色林错裸鲤的年龄鉴定

本文对色体错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis) 的年龄、年龄形成时间以及臀鳞、背鳍条磨片和耳石磨对年龄解释的一致性问题进行了探讨。结果表明在取样的258尾标本中,臀鳞鉴定的年龄在1－21龄之间,背鳍条磨片为1－20龄,耳石磨片为1－29龄。背鳍条和耳石磨片对年龄的判别能力分别为98.41%和94.44%,而臀鳞只有62.30%。在这三种年龄鉴定的材料中,以耳石磨片上的年轮计数最高;尤其是15龄以上的个体,耳石磨片年龄计数与臀鳞及背鳍条磨片计数相差可达5－8龄。年轮的形成时间在每年的4－6月。     

冠心病患者数量皮纹学特征波动性不对称的研究

本文研究了宁夏汉族男性256例(正常:128例;冠心病患者:128例)双手数量皮纹学特征及其波动性不对称,比较了其均值的差异性。结果表明:1)冠心病患者组与正常对照组相比较,指纹嵴线数、指纹总嵴线数及a-b嵴线数均值均低于正常对照组;2)冠心病患者组双手atd角及a-b间距均值均高于对照组,双手atd角表现为显著增高(P0.05),右手a-b嵴线数均值表现为患者组低于对照组,有显著性差异(P0.01);3)冠心病患者组数量皮纹性状波动性不对称水平与对照组在FAⅡ(a-b嵴线数,P0.01)及FAⅤ(atd角,P0.05)两项上表现出显著增高;冠心病患者组a-b嵴线数FA分布在|R-L|≥7组显著增高(P0.05)。     

顶骨凹陷变薄的形态学研究

本文从1480个颅骨中发现顶骨凹陷变薄的有16例。对其性别、年龄、颅形以及凹陷的形状、深度和骨质厚度作了观测,利用骨磨片和X线摄片对凹陷部分骨质进行了研究。结果表明此种凹陷均见于老年人,多数为双侧性。凹陷是由外板内凹而成,不涉及周围组织。X线侧位片显示凹陷处有宽带状低密度阴影。骨组织磨片显示在骨改建过程中,出现未满围骨单位增多,骨陷窝闭塞,造成局部的骨萎缩。     

青海湖裸鲤不同年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征

通过各种年龄鉴定材料比较研究了青海湖裸鲤的年轮特征。微耳石和星耳石可用于鉴定年龄,而矢耳石易碎,不适合鉴定年龄。4种年龄鉴定材料对青海湖裸鲤年龄的判别能力为:背鳍条>微耳石>臀鳞>脊椎骨。对8龄以下个体,用背鳍条磨片鉴定年龄效果较佳;对8龄以上个体,臀鳞、背鳍条磨片和脊椎骨上的年轮计数明显低于微耳石磨片,微耳石磨片是高龄青海湖裸鲤较为可靠的年龄鉴定材料。     

家族手纹嵴线的遗传相关性分析

本文通过对28个汉族家族共230人的指纹进行捺印、编号、测量、统计分析,研究亲子代之间指纹的总嵴线数、各指位嵴线数、a-b嵴线数以及atd角之间的关系,计算它们之间的相关系数以及回归方程,分析家族指纹的遗传性.     

白鲟年龄鉴定及其生长的初步研究

以齿骨和胸鳍条为年龄鉴定材料,通过其骨磨片比较研究,结果显示用胸鳍条鉴定白鲟的年龄较为可靠。所收集的６６尾白鲟样品中,根据胸鳍条鉴定年龄,幼鲟８尾,１－３龄。成鱼５８尾中,雄鱼３３尾,最低６龄,最高１１龄,多数个体为８－９龄。雌鱼２５尾,最低７龄,最高１７龄,多数为１０－１２。白鲟生长速度快,特别在第一年其长度生长最为突出。当年１０月份的幼鱼全长达５３－６１ｃｍ,１龄鱼平均全长７５ｃｍ。推算结果表明雌雄鱼在性成熟前生长无明显差异,性成熟后,雌鱼的长度及重量均大于相同年龄雄鱼。采用ＶＢＧＦ描述白鲟全长及体重的增长。     

