虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用＊张瑛严福顺＊＊（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８早在１９世纪初,Ｋｉｒｂｙ和Ｓｐｅｎｃｅ就提出：几乎没有一种植物能够避免昆虫的取食为害,同时也没有一种植物能被所有植食性昆虫取食为害。后一种情况反应...     

与昆虫有关的植物挥发性次生物质的研究方法

研究植物挥发性次生物质与昆虫的关系已有几十年的历史 ,在近 2 0年中 ,分析手段得到长足的提高。本文回顾了传统的研究方法 ,综合近年新报道的研究方法加以综述 ,以供同行参考。     

植物挥发性物质对昆虫作用的研究进展

不同植物的挥发性物质对昆虫行为有着不同的调节作用,部分对害虫表现为引诱作用,部分对害虫表现为驱避和致死作用,有的则表现为寄主植物与天敌昆虫之间的互惠引诱定位作用。本文综述了近年国内外有关植物挥发性物质的研究概况及其对昆虫的不同作用,展望了其在未来害虫综合治理中的应用。     

次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义

次生物质是植物次级低谢的产物,它在植物与昆虫协同进化中起着主导作用。本文通过介绍次生物质在植物化学防御中的作用,昆虫对次生物质的适应及其利用等内容,阐述了次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义。     

植物干旱胁迫对植食性昆虫及其天敌的影响

全球正经历以变暖为主要特征的气候变化,由此带来的干旱将对农业生态系统造成重要影响。本文综述了干旱胁迫下寄主植物对植食性昆虫及其天敌影响的国内外最新研究进展。在干旱胁迫下,寄主植物物理性状、营养状况和次生代谢物质等均发生变化,这些变化导致植食性昆虫的生存环境和营养物质的获取等方面发生改变,从而影响了害虫生长发育和种群动态。干旱胁迫还导致寄主物候变化与昆虫发生不同步,使害虫缺乏食物。另外干旱也会引起植食性害虫天敌的种群发生变化,从而对植食性昆虫种群数量产生间接的影响。     

植物、植食性昆虫及捕食者种间化学信息物质

昆虫与植物、昆虫与昆虫之间的联系,存在一个极为复杂的信息化学网络（alleloch。micalwe）,这些信息化学物质（semiochemica）引起昆虫行为和生理上的许多反应,从而形成一个多层次、巨大的生物群落网络,并协调三级营养（tritronhic）即植食性昆虫取食植物,而肉食昆虫又捕食或寄生植食性昆虫,或更多营养层次之间的关系。本文拟概述化学生态学在这方面取得的一些新进展。种内信息化学物质叫做信息素（pheromone）研究的较早,例如多种昆虫的性息素。而另一类属于种间的信息化学物质（allelochemics）则研究的较少。在任何三级营养水平…     

植食性昆虫诱导的挥发物及其在植物通讯中的作用

正常健康植株的挥发物代谢维持在基底水平,当遭到昆虫取食时,植物释放出特定的挥发物,用来招引害虫的天敌,还能诱导邻近植株产生防御反应.文章就此问题的研究进展作了介绍.     

扑虱灵对稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌种群的影响

扑虱灵对稻飞虱的防治效果,及对捕食性天敌的毒性,进行了田间试验,并与叶蝉散,杀虫双的使用结果作比较．试验结果表明,扑虱灵对稻飞虱的防治效果达93％,与叶蝉散,杀虫双相比较。防治效果提高了2．39～32．85％．对黑肩绿盲蝽和蜘蛛种群具有不同程度的选择性,维护较低的稻飞虱与天敌的比值,有利于天敌作用的发挥,维持对稻飞虱较长的残效期,基本上可以控制稻田后期飞虱的增长．     

植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果的影响(英文)

本研究首先是在不同的寄主植物中利用蚜虫性信息素进行田间诱蚜实验。结果表明寄主植物影响性信息素田间诱蚜的种类和效果。在桃园 ,以蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇为性诱剂的水盆诱捕器 ,诱到 3种蚜虫的雄蚜 ,分别是桃蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和莲缢管蚜。其中 ,桃蚜占绝大多数 ,且还被性信息素的单一组分植物提取的荆芥内酯所吸引。麦田中诱到的雄蚜为麦二叉蚜。苹果园中诱到的雄蚜是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜 ,且性信息素诱捕器中的数目远多于对照诱捕器。据田间诱蚜实验结果推测 ,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇对桃粉大尾蚜有吸引作用 ,荆芥内酯可能是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜性信息素的一个组分。另外进行的田间实验表明寄主植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果有影响 ,当荆芥内酯诱捕器同时释放桃叶挥发物时 ,诱到的桃蚜雄蚜数量明显增加。触角电位记录实验也表明桃蚜雄蚜对桃叶挥发物和桃芽挥发物有反应。     

