在控制条件下云南松幼苗根系对低磷胁迫的响应

磷是控制生命过程的重要元素,植物在生长过程中需要大量的磷,低磷常导致一些植物发生适应性变化。云南松(PinusyunnanensisFranch.)以云南高原为起源和分布中心,其对低磷土壤环境表现出了很强的适应能力,广泛分布并正常生长于贫瘠的低磷红壤上,研究云南松对低磷环境的适应机制,对人类探索高效利用有限的磷素资源的方法具有现实意义。本实验通过对不同磷处理水平下培养的云南松幼苗根系生物量和根冠比等的研究,分析了云南松幼苗根系对低磷胁迫的响应。实验所用云南松种子采集自云南省通海县秀山森林公园内的健壮云南松林。结果表明:当磷浓度下降到0.5mmol/L时,云南松幼苗主根长度开始随磷浓度的降低而增加,根冠比随磷浓度的降低而增大,而侧根发生数没有随磷浓度的降低而显示出显著的增减规律,根系生物量也没有随磷浓度的降低而呈现出有规律的增减,根系生物量始终保持在一定的水平。进一步的分析表明:低磷胁迫下,云南松幼苗保证了物质分配对根的优先地位,以维持其根的生物量在一定水平,进而维持整个生命;云南松幼苗主要是靠主根长度的增加而不是靠侧根数量的增加来适应低磷环境。     

低磷胁迫下云南松幼苗的生物量及其分配

对云南松幼苗进行低磷胁迫的实验表明:不同磷处理水平下云南松幼苗的总生物量、茎叶生物量和株高在处理间的差异极为显著;随着培养液磷浓度的降低,云南松幼苗茎叶生物量和总生物量下降,株高降低,侧芽数减少;总生物量与茎叶生物量之间存在极显著的相关关系和线性回归关系,总生物量随培养液磷浓度的降低而下降主要是由茎叶生物量随培养液磷浓度的降低而下降引起的。低磷胁迫下云南松幼苗的根系生物量并没有随培养液磷浓度的降低而明显减少,根系生物量保持在比较高的水平,低磷胁迫下的云南松幼苗主要以降低茎叶生物量为代价来提高根冠比并保持根系生物量在比较高的水平来维持整个生命。实验还表明,在培养液磷浓度0.03125~0.00781mmol·L-1之间或附近,存在着一个云南松幼苗对低磷忍耐的临界值。     

车桑子幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应差异

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

Different responses of biomass allocation and leaf traits of Dodonaea viscosa to concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

低磷对大豆主根伸长生长的影响

文章采用卷纸培养和分层琼脂培养的方法,研究磷对大豆主根伸长影响的结果表明:低磷[0.2 μmol(KH2PO4)·L-1]显著促进大豆主根伸长,特别是延长大豆主根根尖至最新侧根间的距离;组织切片表明,低磷对主根伸长的促进主要是通过延迟主根伸长区的分化实现的,并且低磷对主根的促进作用不受亚磷酸盐的影响.琼脂分层培养的结果表明,在磷分布不均匀的条件下,低磷影响主根的仲长生长,上层或下层不施磷的大豆主根伸长均有增加.     

低磷和高照度光下两种不同磷效率玉米幼苗的几种光合参数变化

以完全培养液（HP,1000μmol·L^-1KH2PO4）培养15d的玉米自交系KH5（磷高效）和SD502（磷低效）幼苗转入低磷（LP,5μmol·L^-1KH2PO4）条件下培养20d后,检测叶中几种与光合作用有关参数的结果表明,低磷下两自交系玉米叶中无机磷含量、植株生物量和叶片的净光合速率（Pn）均下降,KH5的降幅小于SD502。两自交系玉米叶片以高照度光（1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1）照射1h后,叶片的PSII实际光化学效率（ФPSII）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均下降,而初始荧光（F0）、非光化学猝灭（NPQ）和天线热耗散（HDR）均升高。在强光胁迫过程中,玉米幼苗叶片发生光抑制,自交系SD502在低磷下的光抑制比KH5严重。     