退化草原狼毒个体年龄判定方法及其种群年龄结构的研究

详细观察了内蒙古东部退化草原糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarosa)群落内狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)的根颈分枝形态及其生长发育特点,研究了狼毒种群的年龄结构．结果表明,狼毒个体实际年龄为“类二叉分枝(quasi-dichotomous branching)回数加2”;根颈上茎的残茬、枝痕和环状痕是确定根颈分枝回数的重要辅助特征．重牧、过牧、极牧3个放牧演替阶段内狼毒个体最大年龄依次为15、16和19龄．8龄级个体数最多,其年龄比分别为18．71％、24．20％和19．06％．重牧阶段缺失1和2龄个体;过牧和极牧阶段均缺失1龄个体．狼毒种群年龄结构为“初始衰退型”,存活曲线接近于“凸型”或DeeveyⅠ型．老龄组(13龄以上者)个体数在重牧、过牧、极牧演替阶段分别占4．83％、2．84％和14．02％．随着放牧干扰的加剧,狼毒种群年龄结构呈现老龄化趋势．     

人胎儿真皮乳头和皮纹发生的研究

本文用扫描电镜法研究了入胎儿的皮纹发生过程,包括初级真皮嵴、次级真皮嵴、真皮乳头和表皮隆线的发生。为研究人皮纹的发生和皮肤的异常提供了皮肤正常发育的形态学依据。共观察111例从第6周到第9个月胎儿的皮纹区皮肤,表明第3个月末胎儿开始形成初级真皮嵴,以后逐渐加深,至第16周嵴的顶端中央产生纵沟形成两条平行的次级真皮嵴;自19周后,次级真皮嵴局部隆起,由波浪形逐渐形成乳头。至30周乳头呈犬牙状。表皮隆线于第4—5月形成,随真皮乳头的增高而渐趋明显。至第6个月,全部皮纹图样已可辨认。本文还讨论了真皮乳头发生的过程。     

三峡库区木洞江段翘嘴鲌早期生长特征研究

2013年9—10月在三峡库区木洞江段采集翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)幼鱼,摘取微耳石进行耳石微结构分析,推算了翘嘴鲌幼鱼的日龄及孵化日期,探讨其早期生活史阶段的生长特征。结果显示,采集97尾翘嘴鲌幼鱼,体长范围为40—98 mm。翘嘴鲌幼鱼的微耳石形状为不规则扁椭球形,耳石横截面磨片上具有一个核和一个原基。耳石原基的直径为11.6—27.8μm,平均值为(18.6±3.8)μm。耳石核中心到第一个生长轮的距离为(13.0±4.7)μm。翘嘴鲌幼鱼的日龄为44—104d,推算其孵化日期为2013年6月9日至8月17日,高峰期为2013年7月9日至7月22日。耳石半径与体长、日龄与体长之间均呈显著的线性关系(P0.05)。耳石日轮宽度随着日龄的增加不断变化显示,三峡库区翘嘴鲌早期生活史阶段的生长速率不断变化,日平均生长率为0.774 mm/d。     

147对孪生子皮纹学分析

调查了宁波市区及镇海县城关汉族中、小学生(7—17岁)中147对孪生子的指、掌纹。分析项目包括指纹图形、指纹嵴线总数(TFRC,双手10个指的指纹嵴线数总和)、嵴线总数差(各对孪生子内TFRC之差数)、同名指纹型差(各对孪生子内同名指指纹图形相异指数)及斗型纹差(各对孪生子内同名指斗型纹与其他纹     

The validity of horn ring counts to determine the age of Scottish feral goats (Capra (domestic))

The use of horn ring counts to age species in the tribes Caprini and Rupricaprini (Bovidae) has been well documented. Few studies have, however, tested the validity of the method. This paper compares the number of horn rings with age in years for individually known Scottish feral goats (Capra (domestic)). For all age-sex classes, except females older than two years, the number of horn rings corresponded exactly to the age in years. The discrepancies amongst older females were attributed to difficulties in counting their horn rings due to the small size of the horn and wear.     

