丛枝菌根对枳实生苗抗旱性的影响研究

在自然水分干旱胁迫和胁迫解除复水条件下,研究了丛枝菌根对1年生枳实生苗生长和抗旱性的影响.结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae93显著增加枳实生苗的株高、茎粗和鲜重,提高了幼苗移栽成活率.在自然水分干旱胁迫和胁迫解除复水过程中,丛枝菌根提高或者极显提高了叶片可溶性糖含量、叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性,从而提高了枳实生苗的渗透调节能力,增强了其保护系统能力,降低了细胞膜脂过氧化,使枳实生苗抗旱能力增强.表明丛枝菌根真菌增强寄主植物抗旱能力的作用机制与保护系统相关.     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对沙打旺生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种AM真菌对优良牧草和固沙植物沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)生长和抗旱性的影响。在土壤相对含水量为70%、50%和30%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和沙打旺根际土著菌,不接种处理作为对照。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了沙打旺植株(无论接种AM真菌与否)的株高、分枝数、地上部干重和地下部干重,并显著提高了土著AM真菌的侵染率,对摩西球囊霉的侵染率无显著影响。接种AM真菌可以促进沙打旺生长和提高植株抗旱性,但促进效应因土壤含水量和菌种不同而存在差异。不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株菌根侵染率、根系活力、地下部全N含量和叶片CAT活性。土壤相对含水量为30%和50%时,接种株地上部全N、叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和POD活性显著高于未接种株;接种AM真菌显著降低了叶片MDA含量;接种土著AM真菌的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。土壤相对含水量为30%时,接种AM真菌显著增加了地上部全P含量和叶片相对含水量;接种摩西球囊霉的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。水分胁迫40d,接种AM真菌显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量。水分胁迫80d,接种株叶片SOD活性显著增加。菌根依赖性随水分胁迫程度增加而提高。沙打旺根际土著菌接种效果优于摩西球囊霉。水分胁迫和AM真菌的交互作用对分枝数、菌根侵染率、叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部全N和全P、地下部全N和根系活力有极显著影响,对叶片丙二醛和地下部全P有显著影响。AM真菌促进根系对土壤水分和矿质营养的吸收,改善植物生理代谢活动,从而提高沙打旺抗旱性,促进其生长。试验结果为筛选优良抗旱菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进荒漠植物生长和植被恢复提供了依据。     

摩西球囊霉对三叶鬼针草保护酶活性的影响

旱地农田入侵杂草三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)与摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)(AM真菌)经常形成长效的共生体,该霉菌对三叶鬼针草的入侵能力起到促进作用,但机理并不清楚。盆栽试验对正常浇水、中度干旱和重度干旱条件下接种AM真菌的三叶鬼针草植株与未接种植株之间叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(ASP)和过氧化物酶(POD)等保护酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫导致三叶鬼针草叶片内MDA含量升高,SOD、CAT、ASP和POD的活性升高;正常浇水条件下,接种G. mosseae 对MDA含量,SOD、ASP和CAT活性影响不显著;中度干旱条件下,接种没有显著影响ASP活性,但对SOD和CAT活性影响显著;在处理前期(7,14,21d)POD活性影响不显著,在处理后期(28,35d)接种植株显著低于未接种植株;重度干旱条件下,未接种植株MDA含量、CAT活性显著高于接种植株,POD活性差异不显著。ASP活性在21d前差异不显著,之后,未接种植株显著高于接种植株。因此,AM真菌G. mosseae 有效地降低了干旱胁迫对三叶鬼针草的伤害程度,随着土壤含水量的严重亏缺和胁迫时间的延长,摩西球囊霉对三叶鬼针草的保护作用逐渐减弱。由于三叶鬼针草和AM真菌之间普遍存在着共生关系,该共生关系可能是三叶鬼针草入侵能力强的关键生物因子之一。     

EFFECTS OF AM FUNGI AND WATER STRESS ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF ARTEMISIA ORDOSICA IN DIFFERENT SOILS

 利用两种不同土壤研究了水分胁迫和接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根际土著AM真菌)对毛乌素沙地重要演替物种油蒿生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明, 两种土壤中水分胁迫没有显著影响油蒿的植株形态和含水量, 但严重抑制了菌根侵染率。水分胁迫促使油蒿提高叶片保水能力, 抑制N、P在地上部的分配。在胁迫前期SOD活性较高, 而POD活性在后期较高。同一水分条件下接种AM真菌显著提高了AM真菌侵染率, 土壤中孢子数显著增多, 提高了植株分枝数并促进侧根发育, 显著提高根冠比和植株保水能力, 加强了根系对全磷、全氮的吸收。接种AM真菌的植株可溶性糖和丙二醛含量较低, 可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化, SOD和POD活性提高, 油蒿抗旱性加强。水分胁迫下在不同土壤中接种不同AM真菌对油蒿的促进效应差异较大, 接种土著AM真菌的效果优于摩西球囊霉单一接种。干旱导致菌根侵染率下降是宿主植物吸水能力下降的原因之一, 在植物生长前期接种AM真菌可以增强植物抵抗生长中后期环境干旱的能力。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了水分胁迫条件下AM真菌对柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)生长和抗旱性的影响.在土壤相对含水量为80%、60%和40%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和柠条锦鸡儿根际土著菌,结果表明,水分胁迫对AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响.不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了宿主植物根系菌根侵染率.土壤相对含水量为40%～60%时,接种株的株高、茎粗、生物干重和叶片保水力明显高于不接种株;接种AM真菌提高了植株对土壤有效N和有效P的利用率,增加了植株全P、叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量以及SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性.土壤相对含水量为40%时,叶片MDA含量明显下降.水分胁迫条件下,以接种柠条锦鸡儿根际土著菌的效果最佳.AM真菌增强宿主植物的抗旱性可能源于促进宿主植物根系对土壤水分和矿质元素吸收的直接作用和改善植物体内生理代谢活动、提高保护酶活性的间接作用.     