跳甲属(鞘翅目,叶甲科,跳甲亚科)同域分布种及其寄主关系探讨

研究发现,取食蔷薇科植物的3种跳甲,即蛇莓跳甲 A.fragariae、地榆跳甲A.sanguisobae和委陵跳甲A.koreana并不是最近缘物种,它们的"母种"和"子种"关系在这一系统中并不受支持.依据分子系统树,地榆跳甲与蛇莓跳甲分别是独立的物种;尽管委陵跳甲和A.ampelophaga亲缘关系最近,但综合考虑二者地理分布特点和食性差异,我们仍主张将它们作为2个独立的物种对待.     

ROLE OF RICE VOLATILES IN THE FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF CYRTORHINUS LIVIDIPENNIS REUTER

Abstract Experiments were conducted in laboratory to study the impacts of rice genotypes and nitrogen levels on the preference of the egg predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis , for eggs of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and their relation to the rice volatiles. In two-choice tests, the female predators showed different preference for BPH eggs on different rice genotypes, but not for BPH eggs on rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The olfactory response test revealed that more predator oriented to the odour from healthy rice plants compared with the plain air (control); the predator preferred BPH nymph-damaged plants to healthy plants, and BPH female adult-damaged plants to BPH nymph-damaged plants. The comparative studies between rice genotypes and nitrogen levels indicated that there were obvious differences in attractiveness to the predator between rice genotypes, while there was no significant difference between rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The results showed that rice volatiles played an important role in mediating the foraging behaviour of C. lividipennis . Implications for augmenting the effectiveness of natural enemies by adjusting rice attributes and cultural practices are discussed.     

OLFACTORY RESPONSES OF LYSIPHLEBIA JAPONICA TO VOLATILE CHEMICALS AND FRESH LEAVES OF THE HOST PLANTS OF COTTON APHIDS IN OLFACTOMETER

Abstract The behavioral responses of the female adult parasitoids Lysiphlebia japonica to plant volatile chemicals, host plants and cotton aphids were tested in a four arm air flow olfactometer. The results indicated that the female parasitoids were strongly attracted by the odors from cotton aphids and their host plants. Damaged cotton leaves were more attractive than intact ones. Among the four olfactory stimuli from the plant volatile chemicals dissolved in liquid paraffin oil at the concentration of 0.01 (volume fraction), the female parasitoids only positively responded to benzaldehyde, but did not show any preference to β-caryophyllene and β-pinene. Although heptanol elicited the highest EAC response of the parasitoids, the behavioral test showed that it repelled the parasitoids, and β-pinene shared the same feature with heptanol at the concentration of 1 (volume fraction). Our results also showed that the female parasitoids only preferred the cotton leaf from which the mummified aphids were collected, and did not express any interest to the three plants of melon family in the olfactometer, The possible mechanisms are discussed.     

RELEVANCE OF PLANT VOLATILES TO SEX PHERO‐MONE IN LURING APHIDS IN THE FIELD1

Abstract Outdoor trials were made to test the responses of male aphids to pheromone lures in fields with different host‐plants, in order to know whether host‐plants would affect catches of males to pheromone lures. In peach orchard, males of three aphid species, i.e. Myzus persicae, Hyalopterus amygdali and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, were found in traps baited with aphid sex pheromone nepetalactone and nepetalactol. The most numerous numbers was M, persicae and it was also attracted by plant‐derived nepetalactone alone in peach orchard and cabbage garden. Schizaphis graminum males were caught in water traps in wheat field. In apple orchard, males of two aphid species, Aphis cifricola and Sappaphis sinipiricola were caught in significantly larger numbers in the pheromone traps than in the control traps. Field study indicated that the sex pheromone of H. amygduli comprises either one or both of nepetalactone and nepetalactol, and nepetalactone may be one component of sex pheromones of A cifricola and S sinipiricola Another field trial had shown that catches were increased if volatiles from a steam‐distilled extract of peach leaves were released simultaneously with nepetalactone. Elec‐troantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from males of M. persicae to volatiles of peach leaves and buds.