were no significant differences in RuBPC activity and¹⁴CO₂ assimilation with respect to the forms of nitrogen. Significantly higher PEPC activity and DM was observed in plants supplied with nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), as compared to those supplied with ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N). The significance of PEPC activity in C₃ photosynthesis is discussed in relation to DM distribution.     

不同施肥条件下冷、暖型小麦旗叶光合生理特性的研究

以2类4个小麦品种为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,比较了灌浆结实期冷、暖型小麦在不施肥(CK)、单施磷肥(P)、单施氮肥(N)和氮磷配施(NP)等4种施肥条件下旗叶的光合生理特性。结果表明,不同施肥条件下,冷型小麦的旗叶叶面积、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及净光合速率均高于暖型小麦。其中,在不施肥和单施磷肥条件下,两类小麦之间各项生理指标的差异均达显著或极显著水平;在施用氮肥(单施氮肥和氮磷配施)条件下,两类小麦之间的差异有所减小,但冷型小麦仍然高于暖型小麦。冷型小麦旗叶优良的光合生理特性具有不随施肥条件的改变而发生根本性变化的特点,对土壤肥力状况有较强的适应性;而暖型小麦对土壤氮素营养要求较高。     

The photosynthetic characteristics of differently shaped leaves in Populus euphratica Olivier

There is a distinct leaf shape polymorphism within a single plant of P. euphratica Olivier. The anatomical structure, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C), and stomatal and photosynthetic behaviour were investigated in broad-ovate (BOL) and lanceolate (LL) leaves, located at the top and bottom in crown, respectively, of a mature Euphrates poplar growing in its native habitat. Both types of leaves had a non-Kranz anatomy and low Δ¹³C values. However, Δ¹³C of a LL was in average 3.2‰ larger than that of a BOL. In comparison with the LL, the BOL had a smaller stomatal conductance, causing subsequent decreases in transpiration rate and ratio of CO₂ concentrations in intercellular spaces to air. Carbon assimilation rate and water use efficiency were higher in the BOLs than in the LLs. The BOL exhibited C₄-like enzymological features, the activity of glycollate oxidase, and the ratio of activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was lower in BOL than in LL throughout the whole growing season. The lowered ratio of RuBPC/PEPC in BOL was mainly associated with a marked decline in the activity of RuBPC, and only a slight increase in the activity of PEPC. These differences might contribute to microclimate adaptation in both types of leaves.     

Induction of the Inactivation and Degradation of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Maize Leaves by Freezing and Thawing

When frozen leaves of 24-day-old maize (Zea mays L.) plant werethawed on moist filter paper at 26°C (freeze-thaw treatment)several enzymes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), were rapidlyinactivated and degraded. The kinetics of the inactivation anddegradation were pseudo first-order, and the halftimes for inactivationof PEPC and RuBPC were 3.2 and 2.4 min, respectively. The effectof the freeze-thaw treatment on the inactivation and degradationdiffered among various enzymes: the residual activities of RuBPC,PEPC, hydroxypyruvate reductase, Cyt c oxidase, NADP-malic enzymeand a-mannosidase 10 min after the start of the thawing treatmentwere 7, 16, 54, 64, 97 and 98% of the initial respective levels.Thirty min after the starting of thawing treatment, the amountsof total soluble protein, the large subunit of RuBPC, the smallsubunit of RuBPC, the PEPC subunit and the NADP-malic enzymesubunit had fallen to 61, 2, 16, 8, and 66% of the initial respectiveamounts. The effect of freeze-thaw treatment on PEPC was greater in oldleaves than in young leaves. There was a steady increase ofthe rate of degradation of PEPC by freeze-thaw treatment asplants aged from 6 to 24 days. These results are discussed inthe context of protein degradation in plant cells. (Received August 9, 1993; Accepted January 10, 1994)     

钾对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

 利用冬小麦品种‘鲁麦22’(Triticum aestivum cv. `Lumai 22’)在大田条件下研究了钾素对小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累及其有关酶活性的影响。结果表明,钾素有利于提高旗叶光合速率,增强开花后旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,提高旗叶中蔗糖的含量;从而提高了灌浆期间籽粒中蔗糖的供应,增强了籽粒中蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的活性,加速了淀粉积累速率,提高了粒重和产量。     

施氮量对超高产冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光响应曲线的影响

为冬小麦超高产栽培的氮肥管理提供技术支撑,在大田条件下研究了施氮量对超高产冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光响应曲线的影响.采用开放式气路测定了小麦旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率等相关指标,并运用"米式方程"对旗叶净光合速率进行了模拟,计算了光响应曲线的特征参数.结果表明,在0～300kg/hm2施氮范围内,随着光照强度的增加,各处理的旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均随之增加,而胞间二氧化碳浓度却随之降低,但是在375kg/hm2施氮水平下旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率的增加和胞间二氧化碳浓度的降低反而低于300kg/hm2施氮水平,表明合理的氮素水平对超高产小麦灌浆期旗叶的光响应曲线有明显的调节作用.在合理的施氮范围内,增施氮肥小麦旗叶在整个灌浆期内的最大净光合速率随之增加.在本试验条件下,超高产麦田的适宜施氮量为300kg/hm2.     

The photosynthetic characteristics of differently shaped leaves in Populus euphratica Olivier

There is a distinct leaf shape polymorphism within a single plant of P. euphratica Olivier. The anatomical structure, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C), and stomatal and photosynthetic behaviour were investigated in broad-ovate (BOL) and lanceolate (LL) leaves, located at the top and bottom in crown, respectively, of a mature Euphrates poplar growing in its native habitat. Both types of leaves had a non-Kranz anatomy and low Δ¹³C values. However, Δ¹³C of a LL was in average 3.2‰ larger than that of a BOL. In comparison with the LL, the BOL had a smaller stomatal conductance, causing subsequent decreases in transpiration rate and ratio of CO₂ concentrations in intercellular spaces to air. Carbon assimilation rate and water use efficiency were higher in the BOLs than in the LLs. The BOL exhibited C₄-like enzymological features, the activity of glycollate oxidase, and the ratio of activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was lower in BOL than in LL throughout the whole growing season. The lowered ratio of RuBPC/PEPC in BOL was mainly associated with a marked decline in the activity of RuBPC, and only a slight increase in the activity of PEPC. These differences might contribute to microclimate adaptation in both types of leaves. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大穗型小麦叶片性状、养分含量及氮素分配特征

采用田间试验研究了8个大穗型小麦新品系和西农979不同生育期比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)与养分含量的差异性,并对其不同器官氮素积累和分配情况进行了探讨。结果表明,大穗型小麦的SLA和LDMC平均值小于西农979;小麦叶片养分含量由大到小依次为全氮(N)、全钾(K)和全磷(P);成熟期大穗型小麦品系各器官平均氮素积累能力都高于对照,氮素积累量及分配比例的大小顺序为籽粒>茎+鞘>穗草(穗轴+颖壳)>旗叶>倒二叶>余叶;大穗型小麦平均转移率和贡献率较西农979低;抽穗期旗叶SLA和LDMC呈负相关关系,SLA和N含量呈不显著的正相关,和P、K呈极显著的负相关。小麦叶片结构性状与养分含量影响体内有机物质的积累与转运,通过水肥调控措施来提高大穗型小麦养分利用效率的研究需进一步加强。