饲用益生菌及其使用效果

益生菌作为饲料添加剂,可用来代替饲用抗生素,增强免疫力促进动物的健康和生长,提高饲养效率,降低饲养成本,用其代替饲用抗生素,可降低动物产品抗生素残留,抑制耐药性病原菌的发展.本文对益生菌饲料的菌种、制法及其使用效果作了介绍,并对如何利用酶制剂和乳酸发酵生产的大量废菌体作为益生菌来源提出了建议.     

微生态血粉研制与应用

试验采用多株益生菌发酵黄牛血液制成的微生态血粉,其粗蛋白含量达３５６％,含益生菌活细胞５×１０８个／克。动物饲养试验结果表明,微生态血粉在９５％的基础日粮中添加５％,能提高肉鸡增重５５％和猪增重６１％;临床试验表明,微生态血粉对鸡白痢和仔猪白痢治疗有效率分别达９４５％和８９６％。     

饲料中添加壳聚糖和益生菌对暗纹东方纯幼鱼生长及部分消化酶活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加不同浓度的益生菌(0.1%、0.2%、0.4%)、壳聚糖(0.2%、0.5%、1.0%)、壳聚糖与益生菌混合物、甘露聚糖与益生菌混合物,在室内水泥池(5.0m×2.0m×1.0m)中喂养暗纹东方鲀幼鱼(3.15±0.05g),用基础饲料投喂暗纹东方鲀作为对照,每组三个重复,60d后测定鱼体的生长、肌肉生化成分、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性和白肌RNA/DNA。结果显示,对照组相对增重率为476.4%,饲料中添加0.2%的壳聚糖、0.1%的益生菌对暗纹东方鲀的促生长作用最明显,相对增重率显著提高。壳聚糖与益生菌混合物、甘露聚糖与益生菌混合物对生长无显著影响。对照组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为82.94%、11.21%,壳聚糖、益生菌与甘露聚糖在饲料中的添加,能够显著降低肌肉脂肪含量,显著提高肌肉蛋白质含量,也能在一定程度上降低肝体比。0.2%壳聚糖和0.1%益生菌能使肠道淀粉酶活性显著增强(P<0.05),白肌RNA/DNA显著增大(P<0.05),说明肠道淀粉酶活性增强和蛋白质合成增加是壳聚糖和益生菌促进暗纹东方鲀生长的重要原因。     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状及番茄产量和品质的影响

本试验研究了两株益生细菌(巨大芽孢杆菌BM和解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA)与化肥和蚓粪配施对土壤性状、番茄产量和品质的影响．结果表明:与化肥相比,在等养分条件下蚓粪能够提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,并提高土壤pH和速效磷含量．与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅能提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖、蛋白质、维生素C含量和糖酸比,降低有机酸和硝态氮含量,而且增加了土壤pH和硝态氮含量,降低了土壤电导率;益生菌与化肥配施的效果不如益生菌与蚓粪配施．BA和BM与化肥或蚓粪配施时,番茄品质无显著差异,但BA配施蚓粪处理的番茄产量显著高于BM配施蚓粪处理;BM与化肥配施处理显著提高了土壤速效磷含量,而BA与蚓粪配施处理则显著提高了土壤速效钾含量．本研究表明,益生菌和蚓粪可替代化肥用于番茄生产和土壤肥力改良.     

益生菌地衣芽孢杆菌治疗鸡腹泻机理初探

目的：探讨益生菌地衣芽孢杆菌饲喂鸡腹泻的治疗效果以及分子机理。方法：从养鸡场土壤中选择性分离芽孢杆菌,通过优 化条件提高产生芽孢的比例;利用芽孢和大米混合后饲喂腹泻鸡,通过克隆测序分析腹泻鸡肠道微生物群落在饲喂前后的差异。 结果：我们分离到一株地衣芽孢杆菌,通过优化条件使产芽孢的比例提高到60 %。利用芽孢饲喂一周后能够有效地治疗鸡腹泻。 分析鸡肠道微生物群落发现：鸡腹泻后其肠道细菌群落的多样性和均匀度降低。造成腹泻鸡肠道主要菌群为动胶杆菌（Zoogloea sp.）;经芽孢饲喂后,主要菌群转变为拟杆菌（Bacteroides sp.）,与健康鸡的肠道微生物主要菌群相似。结论：我们筛选到一株可能 治疗鸡腹泻的芽孢杆菌,通过优化培养条件能够提高其产芽孢比例;腹泻鸡经芽孢饲喂后,其肠道中致病菌被益生菌所代替,形 成正常的肠微生物菌群而恢复健康。     

