内生真菌对油樟挥发油积累及生理生化特性的影响

旨在研究内生真菌对油樟挥发油积累及生理生化特性的影响。以4株内生真菌(2J1、3J1、5J2、YB)作为材料,将内生真菌孢子悬浮液均匀喷洒在油樟叶片上进行处理后,提取油樟叶片中的挥发油,利用GC-MS测定挥发油中1,8-桉叶油素、α-松油醇的量。结果显示,采用2J1和3J1两种内生真菌对油樟进行处理,在处理21 d时挥发油含量达到最大值,其主要成分1,8-桉叶油素分别比对照高出201.53%、174.47%,α-松油醇高出364.14%、307.29%,且过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MOD)的含量有显著提高;由5J2和YB处理的油樟挥发油含量、POD与CAT活性以及MOD含量与对照相比差异均不显著。采用2J1和3J1处理油樟植株,能有效提高油樟挥发油的含量。     

油樟油对油樟内生真菌中活性化合物影响

YY26、YG42和YG71是从油樟中分离得到的三株内生真菌。本研究采用GC-FID、GC-MS技术,以油樟油作为诱导物,研究YY26、YG42、YG71菌株在不同培养基条件下对菌株中活性化合物1,8-桉叶油素、松油烯-4-醇、a-松油醇、r-松油烯产量的影响。结果表明:在PDB培养基中,一方面,油樟油可促进YY26、YG42菌株积累1,8-桉叶油素等物质,其中对1,8-桉叶油素的促进最强,分别提高1.41倍和1.30倍;另一方面,油樟油抑制YG71菌株中以上4种物质的积累。在察氏培养基中,油樟油对YY26、YG42及YG71菌株中4种物质的积累没有明显的促进作用。该研究为植物有用代谢产物的规模化生产提供了理论依据,有较强的实践意义。     

野生香料植物石荠芋资源的开发利用研究

石荠芋,广布于长江以南各省,全草含挥发油,含量为0.40%～1.20%.对不同产地的全草挥发油的化学成分进行对比分析,其挥发油主要成分为香荆芥酚(carvacrol)、1,8-桉叶油素(1,8-cineole)、百里香酚(thy-mol)、β-石竹烯(caryohyyllene)、侧柏酮(thujone等),不同产地,其挥发油的化学成分存在遗传相似性,又有一定的差异.植物资源在香精香料、医药、化妆品等行业具有广大开发利用的价值.     

乌金草挥发油镇痛作用的研究

采用热板法和醋酸扭体法两种经典的镇痛模型对乌金草挥发油进行了初步的镇痛作用研究。结果表明,乌金草挥发性成分具有显著的镇痛作用,能明显延长小鼠热板痛阈值,有效降低小鼠因醋酸所致扭体反应次数。在给药1mL/kg剂量和2mL/kg剂量时,该挥发油均具有明显的镇痛效果,且有一定的量效关系。     

小茴香挥发油的抗炎镇痛作用

目的:研究小茴香挥发油的抗炎、镇痛作用,为指导临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法:应用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足肿胀2种动物模型进行抗炎药效学实验;采用醋酸致小鼠扭体反应进行镇痛实验。结果:小茴香挥发油能显著抑制上述各种动物模型的炎症反应及醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应。结论:小茴香挥发油具有抗炎和镇痛作用。     

小茴香挥发油的抗炎镇痛作用

目的：研究小茴香挥发油的抗炎、镇痛作用,为指导临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法：应用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足肿胀2种动物模型进行抗炎药效学实验;采用醋酸致小鼠扭体反应进行镇痛实验。结果：小茴香挥发油能显著抑制上述各种动物模型的炎症反应及醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应。结论：小茴香挥发油具有抗炎和镇痛作用。     

长春七超临界提取物镇痛、镇静和抗炎作用的研究

研究长春七超临界提取物(SELB)的镇痛、镇静和抗炎作用。镇痛实验采用小鼠热板法和扭体法;镇静实验采用与戊巴比妥钠协同催眠法和小鼠自主活动法;抗炎实验采用大鼠足跖肿胀法和小鼠耳肿胀法。结果显示:SELB高、中、低剂量组均能显著提高热板致痛小鼠的痛阈和醋酸致痛小鼠的扭体抑制率;高、中剂量组与戊巴比妥钠有协同作用,能显著延长小鼠睡眠时间,高、中、低剂量组能显著减少小鼠自主活动次数;高、中剂量组能显著抑制蛋清致大鼠的足跖肿胀率,高、中、低剂量组均能显著抑制二甲苯致小鼠的耳肿胀度。SELB具有的镇痛、镇静和抗炎作用与长春七的功能主治及临床应用相符。     

