繁殖期白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟的活动区

20 0 0年 3～ 8月采用无线电遥测技术对董寨国家级自然保护区的白冠长尾雉 (Syrmaticusreevesii)繁殖期占区雄鸟的活动区进行了研究。对遥测时间超过 6 0天的 7只个体的研究表明 ,繁殖期白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟对活动区具有较强的依恋性 ;90 %调和平均转换法 ( 90 %HMT)计算的繁殖期活动区大小为 46 0± 13 7hm2 (n=7) ;繁殖初期、中期和末期的活动区大小分别为 2 4 5± 6 3、 19 6± 7 5和 17 9± 6 2hm2 (n =7) ;随着繁殖期的结束活动区与日活动区呈减小趋势。白冠长尾雉占区雄鸟对活动区的 3个亚区 (夜栖区、觅食休憩区和过渡区 )的利用时间存在明显差异 ,活动区所在地的植被结构的不同可能是造成这种差异的主要原因.     

黑顶麻雀的活动区及其影响因素

2017和2018年每年6至10月,在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区利用无线电遥测技术对繁殖期16只黑顶麻雀(Passer ammodendri)(9♀,7♂)和繁殖期后1个月内雌雄各1只的活动区进行了监测。使用95%固定核空间法(FK)计算活动区面积,60%固定核空间法求得的活动区面积作为核心区面积。结果显示,在繁殖期雌雄黑顶麻雀个体间的平均活动区面积分别为(23.88±4.50)hm²(n=9)和(32.36±7.24)hm²(n=7),核心区面积分别为(3.92±0.70)hm²和(5.55±1.55)hm²,繁殖期雌雄个体间的活动区和核心区面积均无显著差异。繁殖结束后一个月内雌雄活动区面积分别为123.86hm²和272.40 hm²,核心区面积分别为23.68 hm²和64.88 hm²。雌、雄性个体繁殖期的活动区面积和核心区面积均显著小于繁殖期后。个性表现为羞怯的个体活动区面积显著小于个性表现为勇敢...     

朱鹮繁殖期的活动区和栖息地利用

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 ,我们应用标记识别法和地理信息系统对朱繁殖期的活动性、活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。结果表明 :朱在越冬期、繁殖期和繁殖后期的觅食距离存在差异 ,分别为 2 82 1± 1 4 88km、0 5 6 3± 0 6 81km和 1 70 6± 0 834km ,但同一时期中不同个体间的觅食距离无显著差异。不同年份中 ,朱在越冬期和繁殖期的觅食距离无显著差异 ;在繁殖后期 ,由于受到干旱等气候因素的影响 ,两年的觅食距离差异显著。一天中觅食距离最远的是 10 :0 0～ 12 :0 0 ,最近的是 0 6 :0 0～ 0 8:0 0。不同时间段中觅食行为的比例差异显著 ,0 6 :0 0～ 10 :0 0和 16 :0 0～ 18:0 0为取食高峰期 ,中午和夜宿前的休息和理羽行为则高于其他时间段。MCP法和 90 %Kernel法的计算结果表明 ,其中 8只观测次数较多的朱在繁殖期的平均活动区面积分别为10 0 8± 4 9 8hm2 和 175 6± 91 3hm2 ,5 0 %Kernel法计算的活动区的核心面积为 4 3 8± 2 1 5hm2 。朱个体间的繁殖活动区重叠强度较大 ,达到各自活动区的 2 4 5 %± 2 7 3%。朱营巢比较密集 ,配对亲鸟间的活动区重叠强度和其他个体的重叠强度无显著差别。栖息地利用研究表明 ,朱对针阔混交林的利用率显著低于研究区内的可利用率 ,对水田的利用     

黄腹角雉研究概述

介绍了对黄腹角雉的栖息地选择与对片段化的生态适应、活动区与活动性、繁殖生物学、笼养种群等生态生物学方面的研究进展。     

血雉繁殖期活动区与栖息地特征

采用无线电追踪技术并结合野外观察,对血雉繁殖期活动区与栖息地特征进行了研究。孵卵期(5月)雄鸟的活动区面积为31．90hm^2,雌鸟为8．67hm^2。育雏期一个家族的活动区面积为15．45hm^2(6月)和17．33hm^2(7月)。繁殖季节相邻两个繁殖对的活动区有重叠。血雉繁殖季节喜欢在北坡和东坡活动,这种选择与食物的分布有关。倒木在繁殖期栖息地选择中占有一定地位。用多元总体假设检验、单变量F检验及主成分分析法对实验样方与对照样方间进行了比较分析。结果表明,繁殖期喜选择山脊附近下层空间较为斤阔的灌木林或林间空地。     