干旱区多枝柽柳的生长特性

多枝柽柳是分布最为广泛的柽柳属植物之一。也是维持干旱区荒漠生态系统的关键植物种。本研究运用树轮年代学和树干解析方法。对额济纳地区不同生境条件下多枝柽柳的年轮生长、高生长和地径生长等方面的特征进行初步探讨。多枝柽柳每年形成1个年轮。树盘偏心生长极为普遍．完整树轮大多在10龄以内区域,10龄以外都呈单个或多个不完整年轮生长区。多枝柽柳单枝在1～4年高生长缓慢．4～8龄之间属于快速生长期,10年以上生长速率急剧下降。不同地下水位条件下三组样本径生长年增长速率达到极大值的年龄分别为21、56和74年,水环境条件是影响多枝柽柳径向生长的主要因素。同一年年轮宽度随枝高呈减小趋势。多枝柽柳边材的树轮数一般在3～5轮之间,进入老龄阶段有增加趋势。边材宽度随年龄增长逐渐减小。     

南极鳕鳞片表面结构的光镜和扫描电镜的观察

本文对南极鳕鳞片表面结构进行了光镜和扫描电镜形态学的初步研究。观察同一鱼体上圆鳞和栉鳞的各自形态,论述了两种鳞片年轮的特点及鳞峭、鳞沟、鳞棘等的特征。经过观察分析,认为年轮的断裂型即为生殖轮,生殖轮的出现将是性成熟的标志。     

长湖达氏鲌的生长特性及其资源现状

2015年9月至2016年8月在湖北长湖采集达氏鲌(Culter dabryi)样本592尾,对其年龄、生长及资源状况进行了研究。结果表明,长湖达氏鲌种群的年龄组成为1~7龄,其中以1~4龄鱼为主,占样本总量的91.38%;达氏鲌属匀速生长类型,其体重(W)和体长(L)的关系式为W=0.008L3.148(n=592,R~2=0.995,P0.01),且无明显性别差异;采用von Bertalanffy生长方程分别拟合体长、体重与年龄的关系,其表达式分别为,体长Lt=49.103[1﹣e-0.194(t+0.268)],体重Wt=1668.330[1﹣e-0.194(t+0.268)]3.148,生长拐点年龄t=5.64龄,对应体长33.4 cm,体重502.4 g;目前长湖达氏鲌总死亡系数Z=0.80,自然死亡系数M=0.42,捕捞死亡系数F=0.38,资源开发率E=0.48/年,根据体长股分析法估算出长湖达氏鲌2015~2016年资源量为1 809 710尾(15.18 t)。为保持长湖达氏鲌资源稳定,建议捕捞体长33.4 cm以上个体。     

The utility of otolith microstructure in determining the timing and position of the first annulus in juvenile Antarctic toothfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dissostichus mawsoni</Emphasis>) from the South Shetland Islands

Juvenile Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) collected off the South Shetland Islands (CCAMLR Subarea 48.1) were aged by counting the presumed daily increments in the sagittal otoliths. The timing and position of the first annulus was examined for each individual fish from 10 to 13 cm TL. Under reflected light at low magnification, the otolith sections exhibited a wide opaque nucleus, with no evidence of deposition of the first translucent zone. The average measurement of ventral and dorsal radii of these sections were, respectively, 603 and 768 μm, consistently less than the measurements done in previously estimated 1 year old fish caught in the same area. All specimens aged in the present study were approximately 1 year old fish, with an age range between 365 and 431 days, suggesting a significant underestimation of age in the previous studies. The value of ageing precision indices calculated was relatively low, supporting the reliability of the reading technique applied. Two checks were easily identified in the core of all otolith sections, interpreted tentatively as hatching and first exogenous feeding checks. Back-calculating from the time of capture, the hatching period of D. mawsoni was estimated to occur throughout the summer season, from November to February. In conclusion, the delay in timing of deposition of the first translucent zone, which occurs in the second winter from hatching, should be taken into account in future studies on ageing Antarctic toothfish, as well as in the stock assessment models based on length at age data.     

Study of the cuspal ridges of the upper first molars in a modern Japanese population

Materials used were dental casts of the upper first molars of modern Japanese subjects, comprising 29 males and 25 females. Their molar occlusal surfaces were photographed by moiré contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, comprising a central ridge and mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified from the patterns of the moiré fringes. The central ridge was observed in all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the mesial and distal accessory ridges of trigonal cusps were over 90% except for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone, and those of the hypocone were under 25% in both sexes. These values were generally higher in males than in females, especially for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone. The running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge which was higher than the central groove formed a saddle-like structure. This ridge was observed in all materials, but its heights and structural components varied remarkably. In this study, the distal accessory ridge of the metacone was found to be incorporated into the oblique ridge in about 13% of cases. Variability in the running pattern of the ridges within a single cusp was highest in the hypocone and lowest in both the paracone and protocone. The results obtained are considered to represent the stability or reductive tendency of cusps in the upper first molars.     

