小檗科鬼臼亚科的地理分布与系统发育

以植物地理学资料为主,综合植物化学、细胞学、形态学及解剖学等方面的资料,分析了小檗科鬼臼亚科现代地理分布格局产生的原因及其对系统发育的影响,指出：①我国是鬼臼亚科植物的多样性中心和分布中心,鬼臼亚科植物的现代地理分布格局是由于第三纪以来替代分布和长期隔离的结果;②在鬼臼亚科植物中,以山荷叶属最为原始,它通过两条方向演化,一是保持其原来的异花授粉方向演化为足叶草属,另一方向是转向自花授粉,自山荷叶属演化为八角莲属,然后再演化为桃儿七属;③桃儿七属与足叶草属不具有直接的亲缘关系,它们在形态上的相似只是平行进化的结果。     

Study on the Pollen Morphology of the Family Berberidaceae

The pollen grains of 33 species representing 11 genera of the family Berberidaceae, mostly from China, were examined with the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Their characteritic details can be used for generic diagnosis. A pollen key to the genera based on these observations is presented. Based on the morphology, the pollen grains can be grouped into the following three types: 1. The tetrad pollen type found only in the genus Sinopodophyllum. 2. The spiraperturate pollen type found in the genera Berberis and Mahonia. 3. The tricolpate pollen type found in the genera Diphylleia, Jeffersonia, Nandina, Dysosma, Caulophyllum, Leontice and Epimedium. A diagnostic key to the pollen grains of genera in the Berberidaceae. 1. Pollen grains single 2. Pollen grains spiraperturate .................... Berberis L., Mahonia L. 2. Pollen grains tricolpate 3. Exine with spinose sculpture ........................ Diphylleia Michx. 3. Exine with non-spinose sculpture 4. Exine with striate or striate-reticulate sculpture ...... Jeffersonia Barton 4. Exine with reticulate sculpture 5. Exine around colpus with distinct thickening ........ Nandina Thunb. 5. Exine around colpus without thickening 6. Pollen grains larger (45—50)×(32.5—37.5)μ 7. Colpus with membrane ................ Dysosma R. E. Woodson 7. Colpus without membrane ................ Caulophyllum Michx. 6. Pollen grains smaller (25—550)×(20—527.5) μ 7. Pollen grains prolate-perprolate .................... Leontice L. 7. Pollen grains spheroidal-prolate...Epimedium L., Podophyllum L. 1. Pollen grains tetrad ............................ Sinopodophyllum Ying     

西双版纳聚果榕榕果小蜂种间联结性研究

应用方差比率法、2× 2列联表的 χ2 检验、联结系数、点相关系数、共同出现百分率、Pearson相关系数和秩相关系数等多指数比较的方法研究了西双版纳聚果榕榕果小蜂的种间联结性。研究表明 ,西双版纳聚果榕榕果小蜂种间总体联结性表现为极显著。 2× 2列联表的 χ2检验不能反映所研究昆虫种间联结性的真实情况。 6个聚果榕榕果小蜂种间共同出现率普遍较高。小蜂种间的联结程度多属极显著 (对于联结系数 15个种对中有 10个 ,对于秩相关系数15个种对中有 12个 )。传粉者Ceratosolenfusciceps同其它小蜂间的联结显著性最高 ,其中与Platyneuratestacea和P .mayri呈极显著负联结 ,与P .agraensis呈极显著正联结 ,但与Apoc rypta属 2小蜂的关系尚不十分明晰。Platyneura属 3种小蜂彼此之间呈极显著或显著的负联结关系 ,而Apocrypta属内 2个种之间呈极显著正联结。文章对该 6种榕果小蜂种间连接关系形成的原因及进化生态学后果作了较详尽的讨论。     