黄腹角雉的食性研究

报逍了黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)的全年食谱以及繁殖期嗉囊内容物分析。以地面觅食为主,取食植物叶、芽、果实和种子,偶食小型动物。繁殖期食物的干重百分比是:植物性食物占97.89％,其中果实、种子及嫩叶含量分别为48.20％,37.13％和12.56％;动物性食物占2.11％,主要为鳞翅目幼虫。     

江西武夷山自然保护区黄腹角雉昼间行为的红外相机监测

鸟类的行为是遗传而来,或是学习获得,多表现出对环境条件的适应。为了解黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)野生种群昼间行为和时间分配,于2012年1月至2014年11月,根据海拔、植被类型和人为活动干扰等因子,在江西武夷山自然保护区海拔444~2 133 m区间,选择了41个代表性的机位进行红外相机监测,每个机位监测时间不少于250 d。其中23个机位获得了视频资料,共记录到314只次(♂229只次,♀85只次)野生黄腹角雉的有效视频4 447 s。其昼间活动时间约11~13 h。地面行为可以分为6种,摄食、位移和休息3个刚性行为时间占总时长的97.08%,不同季节间摄食行为的平均耗费时间差异显著(P0.05),位移和休息行为的平均时间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同性别间的摄食行为和整理行为的平均时间差异显著(P0.05)。繁殖期笼养黄腹角雉主要行为与野生种群相同,但野生种群的行为时间摄食行为位移行为休息行为,而笼养种群则是休息行为位移行为摄食行为,估计与笼养种群省去了搜寻食物时间和环境异质性小、不用担心被天敌捕食等因素有关。研究结果提示:黄腹角雉的昼间行为存在性别差异,但机制尚不清楚;江西武夷山自然保护区黄腹角雉栖息地保存较好、人为干扰小,栖息地内的食物在不同季节均能够满足黄腹角雉的生存需要。     

浙江乌岩岭自然保护区黄腹角雉适宜栖息地的选择

栖息地的丧失和片段化是黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)主要的致危因素。于2015年1月—2017年12月,在乌岩岭保护区不同林分(阔叶林、针改阔林、针叶林)利用红外相机监测,共拍摄到黄腹角雉个体独立照片497张,雌雄比为1∶1.78。结果表明:2015年阔叶林和针改阔林、针叶林黄腹角雉拍摄独立照片均存在极显著差异(P0.01),但针叶林和针改阔林不存在显著差异(P0.05); 2016年阔叶林与针叶林之间存在显著差异(P0.05);2017年针改阔林和阔叶林不存在显著差异(P0.05),而针叶林与阔叶林及针改阔林之间均存在显著差异(P0.05),说明随着年份增长,种植壳斗科和交让木科等树种的针改阔林,黄腹角雉拍摄独立照片数量接近阔叶林;在拍摄的497张照片中,春季(203张)和冬季(190张)占79.07%,春冬两季与夏秋两季存在显著差异(P0.05),春与冬,夏与秋之间不存在显著差异(P0.05),说明黄腹角雉冬季食物少在外觅食时间多,春季(3—5月)是黄腹角雉的繁殖季节,在外活动时间增加;黄腹角雉属于昼行性鸟类,存在7:00—8:00与15:00—17:00两个活动高峰期。     

笼养黄腹角雉繁殖期取食活动性的研究

笼养条件下黄腹角雉繁殖期的日取食活动呈现早、中、晚三个高峰;雄鸟在交配前后的日取食活动无显著差异,雌鸟的日取食活动在不同繁殖阶段则出现规律性的变化。逐步回归分析的结果表明:影响雄鸟取食的主要因素是总活动时间、炫耀次数和走动时间,影响雌鸟取食的因素主要是理羽时间、飞行次数和跳跃次数。     

浙江淳安千岛湖发现一例白化乌鸫

黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)为我国特有雉类，国家一级重点保护野生动物。2010至2021年通过视频监测技术、红外相机监测与人工观察，对浙江省乌岩岭国家级自然保护区内的黄腹角雉巢卵被天敌危害情况进行了调查。基于42个黄腹角雉人工巢监测数据(36巢视频远程监控，2巢红外相机监测，4巢人工观察)，野生黄腹角雉巢被天敌破坏的比率为54.8%，其中91.3%被破坏巢中的卵为王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)所捕食，表明王锦蛇是黄腹角雉巢卵最主要的天敌。捕食黄腹角雉卵的天敌还包括松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)与黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)，可能的天敌有灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)、黄腹鼬(Mustela kathiah)及短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)等。本研究基于视频资料揭示了野生黄腹角雉种群的天敌情况，结合文献资料，我们推测黄腹角雉较长的孵卵期与离巢时间可能是造成其巢卵损失率高的主要原因，本研究结果对这一濒危物种的保护与繁育工作具有重要意义。     

