红湖水质对模型动物致突变性的研究

目的:以微核技术及精子畸变率为指示,探讨新疆大学红湖水质对模型动物致突变性作用。方法:采用小鼠嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核率(MCN)及精子畸变率检测方法,研究红湖水质及其潜在的致突变性。结果:3个水样点的污水都能引起小白鼠嗜多染红细胞及精子细胞不同程度的遗传毒性。与对照组(自来水)喂养的小白鼠相比具有明显的差异(P<0.005)。结论:红湖水质已经被严重污染,对人体及动物具有潜在的危害。     

抚仙湖有机污染物化学背景值及人淋巴细胞体外致突变性评定

用ＸＡＤ－２树脂提取抚仙湖７个采样点的有机物质水样提取物,用气相色谱／质谱（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）进行分析,在每种水样品中发现有上百种有机污染物,提取物用培养的人淋巴细胞系姐妹染色单体交换（ＳＣＥ）试验作致突变潜力检查,结果显示,仅入湖口水样在高浓度组（０．０６２５Ｌ／ｍＬ）诱发ＳＣＥ明显增加。     

N_1N'—二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠骨髓多染性红细胞微核出现率的效应

本研究采用微核测定方法来评价N,N′—二甲基甲酰胺(N,N′—Dimethyl formamide简称DMF)对小鼠骨髓多染性红细胞微核出现率的致突变效应。处理结果表明:单次注射不同剂量的DMF,其中1.0mg/kg(体重)剂量组的多染性红细胞微核出现率有明显的上升趋势(4.077‰),当剂量增加到6.0mg/kg时,多染性红细胞微核出现最高峰,微核率为4.374‰,表明该剂量使微核显著增高;随着剂量的继续增加微核出现率反而随之下降。 多次连续注射(每隔24小时注射一次)DMF1.0mg/kg微核出现率为5.204‰,比单次注射相同剂量的微核率高,说明药物有积累的遗传毒理作用。     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测合成氨工业水的遗传毒性

目的:探讨了合成氨工业水处理前后对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。方法:选取某化工厂生产流程中3个有代表性的水样,同时以蒸馏水(CK)为阴性对照,以不同浓度(0.5、5、50、500μg/L)的环磷酰胺处理为阳性对照,共5个处理组水平,蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验测定其MCN‰。结果:洗煤气水、洗甲醇水可诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高的MCN‰与对照组相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),并分别相当于50μg/L和5μg/L环磷酰胺的致突变效应。经处理后的生化出水致突变性显著降低。结论:合成氨工业水具有较强的致突变性,蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术可作为合成氨工业水的遗传毒性检测。     

污水和污水土地处理系统中各种水质对华西蟾蜍蝌蚪红细胞微核率的影响

本文使用蝌蚪红细胞微核率作为指示器研究明通河污水和用污水土地处理系统处理后水质的致突变性。蝌蚪在各种水样品中暴露7天。采心脏血制片。在对照组中,微核率分别为4.40‰和4.68‰。1/4明通河污水组诱发蝌蚪的微核率是17.01‰。同对照组相比有明显的差异。     

Ames试验在水质检测方面的应用

近年来 ,水体污染日趋严重 ,各国学者从氯化后饮水中分离出多种致突变、致癌物质。为此我们采用Ames试验 ,对珠江流域主要取水点的水源水和对应自来水中的有机致突变物污染情况进行了研究。研究表明 ,部分取水点的有机致突变物污染较严重 ,并且氯化消毒后自来水的致突性大于水源水的致突性。因而 ,加强饮水中致突变物质的检测 ,改进净水消毒剂和净水流程很有必要。     

浊漳河水体污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性研究

运用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验技术对浊漳河南段6个代表性样点水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究,为浊漳河流域水体污染状况的有效监测提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)浊漳河南段各监测断面的水体有机污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,表现出细胞微核、断片、染色体桥等多种异常形态,严重时导致细胞坏死和细胞凋亡.(2)6个样点水样处理的蚕豆根尖细胞微核率在21.47‰～64.77‰,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).(3)各样点水样对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤程度依次为:王桥>店上>漳泽水库>北寨>黄碾>五阳;在有丝分裂后期,蚕豆根尖中异常细胞最高达70%,且异常细胞比率有随着污染程度增大而升高的趋势.研究表明,蚕豆根尖细胞微核是水质毒理检测的有效指标,其细胞有丝分裂后期异常细胞比率也可作为水质毒理检测的观察指标.     