小檗科鬼臼亚科植物的核型研究

本文首次报道了中华山荷叶与川八角莲的核型,分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ及Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）十４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,核型类型均为ＺＡ型。本文报道的桃儿七及八角莲的核型与前人的结果有一定差异,前者为：Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝６ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ,２Ｂ型,后者为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,为２Ａ型。本文分析了小檗科鬼臼亚科４个属共７种植物的核型,结果是该类植物的核型极为相似,染色体数目均为２ｎ＝１２,由８条ｍ或ｓｍ,２条ｓｔ以及２条ｔ染色体组成。核型的相似性反映了这类植物的亲缘关系,这４个属的植物是一个自然类群。但随着系统发育,核型的不对称性有所增加,其中以山荷叶属最为对称,八角莲属居中,桃儿七属与足叶草属最不对称。笔者认为,核型上的高度相似是该类植物在系统发育上不发达,属内种类稀少,通常为寡种属或单种属的重要原因。     

鬼臼毒素及其衍生物生物合成研究进展

鬼臼毒素(Podophyllotoxin,PTOX)是来源于中药八角莲、山荷叶和桃儿七等鬼臼属植物的芳基四氢萘类木脂素。其化学半合成衍生物依托泊苷和替尼泊苷被用于多种癌症的临床治疗。作为天然产物来源新药创制的典型代表,鬼臼毒素目前依赖天然提取,供求矛盾日渐突出。生物合成具有不受资源限制、反应条件友好等优势,是鬼臼毒素及其衍生物生产的新方式。文中总结了鬼臼毒素在植物中的生物合成途径的研究进展,阐述了合成途径中关键酶的功能及其亚细胞定位,进而介绍了以模式植物烟草为底盘的鬼臼毒素合成生物学研究。最后总结了利用微生物对鬼臼毒素进行异源表达及生物转化的研究进展,以期为利用微生物细胞工厂高效合成鬼臼毒素及其衍生物提供参考。     

六角莲及其近缘的核型和演化的研究

本文首次报道我国特产的药用植物六角莲的核型,K(2n)=12=8m(2SAT)+2st(SAT)+2t,为“2A”型。与桃儿七(属)和足叶草(属)的核型比较接近,反映了它们的近缘关系。但又似以六角莲(八角莲属)最原始,它可能通过二条路线演化到桃儿七属和足叶草属并以后者最为进化。笔者认为八角莲属和桃儿七属从足叶草属的分立及应俊生提出的从前者演化出后二者的演化趋势得到细胞学资料的支持。本研究还支持吴征镒等关于我国西南和南部到东南亚的北部是东亚-北美区系成分的发源地的意见。     

Interest of lignans in prevention and treatment of cancers

Lignans are diphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are mainly localised in lignified tissues, seeds and roots. These molecules are involved in plant defence mechanisms, but are also interesting for human health. Flax lignans belonging to the phytoestrogens are metabolised after ingestion into enterolignans that may offer a protection against the onset and development of hormono-dependant cancers. In vitro studies based on mammalian cellular models tend to confirm their beneficial effects observed during epidemiological studies and give us insights about their mechanisms of action. The most studied lignan, podophyllotoxin, and its semi-synthetic derivatives (etoposide, teniposide, etoposide phosphate), are particularly interesting at a curative level due to their cytotoxic properties. These semi-synthetic derivatives are used in chemotherapy of lung cancer for example. However, the extensive use of these anticancer drugs will lead to the problem of podophyllotoxin supply. This molecule is currently extracted from the rhizomes and roots of an Indian species Podophyllum hexandrum which has subsequently become endangered. Strategies are investigated to obtain economically viable alternative sources of Podophyllotoxin from plants and in vitro cultures of several species. Among them, north american Podophyllum peltatum, Linum wild species, Hyptis, Anthriscus, Juniperus or Dysosma species which accumulate Podophyllotoxin or closely related derivatives, are good candidates. double dagger.     