氮磷对青岛大扁藻和牟氏角毛藻单养和共培养生长的影响

通过实验生态学的方法,分别以KNO3和KH2PO4为氮源和磷源,研究青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandicavar.tsingtaoensis)和牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmerman)单培养和共培养时的生长状况。结果显示,不同氮磷处理对两种藻的单培养和共培养都有显著影响(P<0.05)。共培养时,青岛大扁藻的最大藻密度与氮磷浓度呈正相关。氮处理时,当培养液中KNO3为110 mg/L时,取得最大值;磷处理时,青岛大扁藻的最大藻密度在KH2PO4为9 mg/L时取得最大值;而牟氏角毛藻分别在KNO3为70 mg/L和KH2PO4为5 mg/L时取得最大值。共培养时两种藻的藻密度都低于单培养。另外,无论低氮高磷还是高氮低磷都不利于两种藻获得较大的终细胞密度。     

解磷酵母Pichia farinose FL7用于镍污染土壤植物提取的研究

目的:研究一株对Ca3(PO4)2、AlPO4、FePO4具有强溶解能力的解磷毕赤酵母Pichia farinose FL7对镍污染土壤的植物提取修复效果。方法:在液体培养条件下研究了P.farinose FL7对Ni3(PO4)2的溶解能力和对Ni(NO3)2的耐受性。将P.farinose FL7制成微生物菌剂并用于Ni3(PO4)2和Ni(NO3)2污染土壤的植物(印度芥菜)修复。结果:P.farinose FL7从Ni3(PO4)2中直接溶解出来的PO3-4的含量是未接种对照组的10倍以上,并且P.farinose FL7表现出较高的Ni(NO3)2耐受性。盆栽试验结果表明,添加P.farinose FL7后,印度芥菜中镍的积累量大幅度增加,印度芥菜的生物量从(0.23±0.01)g增加至(0.34±0.01)g。不同处理方式下土壤中有效磷和各形态镍的含量变化表明,P.farinose FL7具有固定-溶解双重功能,一方面能够固化Ni(NO3)2污染土壤中的水溶性Ni2+,另一方面能够溶解Ni3(PO4)2污染土壤中的不溶性镍。结论:P.farinose FL7具有固定-溶解双重功能,用于镍污染土壤的植物提取可显著提高Ni的清除速率。     

低磷胁迫对雷公藤幼苗形态指标及生物量的影响

采用土培的方法,研究了磷(P)胁迫对雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)1年生和3年生幼苗在一个生长季内形态指标及生物量的影响。结果表明:低P处理显著抑制了雷公藤幼苗地上部分的增长,而对地下部分的影响较小,导致根冠比的增加,在相同P水平处理下,3年生雷公藤的根冠比高于1年生的;低P胁迫显著影响了雷公藤的生物量积累及分配,雷公藤幼苗总生物量及1年生雷公藤细根生物量占根系生物量的比例下降,根系生物量在总生物量中的比例及3年生雷公藤细根生物量在根系生物量中的比例上升。这表明3年生雷公藤对P逆境有更好的适应机制,对低P林地套种雷公藤的苗龄选择有参考价值;雷公藤幼苗的株高、最长枝均与生物量呈显著的正相关,可作为耐低P雷公藤良种选育中优良性状的指标。中轻度的P胁迫不显著影响根系生物量的积累,维持较大比例的根系是雷公藤适应低P胁迫的主要策略。     

磷对外生菌根真菌松乳菇和双色蜡蘑草酸、氢离子和磷酸酶分泌的影响

在液体培养基中设置无磷、低磷、中磷和高磷四种磷浓度,离体培养松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus的3个株系Ld-01、Ld-02、Ld-03和双色蜡蘑Laccaria bicolor S238N,分别测定外生菌根真菌的生长量、草酸、氢离子和酸性磷酸酶分泌速率。结果表明,在中磷的条件下,外生菌根真菌的生长最好,无磷、低磷或高磷对它们的生长产生抑制作用,抑制程度因菌种(株)不同而异。草酸、氢离子和酸性磷酸酶的分泌速率顺序为:无磷(0gNaH2PO4/L)>低磷(0.229gNaH2PO4/L)>中磷(1.147gNaH2PO4/L)>高磷(5.735gNaH2PO4/L),表现出明显的种(株)间差异,看来外源磷的供应状况可能有调节外生菌根真菌活化土壤无机磷和有机磷的作用。在缺磷和低磷条件下,外生菌根真菌具有较强的活化作用,在足磷的条件下活化作用减小,由此有效地利用土壤中的磷。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.