中国南方海域鲎的种类和分布

The northern sea area of the South China Sea is situated between 107.5°～122.5°East longitude and 17°～25° North latitude with high temperature and a large quantity of rainfall which belongs to the oceanic climate of the torrid zone and subtropical zone. From September, 1994 to June, 1998,during the research on the species of Horseshoe crab within the scope between the south from North gulf and the north to Xiamen, choosing Xiamen, Shantou, Wuchuan, Donghaidao and Qishui as fixed positions and irregularly going to Xuwen and Suixi in Guangdong province and Fangcheng in Guangxi province, we found that there was only Tachypleus tridentatus in the northern sea area of the South China Sea and the sea area from Wuchuan to Xiamen, and found that there were two species of horseshoe crab which were Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in the southern area to East Sea Island, referring to East Sea Island, Qishui, Xuwen, Suixi and Fangcheng, most of which were Tachypleus tridentatus, and found a great number of larvae of Tachypleus tridentatus including zooids with different sizes from 7cm bodily length to mature. In Minan we found not only big colonies of adult Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, but also a great number of larvae of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda with different body size from 7cm body length to maturity. All these show that the northern sea area of the South China Sea is the area where both Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda distribute and reproduce. On January 1st, 1998 at the town of Qishui in Leizhou, we found an adult male Horseshoe crab and majority of its eggs was immature, while the eggs with above 4mm diameters were only 0.87 percent but the eggs with below 1.0mm diameter was 58 percent(1 160 pills). It shows that Qishui is a place where Tachyplers tridentatus survive in the winter.     

中国南方海域鲎的种类和分布

The northern sea area of the South China Sea is situated between 107.5°～122.5°East longitude and 17°～25° North latitude with high temperature and a large quantity of rainfall which belongs to the oceanic climate of the torrid zone and subtropical zone. From September, 1994 to June, 1998,during the research on the species of Horseshoe crab within the scope between the south from North gulf and the north to Xiamen, choosing Xiamen, Shantou, Wuchuan, Donghaidao and Qishui as fixed positions and irregularly going to Xuwen and Suixi in Guangdong province and Fangcheng in Guangxi province, we found that there was only Tachypleus tridentatus in the northern sea area of the South China Sea and the sea area from Wuchuan to Xiamen, and found that there were two species of horseshoe crab which were Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in the southern area to East Sea Island, referring to East Sea Island, Qishui, Xuwen, Suixi and Fangcheng, most of which were Tachypleus tridentatus, and found a great number of larvae of Tachypleus tridentatus including zooids with different sizes from 7cm bodily length to mature. In Minan we found not only big colonies of adult Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda , but also a great number of larvae of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda with different body size from 7cm body length to maturity. All these show that the northern sea area of the South China Sea is the area where both Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda distribute and reproduce. On January 1st, 1998 at the town of Qishui in Leizhou, we found an adult male Horseshoe crab and majority of its eggs was immature, while the eggs with above 4mm diameters were only 0.87 percent but the eggs with below 1.0mm diameter was 58 percent(1 160 pills). It shows that Qishui is a place where Tachyplers tridentatus survive in the winter.     

鲎的分布及生活习性

鲎是一种古老的节肢动物,现存的鲎分为二亚科三属四种,本文对鲎在世界上的分布及其生活习性做了概述。     

中国南海北部近海鲎资源调查及北部湾潮间带中华鲎幼鲎潜在栖息地评估

鲎是珍贵的海洋“活化石”生物, 由于过度捕捞、环境污染和栖息地丧失等原因, 中华鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)数量呈现“断崖式”下降, 鲎资源和栖息地保护迫在眉睫。本研究对中国南海北部近海海域成鲎和北部湾沿岸潮间带幼鲎进行调查, 并基于幼鲎调查结果, 运用MaxEnt模型对北部湾沿岸中华鲎幼鲎潜在栖息地进行预测。2018年和2019年调查结果显示南海北部海域成鲎资源分布稀疏, 两次调查的99个站点中, 仅在15个站点累计发现18只成年中华鲎, 且主要集中在北部湾海域; 潮间带幼鲎调查显示, 2019年10个调查点幼鲎丰度为0.01-0.33 ind./100 m², 2020年14个调查点幼鲎丰度为0.01-0.65 ind./100 m², 其中北部湾海南沿岸海域发现鲎育幼场。根据中华鲎幼鲎潜在栖息地评估结果, 最湿季均温(bio 8)和平均海表温度(mean sea surface temperature, sst)是影响其分布的主要因子。北部湾中国沿岸海域潮间带的幼鲎高适宜区占比达18.39%, 主要为北部湾广西沿岸海域、广东遂溪县沿岸海域和海南新英湾, 这些区域值得重点保护。本研究结果可丰富中华鲎种群本底数据, 为今后鲎资源保护和恢复行动的布局提供科学依据和理论支撑。     