一株功能型益生菌对肉鸡生产性能的影响

实验选用3日龄AA肉鸡14 000只,随机分成2组,实验组口服功能型微生态制剂,空白对照组不饲喂任何微生态制剂,全程跟踪监测。结果表明,肉鸡在口服功能型益生菌制剂后表现出三大特点:(1)肉鸡生长加快,鸡群整齐度与均匀度有所改善,出栏平均重提高9.5%;(2)肠道环境有所改善,饲料利用率提高,实验组比对照组料肉比降低2.16%;(3)实验组鸡群可提前3~5 d出栏。     

低聚异麦芽糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌以及钙代谢和骨矿盐密度影响的初步研究

目的：研究低聚异麦芽糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌的影响以及与骨钙代谢变化的关系。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（每组10只）FC组;普通对照组（饲喂普通饲料）;SC组,模拟失重对照组（饲喂普通饲料）;SS组,模拟失重低聚异麦芽糖组（饲喂普通饲料 低聚异麦芽糖）,实验期21d。结果：SC组大鼠肠道益生菌（主要是双歧杆菌和乳杆菌）数量、饲料钙的表观吸收率、股骨骨密度（BMD）,骨钙含量以及骨钙素（BGP）的水平显著低于FC组,而血钙水平明显高于FC组;SS组大鼠肠道益生菌数量,饲料钙的表观吸收率,骨密度,骨钙含量以及骨钙素水平较SC组高,血钙水平显著低于SC组。结论：低聚异麦芽糖可以促进模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌的增殖,减少股骨骨质的丢失,提高股骨BMD,增加骨形成,对骨代谢产生一定的有益影响。     

肠道益生菌复合制剂预防重症监护病房抗生素相关性腹泻的临床应用

目的探讨肠道益生菌复合制剂预防重症监护病房抗生素相关性腹泻临床效果。方法将181例ICU患者随机分为预防组（90例）,对照组（91例）,预防组在对照组广谱抗感染及对症治疗的基础上加用乳酸杆菌复合制剂。观察两组患者发生抗生素相关性腹泻情况。结果抗生素相关性腹泻在预防组出现8／90例（8．89％）,对照组出现23／91例（25．27％）,两组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,发生率绝对值下降16．38％。结论乳酸杆菌复合制剂可以预防和减少ICU抗生素相关性腹泻发病率,降低住院费用。     

复合益生菌粉对小鼠免疫机能的影响研究

目的：研究复合益生菌粉在增强免疫力功能方面的作用。方法：采用经口灌胃给予方式,设受试物组3组,分别为低、中、高剂量组,同时设阴性对照组（生理盐水）,从小鼠体重指标、细胞免疫、体液免疫、单核—吞噬细胞活性、NK细胞活性等方面综合评价复合益生菌对小鼠体内免疫机能的影响。结果：与空白对照组相比,中、高剂量下的益生菌粉组中的小鼠抗体生成细胞数显著增加（P<0.05）;低、中、高剂量益生菌组中的小鼠碳廓清功能显著提高（P<0.05）;高剂量组的NK细胞活性比对照组有显著性提高（P<0.01）。不同剂量的益生菌给予期间,均未见益生菌粉对小鼠体重、脾脏/体重比值、胸腺/体重比值、足趾肿胀度、淋巴细胞增殖能力、半数溶血、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力有影响。结论：该复合益生菌粉能够增强体液免疫、单核—吞噬细胞活性和NK细胞的活性,具有一定的免疫增强功能。     