野生香料植物石荠苧资源的开发利用研究

石荠 ,广布于长江以南各省 ,全草含挥发油 ,含量为 0 .40 %～ 1.2 0 %。对不同产地的全草挥发油的化学成分进行对比分析 ,其挥发油主要成分为 :香荆芥酚 (carvacrol)、1,8 桉叶油素 (1,8 cineole)、百里香酚 (thy mol)、β 石竹烯 (caryophyllene)、侧柏酮 (thujone等 ) ,不同产地 ,其挥发油的化学成分存在遗传相似性 ,又有一定的差异。植物资源在香精香料、医药、化妆品等行业具有广大开发利用的价值。     

野生香料植物石荠Zhu资源的开发利用研究

石荠Zhu,广布于长江以南各省,全草含挥发油,含量为0.40％－1.20％。对不同产地的全草挥发油的化学成分进行对比分析,其挥发油主要成分为：香荆芥酚(carvacrol)、1,8－桉叶油素（1,8－cineole）、百里香酚（thymol)、β-(caryophyllene)、侧柏酮(thujone等）,不同产地,其挥发油的化学成分存在遗传相似性,又有一定的差异。植物资源在香精香料、医药、化妆品等行业具有广大开发利用的价值。     

不同生长年限巨尾桉叶挥发性成分GC-MS分析

为了分析不同年限巨尾桉叶挥发油的化学成分及生长年限对化学成分组成的影响,采用水蒸气蒸馏法,分别提取2006～2010年种植的巨尾桉叶片中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱质谱联用技术分析鉴定其化学成分。结果表明:不同生长年限的巨尾桉叶片挥发油产量在0.55%～1.35%之间,随生长年限的增加而升高。利用GC-MS共鉴定出63个化合物,占总挥发油的93.00%～97.07%。其中相对含量较高的物质为:1,8-桉叶油素(55.72%～63.47%)、α-松油醇(9.78%～14.15%)、乙酸松油酯(4.96%～7.06%)、α-蒎烯(0.99%～4.31%)、龙脑(2.40%～4.89%)。由于生长年限的不同,挥发油中物质的组成及相对含量均存在差异。     

紫娇花挥发油成分的GC-MS分析及抗氧化能力测定

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和固相微萃取法提取紫娇花不同部位的挥发油,结合气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)与计算机检索联用技术对其化学成分进行分析和鉴定,用面积归一化法测定各组分的相对含量,并对该挥发油清除DPPH·自由基能力和总抗氧化能力进行了研究。结果表明:紫娇花挥发油具有成分及相对含量差异大、成分较简单、化合物种类以含硫化合物为主的特点。两种方法在紫娇花不同部位挥发油中共检测出了16种化学成分,以硫醚类和含硫烃类化合物为主,相对含量占总成分在80%以上,其中Disulfide,bis(2-sulfhydrylethyl)-含量最高,其余许多成分还具有一定的药用价值。两种方法所得到的挥发油化学成分具有一定的差异性,固相微萃取法对醇类、醛类和酯类物质提取效果较好,而水蒸气蒸馏法对含硫烃类、硫醚类和萜类的提取效果更好。实验条件下紫娇花挥发油清除DPPH·自由基的IC_(50)为17.46 mg·mL~(-1),清除率可达54.86%;紫娇花挥发油在相同条件下较L-抗坏血酸具有更强的总抗氧化力。该研究结果为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供了理论依据。     

Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Various Plants against Tomato Late Blight Disease Agent Phytophthora infestans

The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. Antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata), lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and laurel (Laurus nobilis), were investigated against P. infestans. Both contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined by using two in vitro methods. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were also determined by GC-MS analysis. Major compounds found in essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, lavender, fennel and laurel were carvacrol (37.9%), carvacrol (79.8), borneol (20.4%), camphor (20.2%), anethole (82.8%) and 1,8-cineole (35.5%), respectively. All essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans in a dose-dependent manner. Volatile phase effect of oregano and thyme oils at 0.3 μg/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of P. infestans. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of fennel, rosemary, lavender and laurel was, however, observed at 0.4–2.0 μg/ml air concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested essential oils, oregano, thyme and fennel oils at 6.4 μg/ml were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans completely. Essential oils of rosemary, lavender and laurel were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (12.8, 25.6, 51.2 μg/ml respectively). Volatile phase effects of essential oils were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase effect. Sporangial production was also inhibited by the essential oil tested. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation on pathogen hyphae, exposed to both volatile and contact phase of oil, revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage.     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts and Roots of Eryngium barrelieri Boiss. and Eryngium glomeratum Lam. from Tunisia

The study of chemical composition and biological activity of unexplored essential oils may open new perspectives on their potential use in facing major health concerns such as drug‐resistant infections. The present study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of previously unstudied essential oils obtained from genus Eryngium: Eryngium glomeratum Lam . and Eryngium barrelieri Boiss . The chemical compositions of the essential oils from aerial parts and roots of both species were studied using GC and GC/MS analytical technics. The analysis led to the identification of 102 compounds totalizing 85 – 94% of all detected compounds. Essential oils were characterized by the predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The oils obtained from aerial parts were tested against 36 microbial strains by agar dilution method and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 2 – 625 μg/ml. A strong antibacterial activity against multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed especially from E. glomeratum essential oil with MIC value up to 2 μg/ml. These findings give significant information about the pharmacological activity of these essential oils, which suggest their potential use to develop new remedies, or as sources of active compounds.     