中国卷蛾寄蝇族新属新种记述(双翅目:寄蝇科)

本文记述中国寄蝇科卷蛾寄蝇族1新属2新种,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。1.象虫利索寄蝇Lixophaga dyscerae sp.nov.(图1) :复眼裸。额宽为复眼宽度的1/2。头部黑色,覆灰白色粉被。间额黑色,两侧缘向前方加宽,最窄处为侧额宽度的0.7倍。额鬃向头部中央交叉排列,一行5—6根,有3根额鬃下降至侧颜,最前方的一根达触角芒着生水平的略下方。内侧额鬃2根,前顶鬃1根,细小,外顶鬃毛状,与眼后鬃无区别。单眼鬃粗长,与后方的内侧额     

Stomatal Ultrastructure, Molecular Phylogeny, and Description of Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), a Parasite of Fig Wasps

Parasitodiplogaster comprises a potentially large radiation of nematode species that appear to be parasitically bound to their Agaonid fig wasp hosts, which are mutualistically associated in the syconia (figs) of the diverse plant genus Ficus. Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. is described and illustrated as an associate of the fig wasp, Pegoscapus sp. from Ficus laevigata from southern Florida. It is the first species of Parasitodiplogaster reported from North America and is closest to P. trigonema from F. trigonata from Panama. Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. can be differentiated from all described species of Parasitodiplogaster based on stomatal morphology (presence of a large dorsal and a right subventral tooth) in the adults of both sexes, molecular comparisons of two expansion segments (D2,D3) of the large subunit (LSU) rRNAgene, and fig-fig wasp host affinities. The ultrastructure of P. laevigata n. sp. was elucidated using TEM and SEM for comparisons with other species of Parasitodiplogaster. The stoma of P. laevigata n. sp. possesses a nonsegmented cheilostomal ring that connects to the longitudinal body musculature per- and interradially, a claw-like dorsal tooth, a right subventral tooth, and telostegostomatal apodemes arising from the dorsal side of each subventral sector. The unification of the pro-, meso-, and metastegostom with the gymnostom in P. laevigata n. sp. and further simplification in other described species may be due to derived adaptations associated with the internal parasitism of fig wasps.     

Separation and Identification of Chemical Constituents of Dysosma majorense(Gagn.)Hsiao et Y. H. Chen,nov comb

Ten compounds, namely physcion (Ⅰ), podophyllotoxone (Ⅱ), isopicropodophyllone (Ⅲ), picropodophyllone (Ⅳ), 4'-demethyl-podophyllotoxone (Ⅴ), dehydropodo- phyllotoxin (Ⅵ), diphyllin (Ⅶ), picropodophyllin (Ⅷ), podophyllotoxin (Ⅸ) and 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (Ⅹ), were separated from Dysosma majorense (Gagn.) Hsiao et Y. H. Chen, nov comb. Compound Ⅳ was first isolated from natural source and anthraquinone Ⅰ was first isolated from genus Dysosma. Ⅴ, Ⅷ and Ⅹ showed strong acttve inhibited against P388.     

New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. V. Three New Species of Metahuntemannia Smirnov (Cletodidae)

Metahuntemannia triarticulata sp.n., M. arctica sp.n. and M. bifida sp.n. arc described. M. triurficulata and M. arctica belong to the 'spinosa' group within the genus Metahuntemannia Smirnov. From the closely related species, M. triarticulata differs in the possession of 3-segmented Enp P3, M. arctica in the segmentation of the Al, and both new species in the setation of their swimming legs P1–P5. M. hifida belongs to the 'talpa' group within Metahuntemannia and differs from the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P2–P4. The species relationships and the phylogeny within the genus are discussed. All species were collected at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.     

中国假尾孢属的研究II．

本文报道中国假尾孢属的24个种,其中有2个新种:杨桐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora adinandrae Guo&Liu),钟萼假尾孢(Pseudocercospora bretschneiderae Liu&Guo),10个新组合,1个新名称:木豆假尾孢(Pseudoeercospora cajani-flavi Guo&Liu)和11个中国新记录。文中对2个新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。所研究的标本全部保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Developing DNA barcodes for species identification in Podophylloideae (Berberidaceae)