Tracing the life history of red gurnard (Aspitrigla cuculus) using validated otolith annual rings

Back calculation, marginal increment analysis and modal progression analysis were used to trace growth processes of the red gurnard, Aspitrigla cuculus L., in the Mediterranean Sea. Three false rings appeared regularly on otoliths and were hypothesized to refer to the ontogeny on the basis of the study of the recruitment and reproduction processes of the species. The first two rings were laid down during the first pelagic period and the transformation to the bottom mode of life, respectively. The third ring corresponded to the first spawning at the end of the second year of life. The marginal increment analysis demonstrated that one opaque and one translucent zone is formed each year, the translucent ring corresponding to the period of slow growth in the winter. Temperature and salinity of Mediterranean waters below the thermocline where red gurnard live do not undergo seasonal variations. Therefore, traditional interpretation of the discontinuity patterns on otoliths related to the decrease of water temperature should be rejected for Mediterranean fish distributed on the deep shelf and slope. Discontinuities in otolith structure may be related to seasonal variation in feeding intensity as a consequence of decreases in the benthic mysids biomass and time available to find food due to reduced daylight. Future research should focus on the trophic ecology of the demersal fishes and the seasonal fluctuations of the prey resources during the year in order to assess the role of the food supply with regard to otolith growth patterns in the Mediterranean Sea.     

放牧干扰对根茎冰草无性系种群年龄结构的影响

根茎冰草（Agropyron michnoi)是典型的无性系禾草。在松嫩平原,根茎冰草的分蘖节最老为４龄,可存活５个年度。不同季节的放牧干扰可导致根茎冰草无性系种群分蘖株的年龄结构发生变化,全年放牧样地和夏秋休牧样地均为稳定型年龄结构,两个冬季放牧样地均为增长型年龄结构。１龄分蘖株的生产力和营养繁殖力力均最大。４龄分蘖株均已丧失了营养繁殖力。营养繁殖芽的年龄结构可以更好地预测预报无性系种群和群落的未来。全年放牧可保护稳定型年龄结构,冬季放牧可保持增长型年龄结构,夏秋休牧可使种群发展为增长型年龄结构,两个冬季放牧样地将仍然保持单优势种群落,全年放牧地将仍为混生群落,夏季林牧样地具有向着单优势种群落演替的潜在趋势。     

Development of potato blight Phytophthora infestans after planting infected seed tubers

About 1000 blight-infected seed potato tubers, usually of the cultivar King Edward, were planted for 9 yr and the subsequent plants examined until the disease had developed in the plots. Haulm infection originated each year from the seed tubers and occurred first on basal leaves. When tubers were inoculated with a complex race of P. infestans this race was recovered from the leaves and from the soil near the seed tuber. Transmission of infection from soil to leaves was demonstrated by splash of artificially contaminated soil to leaves suspended above the soil. In 4 yr, plants were grown on flat rows as well as on ridges. In 2 yr, when emergence was almost complete, infected stems were observed on otherwise normal plants. In the first year 0.6% grew on ridges and 3.0% on the flat and in the second all grew on the flat (5.3%). Only seven of the 43 plants had more than one infected stem. Flat plots had a significantly higher number of stemdplant than ridge plots, but this bore no relation to numbers of infected stems. When flat plots which had developed affected plants had soil replaced as ridge plots, no further infected stems were observed. Such stems continued to develop on flat plots. No prematurely dead stems were observed below soil level when all plants were dug. Underground portions of most infected stems showed little evidence of P. infestans which was found only at about soil level. Infection appeared to occur first in this area.     

Otolith development in wild populations of stickleback: Jones & Hynes method does not apply to most populations

This paper critiques Jones & Hynes (1950) findings by analysing sequential samples of otoliths from three wild populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus from North Uist, Scotland and Nottingham, England. Contrary to Jones & Hynes (1950), but coincident with the finding of later researchers, our results showed that no true translucent ring formed in the otolith of G. aculeatus during their first summer. The first translucent ring was probably starting to be formed by the end of summer and was completed by the end of their first winter. There was no second opaque ring in the otoliths of G. aculeatus before they passed their first winter. The second opaque ring was just starting to appear by early April of the second year in the southern population i.e. Nottingham, but later, by May, in the northern populations i.e. North Uist. Formation of the opaque ring in G. aculeatus mostly occurs in spring and summer, with younger fish starting earlier. In contrast, the formation of translucent rings is mostly during autumn and winter, but can be more widespread through the year, possibly as a result of reproductive investment.