噻吩磺隆的毒性及致突变性

选用大鼠、豚鼠及家兔,采用经口及皮肤,粘膜染毒途径,研究其急性毒性。同时有Ames试验,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验进行致突变性研究,了解噻吩磺隆的毒性及致突变性。大鼠急性经口LD50大于5000mg／kg,经皮LD50大于2000mg／kg。家兔皮肤刺激试验阴性,轻度眼刺激性和弱致敏性。Ames试验,微核试验及小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性。结论 噻吩磺隆属低毒性农药,在本实验条件下无致突变作用。     

三氧化二砷对黄鳝毒理学效应

以黄鳝为实验动物,研究了不同剂量的三氧化二砷对黄鳝的毒理学效应。采用鱼类致突变实验、鱼类红、白血球计数等方法,测定外周血白细胞数、红细胞微核和核异常以及肝脏过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果发现：在低剂量范围内,随着三氧化二砷剂量的增加红细胞的微核率及核异常率逐渐增加、CAT活性升高,白细胞数则下降;至0．50mg／kg剂量时红细胞的微核率、核异常率,TLCAT活性均达最大值,而白细胞数达最低值;随着剂量的进一步增加红细胞的微核率、核异常率以及CAT活性均反而下降,白细胞数则上升。结果表明一定剂量三氧化二砷能明显影响黄鳝外周血细胞及肝脏CAT活性。     

城市内河水体有机浓集物的致突变性试验研究

采用GC／MS法对W市内河水体有机浓集物进行了鉴定,共检出有机物114种,其中主要为烷基苯、多环芳烃等。Ames和鱼类微核试验结果表明这些有机物中含有致突变性的物质,对TA-98辅株表现出明显的致突变活性,为移码型直接致突变物。研究表明该城市内河已遭受工业废水和其它污水的严重污染,且水质有特殊毒性。     

昆明水源水和自来水水质致突变性及化学背景值1．Ames试验和水源水及自来水微量有机、无机污染物化学背景值

本文报道：用ＸＡＤ－２离子树脂吸附富集法制备自来水和滇池及松华坝水库源水提取物,以Ａｍｅｓ鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变系统诱发致突变性。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果如下：来自滇池源水经氯化的自来水提取物,用ＴＡ９８菌株加Ｓ９或不加Ｓ９混合物,突变率＞２,结果为阳性。滇池源水提取物致突变性为可疑。使用化学分析法结合生物分析法评价昆明自来水和滇池及松华坝水库水中的化学微量污染物,估价在水中的微量污染物对人体健康的潜在致癌效应是有意义的。     

Driving forces shaping phytoplankton assemblages in two subtropical plateau lakes with contrasting trophic status

1. We studied driving forces shaping phytoplankton assemblages in two subtropical plateau lakes with contrasting trophic status, the oligotrophic deep Lake Fuxian and the eutrophic shallow Lake Xingyun. 2. Phytoplankton samples were taken monthly for a year and phytoplankton species were sorted into the main taxonomic groups and associations proposed by Reynolds. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to test the occurrence of these classification schemes and to determine their discriminatory power. 3. The results suggest that the major driving forces in Lake Fuxian were physical variables, and particularly the underwater light climate, whereas, nutrients were the important driving force in Lake Xingyun. 4. Top–down control through zooplankton grazing in Lake Fuxian was hardly ever a significant determinant itself, because of the scarcity of zooplankton and their low grazing efficiency of predation while a dominance of inedible cyanobacteria throughout the year rendered top–down controls ineffective failing in Lake Xingyun. Hence phytoplankton communities in both lakes appear to be regulated primarily by bottom–up controls.     

Variations in reproductive strategies between one invasive population and two native populations of Pseudorasbora parva

Reproductive traits of one invasive population in Lake Fuxian and two native populations in Lakes Chao and Dongting for Pseudorasbora parva were investigated to determine the variations in their reproductive strategies associated with the change of environmental conditions. Compared with the two native populations,P.parva markedly experienced the protraction in their spawning time and the decrease in mortality for adult individuals in Lake Fuxian. The three populations all got their first sexual maturity at the same age,but their total lengths at maturity were quite different for those in Lake Chao were significantly lower than in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting. Additionally,in spite that no significant difference occurred in their relative fecundities for P.parva in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting,the population in Lake Chao showed the markedly higher relative fecundity than the other two populations. These results were analyzed with the variations in water temperature,nutrient status,fishing stress among the three lakes. The relative decline in fecundity for the invasive population,which conflicted with the enemy release hypothesis,was disscussed with the context of the preponderance of another invasive fish,Neosalanx taihuensis,in Lake Fuxian.     

Fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter in the waters of Lake Fuxian and adjacent rivers in Yunnan,China

The fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water of Lake Fuxian and its adjacent rivers on the Yunnan Plateau, southwestern China, were studied to specify the characterization of DOM in the lake and river waters. The fluorescence properties with the excitation–emission matrix in the water of Lake Fuxian are different from those in the river water. The differences in these properties between the lake and river water could arise not only from their sources but also from the reactivity of the photobleaching of DOM. In the lake, the supplying of allochthonous fluorescent materials from inflowing rivers to the fluorescent DOM is less significant than the photobleaching of fluorescent substances.     

