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1.
不同玉米品种对截形叶螨种群参数的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在室内28±1 ℃条件下,应用叶盘法研究了中单2号、农大108、赤单202和巴丹3号4个不同玉米品种对截形叶螨种群参数的影响.结果表明,在不同品种玉米上,截形叶螨卵期、若螨期、产卵前期、成螨寿命、单雌产卵量、日均产卵量、净增殖率、周限增长率、内禀增长率、世代平均周期和种群加倍时间均有明显差异(P<0.05);其孵化率为中单2号95.8%、农大108 94.0%、赤单202 90.0%和巴单3号84.0%;幼、若螨期存活率相应地为90.5%、84.0%、86.0%和72.0%;存活曲线均为I型净增殖率在中单2号上最高为41.4,而在巴单3号上最低为16.8;中单2号是其最喜食的品种,其次为农大108,再次为赤单202,对巴单3号的嗜食性最差.  相似文献   

2.
比哈小爪螨实验种群生命表的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文研究了比哈小爪螨5个温度梯度的实验种群生命表.结果表明15 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最小,分别为0.0235和1.0238,种群倍增时间最长(29.47 d);35 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大,分别为0.3069和0.3592,种群倍增时间最短(2.26 d),说明高温有利于该螨种群的增长.25 ℃时净增殖率最大(56.30).35 ℃的世代生长周期最短(11.97 d).15 ℃时其寿命最长(98.90±20.77 d),35 ℃时寿命最短(19.00±3.11 d).最高平均产卵量71.60粒/雌和最高日平均产卵量4.10粒/雌/天均在25 ℃时出现.15 ℃时平均产卵量最低(8.80粒/雌),日平均产卵量仅有0.34粒/雌/天.最大日产卵量出现在35 ℃时(12.00粒/雌/天).  相似文献   

3.
本在25℃条件下初步研究了胡瓜钝绥螨捕食茶橙瘿螨的实验种群生命表、各螨态取食量及猎物--卵转化率。25℃时胡瓜钝绥螨的净增殖率R0=21.7862,世代平均周期T=16.1822,内禀增长率rm=0.1904,周限增长率λ=1.2097,种群倍增所需时间t=3.6405。日平均产卵量2.19粒/天,总产卵量36-48粒/雌,平均38.97粒/雌。胡瓜钝绥螨雌螨-生取食量1978.49头。雄螨取食量879.56头。猎物:卵转化率为79.78头茶橙瘿螨:2.19粒胡瓜钝绥螨卵。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】捕食螨运动速率直接影响其捕食能力。本研究分析了5种寄主植物对捕食螨——双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus运动速率的影响,旨在探究双尾新小绥螨在不同寄主植物上对土耳其斯坦叶螨的捕食能力。【方法】采用数字图像处理技术,分析双尾新小绥螨雌成螨在菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris、棉花Gossypium hirsutum、番茄Solanum lycopersicum、茄子Solanum melongena和黄瓜Cucumis sativus上的运动速度,进一步采用小室观察法比较了寄主植物对双尾新小绥螨捕食功能反应的影响。【结果】双尾新小绥螨在5种寄主植物上的运动速度依次为:菜豆(0. 62 cm/s)和棉花(0. 60 cm/s)黄瓜(0. 38 cm/s)和茄子(0. 36 cm/s)番茄(0. 27 cm/s)。进一步捕食功能反应结果表明,在5种寄主植物上,双尾新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高,增加到一定程度后趋于缓和,其捕食类型均属于HollingⅡ型。双尾新小绥螨在菜豆上对土耳其斯坦叶螨的攻击系数(a)最高,为1. 124;在棉花上的处理时间(Th)最短,为0. 059。同时,在菜豆和棉花上的捕食能力较强,a/Th值分别为18. 177和16. 763;而在番茄、茄子和黄瓜上的捕食能力较弱,a/Th值分别为6. 780,6. 537和6. 369。【结论】双尾新小绥螨在棉花和菜豆上的运动速度最快,同时捕食能力也最强。  相似文献   