不同菌株同态发酵玉米秸秆生产饲料蛋白的比较研究

利用24株能够降解纤维素和木质素的菌种对玉米秸秆粉进行单菌株发酵、多菌株组合发酵以及不同氮源发酵生产饲料蛋白的比较研究。结果表明。结果表明：24株单菌株发酵中F－21的发酵产物真蛋白含量最高（平均为7．64％）;以F－5,F－17,F－21和F－24组成的多菌株发酵体系,经3d发酵后,发酵产物粗蛋白含量由2．80％提高到10．07％比原料本身的粗蛋白含量高259．6％;粗纤维含量由38．17％降低到36．07％,氨基酸总量由2．1％增加到5．7％,比原料本身高171．4％,且氮基酸种类齐全;尿素和（NH4）2SO4的添加量与发酵产物真蛋白含量的关系呈抛物线,对相同添加量以尿素效果较好,而在尿素中,2％的添加量为最好,聚类分析将24株单菌株发酵后真蛋白含量和对照分为4组,其中G3{F-1,F-21}发酵效果最好,G1{F-3,F-5,F-7,F-8,F-12,F-13,F-15,F-17,F-19,F-20,F-22}次之,G2{F-2,F-4,F-9,F-10,F-11,F-14,F-18,F-18,F-23,F-24}较差,G4{对照,F－16}最差。试验结果表明,由F－5,F－17,F－21和F－24组成的多菌株发酵体系为发酵秸秆生产饲料蛋白的优良菌株。     

Effect of fermented feed on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs.

An in vivo experiment was performed with pigs to study the inhibitory effect of fermented feed on the bacterial population of the gastrointestinal tract. Results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between pH and lactobacilli in the stomach contents of pigs in dry feed as well as in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the pH and the numbers of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach of pigs fed dry feed was found. In the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed, a significant negative correlation was found between the concentration of the undissociated form of lactic acid and the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed fermented feed were significantly lower compared with the contents of the stomach, ileum, caecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed dry feed. The numbers of total lactobacilli were significantly higher in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed and in the ileum contents of one pig group fed fermented feed compared with the contents of pigs fed dry feed. However, the influence of lactobacilli on numbers of Enterobacteriaceae could not be demonstrated. It was concluded that fermented feed influences the bacterial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Effect of Fermented Feed on the Microbial Population of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Pigs

An in vivo experiment was performed with pigs to study the inhibitory effect of fermented feed on the bacterial population of the gastrointestinal tract. Results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between pH and lactobacilli in the stomach contents of pigs in dry feed as well as in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the pH and the numbers of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach of pigs fed dry feed was found. In the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed, a significant negative correlation was found between the concentration of the undissociated form of lactic acid and the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed fermented feed were significantly lower compared with the contents of the stomach, ileum, caecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed dry feed. The numbers of total lactobacilli were significantly higher in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed and in the ileum contents of one pig group fed fermented feed compared with the contents of pigs fed dry feed. However, the influence of lactobacilli on numbers of Enterobacteriaceae could not be demonstrated. It was concluded that fermented feed influences the bacterial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Effects of feeding antibiotic-free creep feed supplemented with oligofructose, probiotics or synbiotics to suckling piglets increases the preweaning weight gain and composition of intestinal microbiota

The objective of this study was to determine whether feeding an antibiotic-free creep feed supplemented with either oligofructose, probiotics or synbiotics to suckling piglets influences growth performance, the gut microflora, gut morphology and hematological traits at weaning. Twenty sows with 10 piglets each were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. The treatments consisted of a control (antibiotic-free) diet, 0.2% oligofructose (OF), 0.3% probiotics or 0.5% synbiotics (mixture of 0.2% OF+0.3% probiotics). Piglets were offered the diet ad libitum from 7 d after birth until one day after weaning (21 d of age). At the day after weaning, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein to determine the immune response. Digesta samples of the ileum and colon were collected to determine the microbial composition. Tissue segments from the duodenum and ileum were collected for morphometric measurements of the small intestine. The average daily weight gain was significantly higher for piglets fed the OF or synbiotics diet compared with the pigs fed the control diet. The hematological traits (the concentration of lymphocytes and neutrophils in whole blood) were not affected by the diet. Piglets fed the OF, probiotics or synbiotics diet had a significantly decreased number of total coliform bacteria in the colon. Feeding OF, probiotics or synbiotics significantly increased the population of bifidobacteria in the ileum compared to the control. In the colon, the probiotics and synbiotics diet significantly increased the number of bifidobacteria compared with the control diet. The results of this experiment showed that supplementation of oligofructose or synbiotics to an antibiotic-free creep feed during the preweaning period affected gut microbial population and performance of piglets.     

