D-半乳糖亚急性中毒拟衰老模型鼠免疫功能及生化指标变化的研究

目的研究D-半乳糖慢性中毒所致衰老模型鼠免疫功能与生化指标变化。方法制备D-半乳糖亚急性中毒导致的衰老鼠模型;给药第8周时以P815细胞腹腔注射免疫小鼠,诱导特异性CTL细胞并用MTT法检测CTL细胞杀伤活性;间隔1周后以10％淀粉腹腔注射,诱导腹腔巨噬细胞,吞噬中性红法检测腹腔巨噬细胞（Mφ）功能;给药第10周杀鼠,取胸腺计算胸腺指数;采用流式细胞术检测胸腺细胞凋亡情况;MTT法检测T淋巴细胞转化增殖功能与NK细胞杀伤活性;取脾细胞48h培养上清,检测IL-2、INF-γ、TNF三种TH1型细胞因子的活性;硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）法检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测血清中总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性;ISP半自动生化分析仪检测血清中血糖（Glu）、总胆固醇（CHO）、甘油三酯（TG）的含量。结果衰老鼠胸腺指数低于对照组（P〈0．05）;胸腺细胞凋亡高于对照组（P〈0．05）;T淋巴细胞增殖率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;IL-2、INF-γ、TNF三种TH1型细胞因子的活性较对照组均显著降低（P〈0．05）;与对照组比较VE衰老鼠腹腔Mφ细胞吞噬功能明显降低（P〈0．05）、NK细胞杀伤活性也有所降低（P〈0．05）,但CTL细胞的杀伤活性变化不明显（P〉0．05）。衰老模型鼠血清中MDA含量显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,衰老模型鼠血清总SOD含量显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。模型鼠血清中的血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论D-半乳糖慢性中毒所致衰老模型鼠免疫功能明显减退,氧自由基MDA、SOD的改变及生化学指标血糖、血脂改变趋势与自然衰老的动物模型相一致。     

归芪多糖延缓衰老作用的研究

本文研究了归芪多糖对衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。将50只小鼠分为5组,除正常对照组外其余各组均采用D-半乳糖(0.5 g·kg-1)皮下注射建立衰老小鼠模型,以不同剂量的归芪多糖(1 g/kg和0.5 g/kg)给小鼠连续灌胃42 d后,测定其血清中过氧化氢(H2O2)和皮肤组织中羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量、大脑中单胺氧化酶(MAO)、肝组织中谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的活性。结果显示,归芪多糖能明显抑制小鼠血清H2O2含量、肝组织XOD和大脑MAO的活性(P<0.01);显著提高肝组织中GSH-PX的活性和皮肤组织中Hyp的含量(P<0.01)。证明归芪多糖可能通过降低衰老小鼠血清H2O2的含量、肝组织XOD和大脑MAO的活性,以及提高肝组织GSH-PX的活性和皮肤组织中Hyp的含量的机制起到一定的抗衰老作用。     

五鹤续断抗小鼠衰老的作用及其机制研究

目的：研究五鹤续断（WHDA）注射液对D-半乳糖所致小鼠衰老模型的抗衰老作用及其机制。方法：昆明种小鼠（雌雄各半）48只,随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性WHDA组、7．2g/kgWnDA组、3．6g/kgWHDA组及1．8g/kgWHDA组,每组8只。腹腔注射D-半乳糖造模,Morris水迷宫测量小鼠学习和记忆能力。检测各组小鼠皮肤羟脯氨酸、脑组织MDA、LP、SOD及GSH-Px含量,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测小鼠血清中IL-2及IL-6含量。结果：Morris水迷宫实验结果表明WHDA各组潜伏期与模型组相比较明显减少（P〈0．05）,模型组小鼠穿越平台的次数比其它各组小鼠少（P〈0．05）。脑组织氧化性指标（SOD、MAD、LP及GSH．Px）检测,对照组及WHDA各组MAD与LP含量低于模型组（P〈0．05）。对照组及WHDA各组SOD与GSH-Px的活性明显高于模型组（P〈0．05）。注射过D-半乳糖小鼠皮肤羟脯氨酸含量都明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,WHDA组小鼠皮肤中羟脯氨酸的含量明显高于模型组（P〈0．05）。WHDA组小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6含量显著高于对照组和模型组（P〈0．05）,模型组小鼠血清中的IL-2、IL-6比对照组要低（P〈0．05）。结论：WHDA能改善D．半乳糖所致的衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力,消除其体内自由基,增强机体免疫能力,具有较好的抗衰老作用。     