Seasonal variation in the range areas of the diurnal rodent Octodon degus

Both breeding activity and abundance and quality of available food are expected to influence daily movements of animals. Animals are predicted to range over large areas to meet high energy demands associated with reproduction (females) or to increase mating success (males). However, animals should expand their range areas whenever food conditions deteriorate. To examine the extent to which breeding activity versus food availability influence space use, we compared the size and location of range areas (home ranges) of the degu (Octodon degus), a diurnal rodent from semiarid environments of north-central Chile, during the austral winter and summer seasons. Degus produce young during the austral spring (September-October) when high-quality food is readily available. In contrast, degus do not breed during the austral summer (January-March) when food is scarce and of low quality. We predicted that degus would range over smaller areas in winter if the availability of food has a greater influence on space than breeding activity. Individuals were radiotracked in winter and the following summer over a 3-year period. Surveys of herbaceous cover were conducted during winter and summer to determine seasonal changes in the abundance and quality of primary food. In summer degus expanded and moved the location of their range areas to locations with available food. Given that preferred food was less abundant in summer than winter, we suggest that degu range areas are strongly influenced by food conditions.     

Effects of Seasonal Folivory and Frugivory on Ranging Patterns in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinopithecus roxellana</Emphasis>

The distribution of food resources in time and space may affect the diet, ranging pattern, and social organization of primates. We studied variation in ranging patterns in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) over winter and summer in response to variation in their diet in the Qingmuchuan Nature Reserve, China. There was a clear diet shift from highly folivorous in winter to highly frugivorous in summer. The home range was 8.09 km² in summer and 7.43 km² in winter, calculated via the 95% kernel method. Corresponding to the diet shift, the focal group traveled significantly longer distances in summer (mean 1020 ± 69 m/d) than in winter (mean 676 ± 53 m/d); the daily range was also significantly greater in summer (mean 0.27 ± 0.02 km²/d) than in winter (mean 0.21 ± 0.01 km²/d). There was no significant variation in home range size between winter and summer, and the monkeys did not use geographically distinct ranges in summer and winter. However, overlap in the actual activity area and core range between winter and summer was only 0.13 km², representing 4.4% of the summer core area and 5.3% of the winter core area. Differences were apparent between summer and winter ranging patterns: In summer, the group traveled repeatedly and uninterruptedly across its home range and made 3 circles of movement along a fixed route in 31 d; in winter, the activity area was composed of 3 disconnected patches, and the focal group stayed in each patch for an average of 8 successive days without traveling among patches. Winter range use was concentrated on mixed evergreen and deciduous forest patches where leaves and fruits were available, whereas the summer range pattern correlates significantly positively with the distribution of giant dogwood (Cornus controversa) fruits. Thus it appears that the diet shift of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys between winter and summer caused the monkeys to use their home range in different ways, supporting the hypothesis that food resources determine primate ranging patterns.     

Home range structure and inter-group competition for land of Japanese macaques in evergreen and deciduous forests

The per capita home range area of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata, is significantly smaller in evergreen forest than in deciduous forest, though a corresponding difference in food resource utilization patterns has never been described. The present study compared the home range utilization pattern of Japanese macaques living in two habitats: the Yakushima population inhabits an evergreen forest, while the Kinkazan population inhabits a deciduous forest. We found that in the Yakushima population, (1) food density was higher; (2) inter-feeding bout sites distance was shorter; (3) daily travel distance was shorter; (4) home range size was smaller; and (5) the unit value of the main home range was higher, than in the Kinkazan population. Yakushima groups utilized a small home range area intensively, compared to Kinkazan groups. We also found that a Yakushima group shared 24% of its main home range with neighboring groups, though a Kinkazan group shared only 10% with other groups. It is supposed that food distribution affects daily ranging pattern, and ultimately the social relationships between groups in Japanese macaques.     

Ranging behaviour of male capercaillie Tetrao urogallus outside the lekking ground in spring

During the breeding season, adult male capercaillies Tetrao urogallus display on leks in the early morning. During the day, they occupy more or less exclusive home ranges within 1 km of the lekking ground, but little is known about their movements and range use patterns during this period. In three spring seasons we monitored the daily movement of 15 radio-tagged adult males, associated with six different leks, in a coniferous forest of southeast Norway. The objective was to relate dynamics of male movement and spatial distribution to changes in food resource availability and mating-related activities. In late winter, males exhibited a pattern of short daily relocations (distance between bird locations in successive days) within small ranges. Relocation distances and home ranges then increased markedly during two weeks preceeding the main mating period. During the mating and post-mating periods, movements again decreased, followed by another short peak at the time when females with depredated nests return to the lek for remating. These temporal changes in range use were not related to changes in food resources and probably not to shifts in anti-predator behaviour, and they differed between age groups: The increase in relocation distance during the pre-mating period was most pronounced among young resident males (3 and 4 year-olds), and range area of older males were smaller and did not increase as much during this period. The observed age-related changes in space use may reflect an alternative mating strategy by young and subdominant males; they seek out females outside the lekking ground where competition from more dominant males is less intense.     