Potential rates of fermentation in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs: effect of feeding fermented liquid feed

Microbial catabolic capacity in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed either dry feed or fermented liquid feed (FLF) was determined with the PhenePlate multisubstrate system. The in vitro technique was modified to analyze the kinetics of substrate catabolism mediated by the standing stock of enzymes (potential rates of fermentation), allowing a quantitative evaluation of the dietary effect on the catabolic capacity of the microbiota. In total, the potential rates of fermentation were significantly reduced in digesta from the large intestine (cecum, P < 0.1; colon, P < 0.01; and rectum, P < 0.0001) of pigs fed FLF compared to pigs fed dry feed. No effect of diet was observed in the stomach (P = 0.71) or the distal part of the small intestine (P = 0.97). The highest rates of fermentation and the most significant effect of diet were observed for readily fermentable carbohydrates like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Feeding FLF to pigs also led to a reduction in the large intestine of the total counts of anaerobic bacteria in general and lactic acid bacteria specifically, as well as of microbial activity, as determined by the concentration of ATP and short-chain fatty acids. The low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were fermented mainly to lactic acid in the FLF before being fed to the animals. This may have limited microbial nutrient availability in the digesta reaching the large intestine of pigs fed FLF and may have caused the observed reduction in activity and density of the cecal and colonic microbial population. On the other hand, feeding FLF to pigs reduced the viable counts of coliform bacteria (indicator of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) most profoundly in the stomach and the distal part of the small intestine, probably due to the bactericidal effect of lactic acid and low pH. The results presented clearly demonstrate that feeding FLF to pigs had a great impact on the indigenous microbiota, as reflected in bacterial numbers, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and substrate utilization. However, completely different mechanisms may be involved in the proximal and the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study illustrates the utility of the PhenePlate system for quantifying the catabolic capacity of the indigenous gastrointestinal tract microbiota.     

Replacement of maize by rumen filtrate fermented corn-cob in layer diets

Laying hens (50 weeks in-lay) were fed for 8 weeks on diets containing corn-cobs fermented with rumen filtrate. The fermented corn-cob was included in the diets at 0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 20.0% of the total diet at the expense of maize. Feed intake was not significantly (P>0.05) different, although birds on the control diet consumed slightly more feed than birds on the fermented corn-cob based diets. Hen day production and feed per dozen eggs decreased with increase in dietary level of corn-cob (P<0.05). Yolk colour was significantly (P<0.05) affected, rumen filtrate fermented corn-cob appear to promote better yolk coloration. Egg weight and shell thickness were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. The overall results appear to suggest that rumen filtrate fermentated corn-cob could provide a material that holds promise as a good alternative to maize because of its enhanced crude protein value and reduced crude fibre content.     

Probiotics – do they have a role in the pig industry?

The delivery of certain living microorganisms in food has long been suggested as having positive health effects in humans. This practice has extended into food animal production, with a variety of microorganisms being used; lactic acid bacteria, various Bacillus species and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly used in the pig industry. The increased interest in probiotics is essentially due to the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and following the ban of the use of antibiotics in animal production, probiotics being considered an alternative means to reduce pathogen infection and improve animal health especially around the time of weaning. However, there is still a need to clarify the probiotic effectiveness in pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. When assessing the efficacy of probiotics one must consider the particular strain of organism being used and the production stage of the pigs being treated. The reproducible delivery of probiotics in industrial pig production is problematic as maintenance of viability is key to their beneficial activity, but difficult to achieve with commonly used feed processing technologies. One specific context where probiotics organisms may be reliably delivered is in systems utilising fermented liquid feeds. Liquid feed may be fermented by the activity of wild lactic acid bacteria or may be stimulated using specific isolates as 'starters'; the latter system has advantages in terms of reproducibility and speed of fermentation. The farm context in which the organism is used is likely to be critical; the use of probiotics is more likely to result in measurable economic gains in animals living in sub-optimal conditions rather than in those reared in the highest welfare and husbandry conditions. The establishment of a beneficial lactic acid bacteria population at birth may lead to healthier animals, this may be most effectively achieved by treating sows, which provide an amplification step and flood the neonatal pigs' environment with desirable bacterial strains. In contrast, it may be sufficient to provide a supportive, protective microbiota around the time of weaning as this is a time of major crisis with instability and loss of certain bacterial populations.     