中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查

报道了１９９４ ～１９９５ 年对中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查结果．调查表明,有误捕记录的小型鲸类主要有５ 种,即江豚（ Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｎａ ｐｈｏｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓ） 、长喙真海豚（ Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｕｓ ｃａｐｅｎｓｉｓ） 、瓶鼻海豚（ Ｔｕｒｓｉｏｐｓｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ） 、点斑原海豚（Ｓｔｅｎｅｌｌａ ａｔｔｅｎｕａｔａ） 和伪虎鲸（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒｃａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｄｅｎｓ） ,其中以江豚的误捕率最高．１９９４ 年在山东、浙江、福建、广东、海南省和广西壮族自治区沿岸渔业误捕的小型鲸类约３０４５ ±２１２０ 头,其中江豚的误捕量约２１３２ ±１４８４ 头．误捕小型鲸类的渔具主要有拖网、刺网和张网．中国沿岸没有专门捕鲸的渔业方式．误捕的小型鲸类在沿岸居民的生活中不占重要地位,它们大部分被丢弃或廉价出售．目前尚不知道误捕对中国水域小型鲸种群影响的程度,但可能是造成数量下降原因之一．     

中国鲎的胚胎发育

用人工授精子方法获取中国鲎的受精卵,室温下完成胚胎发育,实验结果表明：（1）中国鲎成熟卵为黄色或浅黄色,卵经2．7－3.5mm,扫描电镜下厚而韧的卵壳上有许多大小不同的微孔,精子头部椭圆形,具一盘状顶体囊,尾呈鞭毛状,（2）中国鲎的胚胎发育可分为卵裂期,囊胚期,原肠胚形成期,附肢原基形成期,组织分化期和快速生长期,从受精到孵三叶幼体约需55d。（3）中国鲎胚胎发育具有发育期长,个体差异大,部分胚胎发生滞育等特点.     

中国沿岸漫游的环海豹及其他鳍脚类

鳍脚类主要分布在寒冷水域。我国海域的水温相对较高,已发现的鳍脚类种类和数量都很少,除黄海和渤海的斑海豹外,其他都是离开了正常分布区的漫游个体。对斑海豹Phoca largha已有过几篇报道(汪克贤,1955;李秀朋,1965;李荣光,1980;王者茂,1984)。对另3种鳍脚类只有零星记录(王者茂,1973;诸葛阳,1982;黄圮,1984)。本文首次报道漫游到中国近海的环海豹 Phoca hispida ochotensis Pallas,同时对中国沿岸斑海豹及另3种鳍脚类的漫游个体作简要介绍。     

鲎的分布及生活习性

鲎是一种古老的节肢动物,现存的鲎分为二亚科三属四种。本文对鲎在世界上的分布及其生活习性做了概述。     

中国鲎和圆尾鲎血淋巴细胞分类和特征的比较研究

为了更好地了解中国鲎(Tachpleus tridentatus)和圆尾鲎(Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)血淋巴细胞的种类组成和特征差异,综合运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和粒度仪,较为系统地对两种鲎的血淋巴细胞进行了分类和特征研究,从而为两种鲎的血淋巴细胞和分子生物学研究提供基础资料。根据血淋巴细胞大小、核质比、细胞着色特点、细胞中颗粒存在与否、颗粒的密集程度等,中国鲎和圆尾鲎的血淋巴细胞均可分为大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞和透明细胞三种主要类型,且两种鲎的血淋巴细胞均以颗粒细胞为主,透明细胞在血淋巴细胞中所占比例最小,但具有高核质比。两种鲎的同类血淋巴细胞在染色和形态上无显著性差异,但在同一种鲎中,血淋巴细胞密度存在显著的雌雄差异。     