Antifungal and Herbicidal Effects of Fruit Essential Oils of Four Myrtus communis Genotypes

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the fruits of four selected Myrtus communis L. genotypes from Turkey was characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. 1,8‐Cineole (29.20–31.40%), linalool (15.67–19.13%), α‐terpineol (8.40–18.43%), α‐pinene (6.04–20.71%), and geranyl acetate (3.98–7.54%) were found to be the major constituents of the fruit essential oils of all M. communis genotypes investigated. The oils were characterized by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, representing 73.02–83.83% of the total oil compositions. The results of the fungal growth inhibition assays showed that the oils inhibited the growth of 19 phytopathogenic fungi. However, their antifungal activity was generally lower than that of the commercial pesticide benomyl. The herbicidal effects of the oils on the seed germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop ., Lactuca serriola L., and Rumex crispus L. were also determined. The oils completely or partly inhibited the seed germinations and seedling growths of the plants. The findings of the present study suggest that the M. communis essential oils might have potential to be used as natural herbicides as well as fungicides.     

Chemical Composition Analysis and Discrimination of Essential Oils of Artemisia Argyi Folium from Different Germplasm Resources Based on Electronic Nose and GC/MS Combined with Chemometrics

In this study, the electronic nose and GC/MS were used to analyze the chemical components of essential oils from different germplasm resources of Artemisia argyi Folium (A. argyi), in order to quickly identify essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources and clarify the differences among different A. argyi samples. The essential oils of A. argyi were extracted by steam distillation. This article describes for the first time that electronic nose combined with chemometrics can distinguish the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm, which proves the reliability and potential of this technology. GC/MS was used to identify 134 volatile components from the essential oil of A. argyi. The main bioactive components were cineole, thujarone, artemisia ketone, β-caryophyllene, (−)-4-terpinol, 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,5-heptadien-4-ol, (−)-α-thujone, camphor, borneol. In addition, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that there were significant differences in the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources, terpenes, alcohols and ketones played an important role in identifying the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources. This indicates that electronic nose and GC/MS combined with chemometrics can be used as reliable techniques to identify different germplasm resources of A. argyi, and provide certain reference value for quality evaluation, selection of high-quality varieties and rational development of resources of A. argyi.     

Effect of Growth Stage on Essential‐Oil Yield and Composition of Daucus sahariensis

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Daucus sahariensis Murb . harvested at three different growth stages were characterized by GC/MS analysis. In total, 88 compounds were identified, with myristicin (29.8–51.7%), myrcene (6.7–31.1%), α‐pinene (11.6–14.8%), and limonene (5.3–11.5%) as main constituents. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most represented compounds in the oils of the plant samples collected during the flower‐budding and full‐flowering periods. On the contrary, during the fruiting stage, the oils were dominated by phenylpropanoids. The essential oils were subject of considerable variation in their composition during the various developmental stages, particularly concerning the content of myrcene that decreased significantly passing from the vegetative to the fruiting stage. Conversely, for myristicin, the opposite trend was observed. Furthermore, the essential‐oil yields were quite low during the flower‐budding phase (0.27%), but rapidly increased during plant development (0.63 and 0.68% for the flowering and fruiting phases, resp.).     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Different Parts from Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc.

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and MeOH extracts of stems, needles, and berries from Juniperus rigida were studied. The results indicated that the yield of essential oil from stems (2.5%) was higher than from needles (0.8%) and berries (1.0%). The gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis indicated that 21, 17, and 14 compounds were identified from stems, needles, and berries essential oils, respectively. Caryophyllene, α‐caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were primary compounds in both stems and needles essential oils. However, α‐pinene and β‐myrcene mainly existed in berries essential oils and α‐ionone only in needles essential oils. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the phenolic profiles of three parts exhibited significant differences. Needles extracts had the highest content of chlorogenic acid, catechin, podophyllotoxin, and amentoflavone, and for berries extracts, the content of those compounds was the lowest. Meanwhile, three in vitro methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Stems essential oil and needles extracts exhibited the powerful antioxidant activity than other parts. This is the first comprehensive study on the different parts of J. rigida. The results suggested that stems and needles of J. rigida are useful supplements for healthy products as new resources.     