双歧杆菌DNA对巨噬细胞MAPK的影响

目的 探索青春型双歧杆菌的DNA对巨噬细胞丝裂素活化的蛋白激酶（MAPK）活性的影响。方法 以激光共聚焦显微镜定量测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MAPK家系中ERK1／2、JNK和p38的含量。结果 双歧杆菌DNA注射组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞ERK1／2的平均荧光强度明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,而JNK和p38的平均荧光强度在2组间则差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 青春型双歧杆菌的DNA能提高巨噬细胞ERK1／2的活性,这可能是其激活巨噬细胞的途径之一。     

小麦肽对受环磷酰胺免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节及抗氧化功能

本研究旨在分析小麦蛋白活性肽对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化功能的调节作用。小鼠灌胃小麦肽10d,第8天用环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制,测定血清溶血素、抗体生成细胞含量、脾细胞增殖、体外腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力、肝脏抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及血清清除DPPH和·OH的能力。实验结果表明,环磷酰胺处理显著的降低了小鼠血清中抗SRBC抗体(溶血素HC50)水平和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力;同时伴随着肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化氢酶活力(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的降低和MDA含量的提高。给小鼠灌胃小麦肽可以恢复HC50和脾细胞增殖,显著提高抗体生成细胞含量和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力;此外,小麦肽增强了小鼠血清清除DPPH和清除·OH的能力。以上结果表明,小麦肽可以调节应激状态引起的机体抗氧化体系紊乱及免疫功能的降低。这可能与小麦肽缓冲自由基生成、激活腹腔巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞活性有关。     

乌骨鸡正己烷提取物组成及其抗皮肤衰老活性研究

分析乌骨鸡正己烷提取物组成成分,并研究其抗皮肤衰老活性。采用GC/MS联用技术和HPLC法分别测定乌骨鸡和麻鸡正己烷提取物中的脂肪酸组成和α-维生素E含量。每日早晚分别在老龄小鼠脱毛处涂抹甘油(Ⅰ)、乌骨鸡正己烷提取物(Ⅱ)、麻鸡正己烷提取物(Ⅲ)各一次。14d后处死小鼠测定皮肤中含水量、羟脯氨酸及胶原蛋白含量。成分分析表明Ⅱ中多不饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸、花生四烯酸及α-维生素E含量均显著高于Ⅲ。与对照组Ⅰ比较,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组均可提高小鼠皮肤含水量(P<0.01);Ⅱ组可显著提高小鼠皮肤羟脯氨酸和胶原蛋白含量(P<0.01),提示Ⅱ外用有抗皮肤衰老活性,其抗皮肤衰老活性可能与富含维生素E和多不饱和脂肪酸有关。     