5.
在15~35℃、RH80%~85%条件下,研究了加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (Mcgregor)以截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara为猎物时,不同螨态的发育和实验种群生命表。结果表明,加州新小绥螨在此温度范围内能完成世代发育,世代发育历期随着温度升高而逐渐缩短。该螨能适应35℃的高温条件,雌性的发育历期最短仅为6.14d。平均产卵期和平均寿命均随着温度的上升逐渐缩短。20℃~25℃时,该螨的平均产卵量最大,达53.73粒/雌。净增殖率在20℃时最高(48.2525),且雌雄性比最大。15℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最低,分别为0.0638和1.0659,种群倍增时间最长(10.8669d),35℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最高,分别为0.1954和1.2158,种群倍增时间最短(3.5477d)。  相似文献   

6.
寄主植物对双斑恩蚜小蜂的发育、存活和繁殖的影响   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
邱宝利  任顺祥 《昆虫学报》2005,48(3):365-369
研究了茄子和扶桑两种不同寄主植物对烟粉虱寄生性天敌双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata发育、存活和繁殖等特性的影响。在26±0.5℃的条件下,在扶桑上,双斑恩蚜小蜂卵至成虫的发育历期为13.6天,2龄幼虫至成虫的存活率为93.2%;而在茄子上双斑恩蚜小蜂卵至成虫的发育历期和2龄幼虫至成虫的存活率分别为12.1天和91.1%。扶桑上双斑恩蚜小蜂雌性成虫的平均寿命为8.0天,平均单雌产卵量为35.9粒;而在茄子上雌性成虫的平均寿命为6.6天,平均单雌产卵量为27.6粒。双斑恩蚜小蜂在扶桑和茄子植物上的种群内禀增长率分别为0.2081和0.892。两种不同寄主植物对双斑恩蚜小蜂在若虫发育历期和存活率、成虫寿命和平均产卵量以及内禀增长率等方面均存在着显著差异。研究结果表明,寄主植物对双斑恩蚜小蜂的发育、存活和繁殖有较大的影响。  相似文献   

7.
寄主植物对B型烟粉虱选择行为和生物学参数的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
通过培养皿内自由扩散观察和生物学观察,对黄瓜、茄子、辣椒、棉花和甘薯上B型烟粉虱的寄主选择性和生物学参数进行了研究.结果表明:B型烟粉虱成虫向寄主植物叶片自由扩散的初始阶段(2 h),各寄主植物叶片上虫量的差异不大,在随后的4~48 h内黄瓜叶片上的虫量不断增加,茄子、棉花和甘薯叶片上的虫量相对稳定,而辣椒叶片上的虫量却不断下降,说明B型烟粉虱对黄瓜的选择性最强、对辣椒的选择性最弱,且饥饿和吡虫啉预处理均不影响B型烟粉虱的寄主选择性;取食不同寄主植物烟粉虱成虫的蜜露分泌量差异显著,从高到低依次为黄瓜、甘薯、棉花、茄子、辣椒;黄瓜、茄子、甘薯、棉花上烟粉虱成虫的寿命显著长于辣椒,其平均单雌产卵量(分别为224.33粒、182.33粒、191.73粒和172.60粒)也均显著高于辣椒(47.83粒);各寄主植物上烟粉虱卵的孵化率和发育历期差异均不显著;烟粉虱若虫在黄瓜、茄子、甘薯和棉花上的发育历期分别为10.60 d、11.96 d、11.11 d和13.20 d,死亡率分别为5.21%、27.78%、17.24%和37.11%,在辣椒上不能完成正常发育.  相似文献   