Repellency of essential oils against Nephotettix cincticeps: Laboratory and glasshouse assays

Four oils from Piper nigrum, Litsea cubeba, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Curcuma longa were obtained by ethanol extraction. The repellency of these oils and two major compounds (linalool and piperine) was evaluated against female adult and third‐instar nymphs of the rice pest, Nephotettix cincticeps, under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Paired‐choice and no‐choice assays were used for each treatment, with essential oils evaluated after 24 and 48 hr of exposure and chemical compounds evaluated after 12 and 24 hr of exposure. The potential effects of essential oils on activities of glutathione S tranferase (GST), carboxyl esterase (CarE) and acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) were also evaluated after 48 hr of exposure to leafhoppers. The constituents of the essential oils were determined using GC‐MS. The results showed that the major components in the oils were piperine (34.75%) for P. nigrum, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (18.74%) for L. cubeba, ethanone, 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethoxyphenyl) (18.51%) for Z. bungeanum and turmerone (15.89%) for C. longa. In all cases, the essential oils repelled female adults and third‐instar nymphs of N. cincticeps. The repellency of the tested oils and chemicals compounds in the paired‐choice assay was higher than in the no‐choice assay. In all experimental conditions, P. nigrum and C. longa oils were the most and the least potent, respectively. Linalool was the best repellent among the single‐tested compounds under laboratory conditions. In the glasshouse study, the highest repellency was observed in the mixture of linalool and piperine. GST and CarE activities of leafhoppers were significantly enhanced by exposure to the four essentials oils; AchE activity increased significantly only in the P. nigrum and L. cubeba assays. Our results clearly indicate that the tested oils and chemical compounds are promising agents for developing plant‐based pesticides to control N. cincticeps.     

Essential Oil from Blackcurrant Buds as Chemotaxonomy Marker and Antimicrobial Agent

Dormant buds are recognized as valuable side product of the blackcurrant cultivation. Four blackcurrant varieties cultivated in Serbia, i.e., Ben Sarek, Ometa, Ben Lomond, and Ben Nevis, were evaluated for the content, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of their bud essential oils. The oil yields of buds harvested during two different growth periods ranged from 1.2–2.0%, and the variety Ometa had the highest yield among the tested varieties. GC‐FID and GC/MS analysis of the oils allowed the identification of eight main components, i.e., α‐pinene (1.6–5.4%), sabinene (1.9–38.4%), δ‐car‐3‐ene (13.0–50.7%), β‐phellandrene (2.9–18.0%), terpinolene (6.6–11.9%), terpinen‐4‐ol (0.9–6.6%), β‐caryophyllene (3.8–10.4%), and α‐humulene (0.2–4.1%). In addition, the similarity degree of the essential‐oil compositions of buds harvested from the upper and lower parts of the shrubs was investigated by hierarchical clustering. All essential oils originating from the same genotype were grouped in the same cluster, indicating the reliability of essential oils as chemotaxonomic markers. For more detailed chemotaxonomic investigations, the three compounds with the greatest variance were chosen, i.e., sabinene, δ‐car‐3‐ene, and β‐phellandrene, which proved to be efficient for the variety distinction. Factor analysis showed that the essential‐oil composition as chemotaxonomic marker in blackcurrants was more reliable for variety Ben Sarek than for variety Ben Nevis. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the essential oils had very strong inhibitory activity against all tested microorganisms. Fungi were more sensitive than bacteria; indeed their growth was completely inhibited at much lower concentrations. In comparison to commercial antibiotics, significantly lower concentrations of the oils were necessary for the complete inhibition of fungal growth.     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Activity of Tunisian Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker Essential Oils

Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker (Asteraceae) is a spontaneous annual herb, fairly widespread throughout Tunisia, which has rarely been studied or valued in any sector. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of different parts (flower heads, leaves, stems, and roots) of C. sumatrensis plants, which were collected in autumn (November 2007) at the flowering stage in the area of Monastir, Tunisia. In total, 98 compounds, representing 88.1–99.3% of the oil composition, were identified by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was distinguished by its high content in acetylenes (matricaria ester, 4 ; 74.3%), while those from flower heads and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (61.1 and 50.3%, resp.). The oils of C. sumatrensis from Tunisia belonged to a matricaria ester/caryophyllene oxide chemotype. All the oils were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, and allelopathic activities. The results indicate that the leaf oil exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis and that the C. sumatrensis oils isolated from the aerial parts presented high mycelia‐growth inhibition of Candida albicans and the filamentous fungi tested. Moreover, the essential oils of the different plant parts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings. Indeed, the inhibition of the hypocotyl growth varied from 28.6 to 90.1% and that of the radicle from 42.3 to 96.2%.