Species of Podophyllum, Dysosma, Sinopodophyllum, and Diphylleia, genera from Podophylloideae of Berberidaceae, have long been used in traditional herbal medicine in East Asia and/or North America. Accurate identification of the species of these four genera is crucial to their medicinal uses. In this study, we tested the utility of nine barcodes (matK, rbcL, atpH-atpI, rpl32-trnL^UAG, rps18-clpp, trnL-trnF, trnL-ndhJ, trnS-trnfM, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) to discriminate different species of Podophylloideae. Thirty-six individuals representing 12 species of Podophylloideae were collected from different locations in China, Japan, and North America. We assessed the feasibility of amplification and sequencing of all markers, examined the levels of the barcoding gap based on DNA sequence divergence between ranges of intra- and interspecific variation using pairwise distances, and further evaluated successful identifications using each barcode by similarity-based and tree-based methods. Results showed that nine barcodes, except rps18-clpp, have a high level of primer universality and sequencing success. As a single barcode, ITS has the most variable sites, greater intra- and interspecific divergences, and the highest species discrimination rate (83%), followed by matKwhich has moderate variation and also high species discrimination rates. However, these species can also be discriminated by ITS alone, except Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng ex T. S. Ying and D. pleiantha (Hance) Woodson. The combination of ITS + matK did not improve species resolution over ITS alone. Thus, we propose that ITS may be used as a sole region for identification of most species in Podophylloideae. The failure of ITS to distinguish D. versipellis and D. pleiantha is likely attributed to incomplete lineage sorting due to recent divergence of the two species.     

Biotechnological approaches for producing aryltetralin lignans from Linum species

The genus Linum includes more than 230 globally distributed species, which have attracted great interest as they grow rapidly and are already sources of commercially important products, e.g. flax and linseed oil. Furthermore, they contain lignans such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX), deoxypodophyllotoxin (a precursor of both PTOX and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, the latter via β-peltatin, and β-peltatin-A-methyl ether) and various derivatives. Lignans are natural compounds derived from two 8,8′-linked C₆C₃ (propylbenzene) units. PTOX is an aryltetralin-lignan with strong cytotoxic and antiviral activities. Thus, it is used as a starting material for producing various semisynthetic derivatives that are widely used in chemotherapy, such as etoposide, teniposide and etopophos. It is currently produced largely from Podophyllum hexandrum and P. peltatum, slow-growing endangered species of the Berberidaceae. Hence, the possibility of producing it from Linum, especially members of section Syllinum under either in vitro or ex vitro conditions is highly attractive. This review summarizes related research, focusing on in vitro production of aryltetralin lignans from various Linum species and possible biotechnological strategies to improve their production. The key pathways, enzymes and genes involved are highlighted and future challenges that must be met to allow viable, large-scale production of this anticancer drug lead are discussed.     

Austro-oriental genus Parabaliothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with a new Australian species forming male aggregations

A second Australian species of Parabaliothrips Priesner is described, P. newmani , forming male aggregations on the leaf buds of Moreton Bay fig, Ficus macrophylla (Moraceae). The genus, predominantly south-east Asian, is redefined and a key provided to the five described species. Members of this genus feed on leaves across a wide range of plant families, although each species is host specific. The host plant of the previously known Australian species, P. setifer Karny, is newly recognised as Leucopogon lanceolatus (Epacridaceae), and different south-east Asian species are associated with species of Betulaceae, Hamamelidaceae and Fagaceae.     

大叶蝉科一新属二新种（同翅目：叶蝉总科）

本文记述大叶蝉科一新属——肖大叶蝉属Paracicadella与一新种——红条肖大叶蝉P.rubrovitta及大叶蝉属一新种——烟翅大叶蝉Cicadella fumosa。新属新种发现于西藏,大叶蝉属新种发现于云南。     

PROTOPERIDINIUM BELIZEANUM SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM MANATEE CAY,BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA1

A new marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate species, Protoperidinium belizeanum sp. nov., from a coral reef‐mangrove pond was identified from scanning electron micrographs. Recognition of this new species was based on unique features of the thecal morphology, which included cell size and shape, presence of short and wide postcingular plates, sulcal architecture, antapical spines, and intricate thecal plate patterns of ridged hexagonal depressions. The thecal plate formula is as follows: Po, X, 4′, 3a, 7″, 4C (3+t), 6S, 5?, 2″″. Species association of P. be‐lizeanum sp. nov. within the genus Protoperidinium, its habitat, and associated dinoflagellates species are discussed.     

金线鲃属三新种记述

笔者于19661988年在云南东部的南盘江水系采到一批金线鲃标本,其中有3个系科学上尚未记载的新种,现描述于后。