Experimentally derived estimates of growth by juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura) from nursery beaches in Hong Kong

Juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda with prosomal widths of between 17.1 and 91.1 mm were obtained from their nursery beaches in Hong Kong. They were kept in the laboratory and fed a mixture of squid, prawn and fish. Prosomal width and wet weight were measured weekly to obtain growth data. Over half of the individuals molted during a five and a half month captivity period. After every ecdysis, prosomal width and wet weight of T. tridentatus grew by averages of 24.2% and 71.5% over pre-molt measurements, respectively. Similar values were obtained for C. rotundicauda, i.e. 24.0% and 77.3%, respectively. Three T. tridentatus with prosomal widths of between 26.5 and 35.0 mm molted twice between 89 and 149 days, leading to an average growth rate of 0.1 mm·day⁻¹ and 0.04 g·day⁻¹ in terms of prosomal width and wet weight, respectively. A positive growth allometry (b coefficient=2.97) was identified, indicating that weight gain for T. tridentatus, and possibly C. rotundicauda, was faster than prosomal width growth after each ecdysis. The effect of temperature on growth was also determined by comparing the percentages of T. tridentatus which molted at ∼28 °C and ∼18 °C. Fifty percent of individuals molted at the former, but only 10% at the latter. This study indicates that Hong Kong horseshoe crabs take a shorter time to reach sexual maturity, as compared with conspecifics in Japan, because they can molt more frequently at higher sediment/water temperatures (∼28 °C) if food is available.     

人为干扰栖息地退化对潮间带中华鲎幼鲎种群数量的影响

栖息地退化是中华鲎（Tachypleus tridentatus）面临的主要威胁因素。然而,人类活动和中华鲎栖息地退化之间的关系研究尚且不足。为了厘清人类活动对中华鲎幼鲎栖息地退化的影响,以北部湾潮间带为研究范围,于2014、2017和2020年对潮间带中华鲎幼鲎丰度进行随机样方法调查,并获取对应年份遥感影像（分辨率30m）作为数据源,借助GIS空间分析、景观格局分析和人为干扰度指数（human disturbance index,HDI）模型,量化评估人为干扰对北部湾潮间带中华鲎幼鲎栖息地景观格局及种群丰度的影响。结果表明：（1）2014-2020年,北部湾潮间带幼鲎栖息地退化严重,无干扰类型景观面积逐渐减少,大部分转化为养殖;（2）北部湾潮间带人为干扰逐渐加强,无干扰等级HDI指数面积不断减少,潮间带大部分面积HDI指数呈增强趋势;（3） HDI指数与幼鲎种群丰度呈显著负相关性,HDI指数高值斑块不适合幼鲎生存。依据HDI指数动态变化及空间分布,可为潮间带中华鲎幼鲎种群栖息地景观格局优化及鲎人工放流增殖选址等保护行动提供理论依据。     

Intraspecific shape variation in horseshoe crabs: The importance of sexual and natural selection for local adaptation

A morphometric analysis of the body shape of three species of horseshoe crabs was undertaken in order to infer the importance of natural and sexual selection. It was expected that natural selection would be most intense, leading to highest regional differentiation, in the American species Limulus polyphemus, which has the largest climatic differences between different populations. Local adaptation driven by sexual selection was expected in males but not females because horseshoe crab mating behaviour leads to competition between males, but not between females. Three hundred fifty-nine horseshoe crabs from nine populations, representing three species, were analyzed using a digitizer to position sixty morphometric landmarks in a three-dimensional space. Discriminant analysis revealed strong regional structuring within a species, which suggests strong philopatry, and showed the existence of geographically-based intraspecific variation. An admixture analysis showed regional intraspecific differentiation for males and females of L. polyphemus and males of the Asian horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, but not for females of C. rotundicauda and another Asian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas. Differences in shape variation between sexes were tested with F-tests, which showed lower intrapopulation morphometric variation in males than females. These results indicate a lower degree of local adaptation on body shape in C. rotundicauda and T. gigas than in L. polyphemus and a lower degree of local adaptation in females than in males.     