8.
甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵和取食选择   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
张娜  郭建英  万方浩  吴刚 《昆虫学报》2009,52(11):1229-1235
为了探讨甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua对不同寄主植物的产卵选择及成虫产卵选择与幼虫取食选择间的关联度, 本研究选取玉米、豇豆、甘蓝、黄瓜、棉花、辣椒和番茄7种植物进行了选择性和非选择性实验研究, 并采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了成虫对其中3种寄主植物及其挥发物抽提物的趋性。结果表明:在田间非选择性实验中, 甜菜夜蛾在不同寄主植物上的落卵量依次为:玉米>辣椒>棉花>黄瓜、豇豆、番茄>甘蓝。Y型嗅觉仪的行为测定表明, 雌成虫对玉米及其挥发物抽提物的趋性最强, 黄瓜次之, 对甘蓝的趋性最弱, 这与雌虫的产卵选择性一致。不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择性有所不同, 且随观测时间的延长有所改变;低龄幼虫对豇豆、玉米和黄瓜的选择性较强, 对甘蓝、番茄、辣椒和棉花的取食选择性则较弱, 高龄幼虫对辣椒也具有较强的选择性;5龄幼虫对寄主植物的选择性不如低龄幼虫明显。结果显示, 甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性显著不同, 植物抽提物在雌成虫的产卵选择中具有重要作用, 甜菜夜蛾对寄主植物的产卵选择性和幼虫取食选择性并不一致。  相似文献   

9.
为明确新疆野苹果Malus sieversii吉尔吉斯与栽培苹果Malus domestica金冠对苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi生长发育和繁殖的影响, 在室温23±1℃, 相对湿度75%±5%, 光周期16L∶8D条件下, 组建了苹果全爪螨在吉尔吉斯和金冠上的实验种群两性生命表。结果显示: 吉尔吉斯和金冠对苹果全爪螨雌螨寿命、 产卵期及总产卵量等有明显影响、 而对总发育历期、 总产卵前期、 未成熟螨存活率等影响不显著。苹果全爪螨总发育历期在吉尔吉斯(雌12.60 d, 雄11.40 d)和金冠(雌12.54 d, 雄 11.67 d)上无显著差异, 雌成螨寿命在金冠(13.46 d)上显著长于在吉尔吉斯(10.88 d)上(P<0.05)。产卵期在金冠和吉尔吉斯上分别为10.55 d和8.30 d, 达到显著差异水平(P<0.05)。总产卵量在金冠上为34.12粒/雌, 显著高于在吉尔吉斯上(22.48粒/雌)(P<0.05)。苹果全爪螨在吉尔吉斯上内禀增长率(r)、 净增殖率(R0)、 世代平均周期(T)、 周限增长率(λ)分别为0.1354, 11.96, 18.33和1.1450, 而在金冠上分别为0.1489, 17.39, 19.18和1.1606。由种群动态参数可知, 苹果全爪螨在金冠上种群数量增长快于在吉尔吉斯上。研究结果有助于深入了解该螨在新疆野苹果与栽培苹果上种群动态, 并为苹果抗螨性育种及害螨综合治理提供理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
不同寄主植物对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响   总被引:21,自引:2,他引:19  
邱宝利  任顺祥  林莉  P.D. Musa 《生态学报》2003,23(6):1206-1211
研究了烟粉虱 B型 ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)在番茄、茄子、黄瓜和甘蓝上的发育、存活和繁殖情况。在 2 6± 1℃的条件下 ,烟粉虱从卵发育到成虫的存活率以在甘蓝上的最高 ,为 68.5 5 % ,黄瓜上的最低 ,为46.2 8% ;发育时间以在茄子上最短 ,为 1 7.5 d,黄瓜上最长 ,为 1 9.3d,差异显著 ;平均单雌产卵量以在甘蓝上最大 ,为 1 43粒 ,黄瓜上最小 ,为 98.2 5粒 ;成虫的寿命以在甘蓝上最长 ,平均为 2 5 .2 d,黄瓜上为 1 7.2 d;内禀增长率 rm以在茄子上的最大 ,为 0 .1 41 6,黄瓜上最小 ,为 0 .1 1 43。综合比较 4种不同寄主植物 ,茄子是烟粉虱种群生长发育和繁殖最适宜的寄主  相似文献   