THE PROBLEM OF NOMENCLATURE

Whitfield, A. K. &; Blaber, S. J. M. 1978. Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 3: Swimming birds. Ostrich 50:10-20. The diets, foraging periodicities and feeding behaviour of the Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus, Whitebreasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus were studied at Lake St Lucia, Natal, South Africa, during 1975 and 1976. The Reed Cormorant fishes in shallow water within 100 m of the shore and mainly caught Sarotherodon mossambicus and Solea bleekeri, while the Whitebreasted Cormorant caught Mugilidae, Rhabdosargus sarba and Thryssa vitrirostris in deeper water. The diet of the White Pelican followed three distinct phases: a pre-incubation phase when the birds followed and preyed heavily on migrating Mugil cephalus shoals; an incubation and post-incubation phase when the adults flew a round trip of 200 km to the north to obtain freshwater fish, mainly cichlids, from the Pongolo pans where fishes were concentrated and densities high; and a post-fledgling phase when both adults and juveniles fed on a variety of marine species of fish in Lake St Lucia for about a month before dispersing to other areas. The feeding and breeding of Reed Cormorants and White-breasted Cormorants is discussed in relation to wind speeds, water turbidity and flooding of backwaters. The diet and long-range foraging behaviour of White Pelicans at St Lucia are compared with data from other African lakes. The breeding season of White Pelicans at St Lucia is related to availability of fish and inaccessibility of the breeding site to predators. The latter is determined by lake levels.     

Mutagenicity of drinking water detected by the Tradescantia micronucleus test

Spring Lake reservoir of Macomb, Illinois, is a typical model of the drinking water supply of some midwestern towns of the United States. Water samples collected periodically in 1980 and 1981 from this lake were tested for mutagenicity using the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) test, a highly sensitive mutagen-detecting bioassay. Water samples from 1981 were also analyzed chemically. The micronucleus (MCN) frequency peaked (12-14 MCN/100 tetrads) in mid-July in both years, as compared with the average frequency (5 MCN/100 tetrads) of the base-line control that was maintained in nutrient solution (prepared with distilled water and pure chemicals). Drinking water from the tap was tested in parallel with lake water, and its mutagenicity tended to fluctuate with the mutagenicity of the lake water.     

云南省抚仙湖和杞麓湖流域土地利用变化对水质的影响

基于遥感技术和相关性分析方法对云南省2个典型高原湖泊抚仙湖和杞麓湖流域土地利用与湖泊水质关系进行了研究.结果表明:1989-2005年2个流域森林(灌丛)和建筑用地大量增长,荒地和农田有所减少,杞麓湖的污染程度比抚仙湖严重,2个湖泊的水质都呈下降趋势;湖滨200 m左右的缓冲带变化明显,且比流域其它土地利用变化对水质影响更大;城镇化和密集的农业耕作产生的面源污染是影响湖泊水质状况持续下降的重要因素,2个湖泊流域的土地利用结构不同也导致二者之间水质的差异.     

武汉东湖水网区底栖动物群落特征及其水质的生物学评价

2008年4-9月间三次对武汉东湖水网区15个水体的底栖动物进行调查,共采集到大型底栖动物50种,隶属于16科41属,其中严东湖底栖动物种数最多,有28种;北湖、青潭湖和杨春湖仅2-3种,其他水体介于以上两者之间。定量分析表明,在超富营养及富营养湖泊中,优势类群均为寡毛类和水生昆虫摇蚊科种类,只是所占比例有所差异;中营养湖泊严东湖,密度上水生昆虫占优势,为总量的59.1%,生物量上软体动物占优势,为总量的96.4%;青山港中,密度上寡毛类占优势,为总量的63.6%,生物量上软体动物占绝对优势,为总量的99.1%。采用Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(H)、Goodnight-Whitley指数(GI)及Biotic Index生物指数(BI)对东湖水网区水体及武汉周边的南北咀、肖四海的水质进行评价,结果显示BI的评价结果与湖泊现实情况基本相符,推荐Biotic Index生物指数作为东湖水网区底栖动物生物评价的指标。       

抚仙湖超微型浮游藻类群落结构空间分布特征

2016年7月对抚仙湖进行采样调查,研究抚仙湖超微型浮游藻类（超微藻）的空间分布特征及关键影响因子。结果表明,抚仙湖超微藻平均丰度为（8.58±3.25）×10³个/mL,其中超微蓝藻丰度显著高于超微真核藻。超微藻丰度在沿岸带较高,敞水区相对较低,北部最深点低于南部最深点;垂直方向上,超微藻丰度在水下10 m处达到最大值,随着深度的增加丰度逐渐下降。通过方差膨胀因子分析和建模得到超微藻丰度和环境因子的相关关系,水体的浊度、pH以及总磷对超微真核藻丰度有显著影响,而超微蓝藻的丰度主要是受到总磷的影响。结合流式细胞分选和高通量测序得到了抚仙湖超微真核藻的群落结构特征,主要是金藻纲、硅藻纲、甲藻纲等,其中金藻纲占绝对优势。在空间上,不同湖区和不同深度超微真核藻的群落组成也存在差异：表层水体以金藻纲、硅藻纲、甲藻纲为主;而在深层水体中超微真核藻的多样性降低,金藻纲为优势种。超微藻作为贫营养湖泊初级生产力的主要贡献者,对其组成和分布的研究有助于更全面的认识抚仙湖生态系统结构和功能。