Flower removal increases rhizome mass in natural populations of Alstroemeria aurea (Alstroemeriaceae)

Plant architecture and phenotypic plasticity under natural conditions remain little known for many rhizomatous species. This study evaluates, in situ, the plastic responses of Alstroemeria aurea plants from three Patagonian populations to flower or flowering-shoot removal. The size and architecture of treated and untreated plants were assessed. Nutrient contents (N, P and K) were evaluated for rhizomes and roots developed in two successive years. Those plants that were deprived of their inflorescences developed, on average, a heavier rhizome than both control plants and plants from which flowering shoots had been removed. Neither of the two treatments applied altered the number of metamers or the branching pattern of the rhizomes. The contents of N, P and K were higher in rhizomes than in roots. In summer, nutrients were more concentrated in inflorescences and the new rhizome segment than in the rhizome segment developed in the previous year. The idea that fruiting failure in A. aurea promotes resource re-assignment from aerial shoots to rhizomes without altering the architecture of plants is supported. The development of the underground portion of aerial shoots in late summer-autumn allows A. aurea plants to take full advantage of short growth periods, but would impose a limit to plasticity.     

基于杆状病毒表达系统的鲎C因子表达及其活性检测

内毒素是常见外致热原,内毒素超标会导致脓毒血症、感染性休克甚至死亡等严重后果,因此其检测在医疗、制药和食品领域至关重要。鲎试剂检测法的广泛应用导致鲎数量急剧下降,且该方法存在批间差异和难以定量等限制。重组C因子检测法批次间稳定、灵敏度高且可定量,可代替鲎试剂,但高成本和复杂操作限制了该方法的推广。为简化制备重组C因子的步骤,同时降低重组C因子的生产成本,本研究利用高产抗凋亡载体qBac-ⅢG、优选信号肽和优化密码子的策略,使用杆状病毒蛋白表达系统制备重组C因子,分泌至细胞培养上清液中的重组C因子无需纯化,可直接用细胞培养上清液检测内毒素。表达重组C因子的1 L发酵体系中发酵液的内毒素检测灵敏度可达到0.05 EU/mL,每L发酵液可以支持50万个检测反应。本研究提高了重组C因子的产量和活性,节省了蛋白纯化步骤,降低了生产成本,为重组C因子内毒素检测法的推广应用奠定基础。     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Energy allocation patterns in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails in response to cadmium exposure and Schistosoma mansoni infection

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of both parasitism and environmental stress on the growth, reproduction, and survival of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Resource allocation strategies may be influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Using the planorbid snail B. alexandrina and Schistosoma mansoni, this hypothesis was examined by raising snails fed the same diet under two stressors (infection and Cd exposure). The snails divided into four groups, uninfected, infected, Cd-exposed uninfected, and Cd-exposed infected snails. Egg production, growth, and survival of the snails were monitored over a 9-week period postinfection. Inhibition of snail reproductive activity by parasitism results in increased snail growth in the first week postinfection, termed gigantism, during which the snail is hypothesized to allocate excess energy normally used for reproduction to somatic growth. Infection status and Cd exposure had significant effects on snail growth and reproduction. The infected and Cd-exposed infected snails exhibiting reduced survival relative to snails of other treatments. It was found that parasite development influenced by Cd exposure. Results of this study suggest that energy allocation patterns are context-dependent in B. alexandrina snails, influenced by infection and Cd exposure.     

Semicircular canal system in early primates

Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.     

IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent in Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukemia but rare in other types of hematological disorders

Frequent mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 genes (IDH1 and IDH2) have been identified in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our aim is to assess whether IDH mutations were presented in Chinese patients with various hematological disorders. In this study, we screened the IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in a cohort of 456 Chinese patients with various hematological malignancies and disorders. We found three missense (p.R132C, p.R132G, and p.I99M; occurred in five patients) and one silent mutation (c.315C>T; occurred in two patients) in the IDH1 gene and two missense mutations (p.R140Q and p.R172K; occurred in four AML patients) and one silent mutation (c.435G>A) in the IDH2 gene. Except for one non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patient harboring IDH1 mutation p.R132C, all IDH1 and IDH2 missense mutations were observed in patients with AML. Intriguingly, the IDH2 mutation p.R140Q and novel IDH1 mutation p.I99M co-occurred in a 75-year-old patient with AML developed from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 missense mutations in Chinese AML patients reached 5.9% and 8.3%, respectively. Our results supported the recent findings that IDH gene mutations were common in AML. Conversely, IDH mutations were rather rare in Chinese patients with other types of hematological disorders.