11.
西花蓟马对蔬菜寄主的选择性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郅军锐 《生态学报》2011,31(6):1720-1726
通过西花蓟马在田间不同蔬菜上的种群数量、在室内对不同蔬菜的自由选择和不同蔬菜对西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖的影响等方面,研究了西花蓟马对蔬菜寄主的选择性。结果表明西花蓟马在田间可危害24种蔬菜,但在不同蔬菜上种群数量差异很大,存在明显的寄主选择性,对黄瓜、四季豆、茄子、萝卜和香菜的嗜食度很高,为最适宜寄主,而对番茄、蒜、芹菜等11种蔬菜的嗜食度较低,为非适宜寄主。西花蓟马在室内的自由选择结果表明西花蓟马在7种不同蔬菜上着落的成虫数量和产卵量不同,其选择性为黄瓜>四季豆>茄子>莴苣>甘蓝>芹菜>蒜。不同蔬菜对西花蓟马的发育历期和产卵量有明显的影响,西花蓟马在黄瓜上发育最快,在四季豆上产卵量最高。西花蓟马对蔬菜寄主的选择性在田间的调查结果和室内实验结果基本一致。  相似文献   

12.
Cyclopenin (C17H14O3N2) and cyclopenol (C17H14O4N2), isolatedfrom an abberent strain of Penicillium cyclopium (NRRL 6233),significantly inhibited the growth of etiolated wheat (Triticumaestivum) coleoptile segments. The former inhibited at 10–3and 10–4 M, the latter at 10–3 M. Cyclopenin producedmalformation of the first set of trifoliate leaves in bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) at 10–2 M and necrosis and stunting in corn(Zea mays) at 10–2 M. Cyclopenol induced no apparent effectsin bean or corn plants. Neither compound changed the growthor morphology of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Cyclopenininduced intoxication, prostration and ataxia in day-old chicksat 500 mg/kg, but they recovered within 18 hours. Cyclopenolwas inactive against chicks when dosed at levels up to 500 mg/kg. (Received October 11, 1983; Accepted December 15, 1983)  相似文献   

13.
Studying antagonistic coevolution between host plants and herbivores is particularly relevant for polyphagous species that can experience a great diversity of host plants with a large range of defenses. Here, we performed experimental evolution with the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae to detect how mites can exploit host plants. We thus compared on a same host the performance of replicated populations from an ancestral one reared for hundreds of generations on cucumber plants that were shifted to either tomato or cucumber plants. We controlled for maternal effects by rearing females from all replicated populations on either tomato or cucumber leaves, crossing this factor with the host plant in a factorial design. About 24 generations after the host shift and for all individual mites, we measured the following fitness components on tomato leaf fragments: survival at all stages, acceptance of the host plant by juvenile and adult mites, longevity, and female fecundity. The host plant on which mite populations had evolved did not affect the performance of the mites, but only affected their sex ratio. Females that lived on tomato plants for circa 24 generations produced a higher proportion of daughters than did females that lived on cucumber plants. In contrast, maternal effects influenced juvenile survival, acceptance of the host plant by adult mites and female fecundity. Independently of the host plant species on which their population had evolved, females reared on the tomato maternal environment produced offspring that survived better on tomato as juveniles, but accepted less this host plant as adults and had a lower fecundity than did females reared on the cucumber maternal environment. We also found that temporal blocks affected mite dispersal and both female longevity and fecundity. Taken together, our results show that the host plant species can affect critical parameters of population dynamics, and most importantly that maternal and environmental conditions can facilitate colonization and exploitation of a novel host in the polyphagous T. urticae, by affecting dispersal behavior (host acceptance) and female fecundity.  相似文献   

14.
Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana were studied on life table parameters of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae feeding on bean and cucumber under laboratory conditions. The developmental periods for all immature stages were not affected by fungal infection on each host plant but the duration of larval stage was significantly longer on bean. The female and male longevity, oviposition period and fecundity were significantly lower on fungus-treated mites but were not different between two host plants. Significant reductions were found on the intrinsic rate of increase (r m ), the net reproductive rate (R 0), the finite rate of increase (λ), the mean generation time (T c ) and the population doubling time (D t ) as a result of mycosis. Only the mean generation time (T c ) was influenced considering the effect of host plant, which was shorter on cucumber.  相似文献   