Reducing effect of feeding powdered scallop shell on the body fat mass of rats

The lipolytic effect of powdered scallop shells was estimated in vitro and in vivo. The scallop shells consisted of 98% calcium carbonate and 2% organic compounds, the extracted organic components promoted lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Male Wistar rats were fed on an experimental diet containing either the scallop shell powder or calcium carbonate (control) for 28 d. Feeding the scallop shell powder resulted in a decrease in body weight and in the weight of white adipose tissue. While the organ weights of the liver, kidney, testis, pancreas, and spleen, and of the brown adipose tissue relative to the body weight were no different between the scallop shell powder diet and control diet, the white adipose tissue weight relative to the body weight significantly decreased in the rats fed on the scallop shell powder. The glycerol concentration in the serum increased in the rats fed on the scallop shell powder, suggesting that this promoted lipolysis in the adipose tissue. These results show that the organic components in the scallop shells induced the decrease in weight of the adipose tissue due to the promotion of lipolysis.     

Potential Rates of Fermentation in Digesta from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs: Effect of Feeding Fermented Liquid Feed

Microbial catabolic capacity in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed either dry feed or fermented liquid feed (FLF) was determined with the PhenePlate multisubstrate system. The in vitro technique was modified to analyze the kinetics of substrate catabolism mediated by the standing stock of enzymes (potential rates of fermentation), allowing a quantitative evaluation of the dietary effect on the catabolic capacity of the microbiota. In total, the potential rates of fermentation were significantly reduced in digesta from the large intestine (cecum, P < 0.1; colon, P < 0.01; and rectum, P < 0.0001) of pigs fed FLF compared to pigs fed dry feed. No effect of diet was observed in the stomach (P = 0.71) or the distal part of the small intestine (P = 0.97). The highest rates of fermentation and the most significant effect of diet were observed for readily fermentable carbohydrates like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Feeding FLF to pigs also led to a reduction in the large intestine of the total counts of anaerobic bacteria in general and lactic acid bacteria specifically, as well as of microbial activity, as determined by the concentration of ATP and short-chain fatty acids. The low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were fermented mainly to lactic acid in the FLF before being fed to the animals. This may have limited microbial nutrient availability in the digesta reaching the large intestine of pigs fed FLF and may have caused the observed reduction in activity and density of the cecal and colonic microbial population. On the other hand, feeding FLF to pigs reduced the viable counts of coliform bacteria (indicator of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) most profoundly in the stomach and the distal part of the small intestine, probably due to the bactericidal effect of lactic acid and low pH. The results presented clearly demonstrate that feeding FLF to pigs had a great impact on the indigenous microbiota, as reflected in bacterial numbers, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and substrate utilization. However, completely different mechanisms may be involved in the proximal and the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study illustrates the utility of the PhenePlate system for quantifying the catabolic capacity of the indigenous gastrointestinal tract microbiota.     

粘质沙雷氏菌产灵菌红素培养基的筛选

目的：确定菌株S418产生灵菌红素的最优培养基配方及其的分类地位。方法：以花生粉为基础培养基,通过单因素试验和四因素三水平正交试验筛选出了菌株S418产灵菌红素的最佳培养基配方;根据该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列系统发育树分析初步确定了菌株S418的分类地位。结果：培养基最优配方为：花生粉2%,花生油0.5%,L-脯氨酸1%,硫酸镁0.025%。在28℃、pH7.5、250r/min振荡培养24h,灵菌红素产量达67.92mg/L。菌株S418初步鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌（Serratia marcescensS418）。结论：花生粉培养基是一种适合粘质沙雷氏菌产灵菌红素的优良培养基。     

灵芝液体发酵条件的研究

本文研究了某些因素对灵芝液体发酵的影响。4天菌龄的液体菌种发酵效果最好;300毫升三角瓶以装入60毫升培养液发酵较合适;蔗糖、花生饼粉分别为灵芝液体发酵的理想碳、氮源;液体发酵培养基最佳配方为:蔗糖4％、花生饼粉3％、硫酸铵0.15％、磷酸二氢钾0.15％,可得灵芝菌丝体百分干重为0.83,每100毫升发酵液得粗多糖0.3克。