食物季节性对野生藏酋猴家域利用的影响

食源植物的分布与食物的可获得性影响灵长类动物的家域动态。研究灵长类动物家域利用及其影响因素,对揭示野生动物的生态适应性与行为复杂性有重要意义。2020年9月—2021年8月,利用GPS技术、直接跟踪观察等方法,对黄山低海拔地区的野生藏酋猴群的家域范围进行研究。结果发现藏酋猴家域面积从春季到冬季依次递减,分别为7.16 km²、5.09 km²、3.85 km²、0.35 km²,面积与食物资源可得性呈显著正相关;猴群月平均漫游距离 (d= 1735.67 m ± 288.35 m, n = 12) 与食物可得性呈正相关,且月平均漫游距离在7月最长、1月最短。猴群偏好利用的生境类型为针阔混交林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林,春季主要偏好利用毛竹林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林,夏季和冬季为针阔混交林 (马尾松),秋季为常绿落叶阔叶混交林。结果表明,藏酋猴会根据食物资源分布、食物可得性等因素来优化家域的时空利用以适应低海拔地区。     

卧龙自然保护区血雉的社群组织

１９９４年１１月至１９９５年９月在四川卧龙自然保护区五一棚地区,采用无线电追踪技术并结合野外观察,对血雉的社群组织进行了研究。血雉冬季集群活动,相邻群体相遇,有驱逐行为发生。分群配对时,雌鸟长距离迁移。血雉为单配偶制,配偶关系联结紧密,可维持整个繁殖季节。孵卵由雌鸟承担,取食时由雄鸟相伴,雌雄鸟共同育雏。繁殖季节不参加繁殖的亚成体雄鸟、参加繁殖的成体雄鸟或配偶对往往也有集群活动的倾向。在繁殖季节,     

The decline of a peripheral population of the European robin Erithacus rubecula

This paper examines the potential effect of some factors involved in the decline of a winter population of the European robin Erithacus rubecula in southern Spain. The area receives extra‐Iberian immigrants that come into contact with resident conspecifics. Given this interspersed distribution, three hypotheses were tested to explain the decline: a) the depletion of the carrying capacity of the area during winter, b) the decline of the resident population, and c) the reduction of foreign individuals in this wintering area. Winter robin and fruit (a main winter food) abundances were assessed at 43 sites from 1999 to 2014, and the abundance of breeding robins was evaluated from 1998 to 2012. Rainfall and temperatures were recorded throughout this period and changes in forests occupied by breeding robins were assessed in 1999 and 2013. Results showed a decline in winter temperatures and an increase in fruit availability. Given that food increases could buffer the thermoregulatory costs of colder conditions, the depletion of the carrying capacity of the area was discarded as a main driver of robin decline. Spring counts showed a reduction of 45% in the breeding population that was not explained by changes in forest management. However, a significant increase in summer temperatures could boost the pervasive effect of drought on robins inhabiting this marginal area of the species' range. Foreign immigrants, despite the increase in breeding populations in most of Europe, did not buffer the decline caused by the reduction of residents. In fact, an analysis of ring recoveries reported in this area depicted a sharp decrease in extra‐Iberian wintering individuals. These results may be related to the effect of global warming on migratory schedules (the northwards retreat of wintering areas) and on the suitability for robins of local habitats in this peripheral region of the Palaearctic.     

Not only annual food abundance but also fallback food quality determines the Japanese macaque density: evidence from seasonal variations in home range size

Previous studies on Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) densities suggest that both total annual food abundance and the quality of fallback foods in the winter bottleneck period affects density. We reviewed data on the seasonal changes in home range size to explain how both factors affect density. In general, home range was large in summer or autumn and small in spring or winter, indicating that density is determined by the home range size in the seasons before winter. The main foods in these seasons are fruits and seeds. If these foods are not abundant, macaques need to range over a larger area, thus decreasing density. Macaques survive the winter by depending on the fat deposited before winter through eating these high-quality foods. If the food condition in winter is severe and the amount of required fat deposition is large, macaques need a larger home range before winter, and thus density becomes lower.