15.
The ability of three plant species (sweet corn, cucumber, and winged bean) to remediate soil spiked with 138.9 and 95.9 mg of anthracene and fluorene per kg of dry soil, respectively, by single and double plant co-cultivation was investigated. After 15 and 30 days of transplantation, plant elongation, plant weight, chlorophyll content, and the content of each PAH in soil and plant tissues were determined. Based on PAH removal and plant health, winged bean was the most effective plant for phytoremediation when grown alone; percentage of fluorene and anthracene remaining in the rhizospheric soil after 30 days were 7.8% and 24.2%, respectively. The most effective combination of plants for phytoremediation was corn and winged bean; on day 30, amounts of fluorene and anthracene remaining in the winged bean rhizospheric soil were 3.4% and 14.3%, respectively; amounts of fluorene and anthracene remaining in the sweet corn rhizospheric soil were 4.1% and 8.8%, respectively. Co-cultivation of sweet corn and cucumber could remove fluorene to a higher extent than anthracene from soil within 15 days, but these plants did not survive and died before day 30. The amounts of fluorene remaining in the rhizospheric soil of corn and cucumber were only 14% and 17.3%, respectively, on day 15. No PAHs were detected in plant tissues. This suggests that phytostimulation of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere was most likely the mechanism by which the PAHs were removed from the spiked soil. The results show that co-cultivation of plants has merit in the phytoremediation of PAH-spiked soil.  相似文献   

16.
Olfactory responses of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) to odors from six vegetable host plants-cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), eggplant (Solanum melongena), celery (Apium graveolens) and garlic (Allium sativum) - were measured in choice tests in a Y-tube olfactometer, while host suitability of these same plants was assessed based on life table parameters-development time, survival rates, fertility, offspring sex ratio, female longevity, and an index of population change (I) - measured on leaf disks. Olfactory response was measured on both undamaged and mechanically-damaged plants. Regardless of plant damaged, female F. occidentalis responded positively to the odors of cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, and eggplant, but showed negative responses to celery and garlic, when offered a choice of plant odor or clean air. When female thrips were offered choices between each possible pairing of undamaged plants, or pairings of mechanically-damaged plants, the order of preference was cabbage = lettuce = cucumber > eggplant > celery = garlic. Male thrips responded differently, males responded positively only to undamaged lettuce and eggplant compared to clean air, while among mechanically-damaged plants only cucumber elicited a positive response. Given a choice between all possible pairings of undamaged plants, male thrips preferred lettuce to celery, and eggplant to garlic, whereas among pairings of mechanically-damaged plants male thrips preferred lettuce to celery, and cucumber to eggplant. The order of suitability of the six host plants based on life table parameters for F. occidentalis was essentially the same as the order of preference by female thrips. These results indicate that host plant odor is an important cue for female F. occidentalis in recognizing hosts suitable for oviposition. Information on plant attraction and repellency may be useful in thrips pest management. In addition, the correspondence of preference and performance that we found suggests that evolution of local host adaptation and, perhaps, host specialization, is possible.  相似文献   

17.
北京地区朱砂叶螨在蔬菜集约化栽培下的种群动态   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了明确集约化栽培管理模式对蔬菜上朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)的种群数量及动态的影响,2008年在中国农科院蔬菜花卉所塑料棚和露地春、秋茬5种蔬菜上,调查了该螨的种群动态。结果表明,6月中旬春棚的朱砂叶螨种群数量达到高峰期,6月下旬后则明显下降;露地春茬菜豆、茄子、甜椒和黄瓜于6月上旬始见叶螨发生,有螨株率比单株螨量增长迅速,番茄上未发现叶螨。塑料棚和露地秋茬菜豆、茄子和黄瓜上朱砂叶螨发生数量低于13.3头/株,番茄、甜椒寄主上均未发现叶螨为害。分析认为,集约化栽培措施是制约朱砂叶螨种群发生数量的关键因素,降雨和高湿等不良的气象条件也有重要影响。  相似文献   