营养胁迫诱导的油菜子叶衰老过程中IAA氧化酶和细胞分裂素氧化酶活性的变化

以离体油菜子叶为材料,研究了营养胁迫诱导的子叶衰老过程中吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAA氧化酶)和细胞分裂素氧化酶活性的变化。在光照条件下,离体子叶在不含任何无机元素的0．8％的琼脂中培养9d后,出现明显的衰老迹象(叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛含量上升),15d时完全死亡。在营养胁迫诱导的衰老过程中,IAA氧化酶和细胞分裂素氧化酶的活性表现出相似的变化趋势,在诱导处理1d时,两种酶的活性均比处理前有明显下降,之后又随着衰老进程逐渐上升。IAA氧化酶活性在诱导处理11d时达到高峰,超出处理前30％以上;比对照高出1倍以上;而细胞分裂素氧化酶活性在诱导处理13d时达到高峰,比对照高出3倍以上,也超过了处理前的水平。衰老过程中IAA氢化酶和细朐分裂素氧化酶活性的上升可能是导致内源激素含量下降的重要原因。     

干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁组分对RAW264．7巨噬细胞吞噬活性的影响

目的探讨干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁组分体外对小鼠巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法以培养液单纯培养小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7细胞作为对照,研究干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁主要组分磷壁酸和肽聚糖对RAW264．7细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、吞噬中性红和致病菌能力的影响。结果不同浓度磷壁酸和肽聚糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞LDH活性、吞噬中性红能力有明显增强作用,并呈一定的剂量效应。在相同质量浓度时,2种细胞壁组分刺激RAW264．7细胞吞噬中性红能力差异无显著性,但磷壁酸对巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞内LDH活性的增强作用高于肽聚糖。在受到浓度为50μg/ml的磷壁酸和肽聚糖刺激后,磷壁酸和肽聚糖均能显著增强RAW264．7对致病性大肠埃希菌和肠炎沙门菌的吞噬作用（P〈0．01）。经过刺激的巨噬细胞与致病菌共孵育1h后,其吞噬能力达到最大值。结论干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁主要组分磷壁酸和肽聚糖可以增强小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞内LDH活性及吞噬能力,并具有剂量效应。     

短期菲胁迫对大豆幼苗超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

研究了不同浓度(0-200μg.g^-1)菲胁迫和恢复培养后大豆幼苗生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化．结果表明,200μg.g^-1菲处理5d后大豆幼苗生长受到抑制,但幼苗恢复培养后经短暂停滞期后仍可恢复生长．菲污染对大豆幼苗SOD活性变化的剂量—效应关系的作用形式比较复杂,胁迫2d时为线性关系,胁迫5d和8d时为抛物线型．在菲处理前期(2d),幼苗SOD活性被100和200μg.g^-1菲显著诱导[分别为对照的1．15倍(P＜0．05)和1．26倍(P＜0．01)]．菲暴露8d时,SOD活性显著降低,200μg.g^-1菲处理组SOD活性为对照的88％(P＜0．05)．菲处理5d后恢复培养2d和4d,50和100μg.g^-1菲处理组幼苗SOD活性得到恢复,而200μg.g^-1菲处理组幼苗SOD活性仍明显高于对照(P＜0．05)．试验亦反映出,100和200μg.g^-1菲处理5d和8d,幼苗MDA含量均比对照显著增加(P＜0．05和P＜0．01)．可以认为,SOD活性可作为大豆幼苗遭受短期菲胁迫的生物标记物．     

果寡糖对银鲫非特异性免疫功能的影响

为研究果寡糖（Fructooligosaccharides）对银鲫（Carassius auratus）非特异性免疫功能的影响，以50g左右的银鲫为实验对象，在其基础饲料中分别添加浓度为0．5g／kg（A。组）、1g／kg（A：组）、2g／kg（A，组）、4g／kg（A。组）的果寡糖，另设基础饲料为对照组（A。组），分别于7d、14d、21d、28d、42d、56d检测银鲫血液中白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量。结果表明，A2组的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量显著高于A0组（P〈0．05），分别于第28、第21、第14、第14天达到最大值；A，组的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量显著高于A0组（p〈0．05），分别于第14、第14、第7、第14天达到最大值。A3组的补体C3的含量显著高于A2组（P〈0．05），白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性与A2组相比差异不显著，但其活性高于A2组。A1组、A4组与A0组之间的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量在各时间点均无显著差异。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。