18.
Adult female twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, reared on lima bean plants were moved to cucumber, maize, or new lima bean plants (the latter being a control) and evaluated after 24 h or 7 d for changes in susceptibility to three pesticides and in levels of related detoxification enzymes. The largest and most consistent changes were observed in mites feeding on cucumber. Susceptibility of mites on cucumber to the synthetic pyrethroids bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was greater than that of mites reared on lima bean and maize after only 24 h on the plants, and remained higher after 7 d. Mites on cucumber also were more susceptible to the organophosphate dimethoate than were mites on lima bean, but only after 7 d on the host. Susceptibility was inversely related to activities of both general esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mites on cucumber; general esterase and GST activities were 60 and 25% lower, respectively, than activities of twospotted spider mite on lima bean after 7 d of feeding. Mites on maize were slightly but significantly more susceptible than those on lima bean to bifenthrin, but not to lambda-cyhalothrin, after 7 d and to dimethoate after 24 h but not after 7 d. General esterase and GST activities in twospotted spider mite fed on maize for 24 h were 20 and 16% higher, respectively, than activities in twospotted spider mite on lima bean, but general esterase activity was 30% lower than lima bean-fed mites and GST was not different after 7 d. Thus, plant-induced changes in general esterase activity, perhaps in combination with GST activity, in twospotted spider mite appear to be inversely related to, and possibly responsible for, changes in susceptibility of twospotted spider mite to several pesticides, particularly the synthetic pyrethroids. General esterases appear to play less of a role in the detoxification of the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate.  相似文献   

19.
We quantified the tritrophic effect of host plant on the susceptibility of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to a fungal pathogen in the laboratory. Second-instar whiteflies reared on cucumber, eggplant, tomato and bean plants for six generations were exposed to conidial suspensions of Isaria fumosorosea isolate IF-1106. Our results did not detect differences in response (proportional survival or median lethal time, LT50 days) among insect populations derived from different plants that were treated with 107 conidia/ml. However, at concentrations ≤ 5×106 conidia/ml, whiteflies reared on bean and tomato died significantly more quickly (i.e. LT50 of 4–5 days) compared with cucumber and eggplant reared populations (5–7 days). Bean and tomato-reared populations were also more susceptible to mycosis (LC50 ≈ 6 × 105 conidia/ml) compared with those reared on cucumber (1.9 × 106 conidia/ml) and eggplant (1.5 × 106 conidia/ml). A separate study confirmed that this differential response of whitefly populations to I. fumosorosea was not explained by differences in deposition rate of conidia on leaf surfaces (i.e. a dosage effect). Our findings show that host plants affect the pathogenicity and virulence of a herbivore pathogen, but depend on the rate of exposure (inoculum) applied.  相似文献   

20.
Healthy pea plants contain a substance, tentatively called "endogenoussuppressor", which specifically suppresses the accumulationof pisatin in pea plants that is induced by treatment with CuCl2or an elicitor from Mycosphaerella pinodes. This suppressorelicits the accumulation of phytoalexins in other legumes, suchas kidney bean, soybean and cowpea. The endogenous suppressorfunctions to delay the accumulation of pisatin, the activationof phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and the accumulation ofmRNAs for PAL and chalcone synthase induced by the elicitorfrom M. pinodes. The substance specifically induces susceptibilityto nonpathogens, such as Mycosphaerella ligulicola and M. melonis,in pea out of four species of legume tested, but the effectis not cultivar-specific. Thus, the endogenous suppressor inhealthy pea plants suppresses a series of self-defense reactionsand induces susceptibility in pea plants in a species-specificmanner, being similar to the exogenous fungal suppressor fromthe pea pathogen, M.pinodes. (Received February 19, 1992; Accepted May 11, 1992)  相似文献   

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