NaCl胁迫下AM真菌对棉花生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了 Na Cl胁迫条件下 AM真菌对棉花生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响。结果表明 :在土壤中加入 0、0 .1%、0 .2 %、0 .3%浓度 Na Cl条件下 ,Na Cl胁迫对 AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响。接种 AM真菌提高了棉花根系菌根侵染率 ,增加了棉株的生物产量 ,以 0～ 0 .2 % Na Cl浓度时 AM真菌接种效果最好。 AM真菌对棉株生理参数和保护酶活性的影响因生育期和 Na Cl浓度不同而异 ,现蕾期和低盐浓度 (0～ 0 .1% )下叶片叶绿素含量明显增加 ;中高盐水平 (0 .2 %～ 0 .3% )和生育后期叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和 SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性显著提高 ,MDA含量明显降低 ;棉株 K、Ca、Mg含量因植株部位和盐浓度不同而变化。 AM真菌增强宿主植物的耐盐性可能源于促进宿主根系对土壤矿质元素吸收的直接作用和改善植物体内离子平衡和生理代谢活动、提高保护酶活性的间接作用     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对红花耐盐性的影响

在盐胁迫下,采用盆栽方法研究AM真菌对红花植株耐盐生理指标的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,在0、0．1％和0．2％浓度NaCl胁迫下,AM真菌促进红花幼苗的生长,接种真菌的红花叶片SOD和CAT活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量都高于不接种处理的,叶片细胞质膜透性和MDA含量则低于不接种处理的,结果证明AM真菌可以提高植物的耐盐性。     

喀斯特土壤上香樟幼苗接种不同AM真菌后的耐旱性效应

为探索喀斯特土壤适生植物香樟幼苗在接种不同AM真菌后的耐旱适应性,进行了香樟幼苗接种幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum)后水分胁迫处理试验。结果表明：（1）接种AM真菌显著提高了香樟幼苗的生物量积累,AM促进植株生物量效应依次为中度>轻度>正常>重度,同一水分胁迫处理下生物量幼套球囊霉>层状球囊霉。（2）中度干旱下香樟幼苗菌根依赖性最大,幼套球囊霉接种植株的菌根依赖性较层状球囊霉大。（3）接种AM真菌显著提高了植株叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量,并降低了丙二醛含量;在正常供水下植株叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量层状球囊霉接种>幼套球囊霉接种>对照,干旱胁迫下表现为幼套球囊霉接种>层状球囊霉接种>对照;干旱胁迫下的幼套球囊霉接种植株丙二醛含量低于层状球囊霉接种植株。（4）总体上,可溶性糖与脯氨酸相关性极显著,可溶性蛋白质与丙二醛之间呈显著负相关性。幼套球囊霉接种香樟幼苗的耐旱性高于和层状球囊霉接种香樟幼苗。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对枳实生苗叶片矿质营养吸收的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)Glomus versiforme对水分胁迫下(正常水分为对照)的枳[Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]实生苗叶片矿质营养吸收的影响.研究表明,水分胁迫显著抑制AM真菌对枳实生苗根系的侵染.无论在正常水分还是在水分胁迫下,AM真菌的感染显著提高枳实生苗叶片P、K和Ca的含量,水分胁迫下的菌根贡献率均高于对照;AM真菌的接种对叶片N、Mg和Cu含量没有显著影响.与未接种处理相比,AM真菌处理仅对水分胁迫下的枳实生苗叶片Fe和Zn含量有显著促进作用.研究还表明,接种处理降低叶片Mn含量,正常水分下达到显著水平.     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根AM真菌对民勤绢蒿生长与抗旱性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根AM真菌对民勤绢蒿(Seriphidium minchünense)生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌提高了民勤绢蒿菌根侵染率和生物量,增加了地上部和地下部全P含量,重度胁迫下接种株地上部总黄酮含量显著升高,而对分枝数和地上部、地下部全N含量无显著影响。水分胁迫提高了民勤绢蒿菌根依赖性和全N、全P菌根贡献率。不同生长时期接种AM真菌均能提高植株叶片相对含水量、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量;前期接种株叶片可溶性糖含量显著低于未接种株,而中后期可溶性糖含量显著高于未接种株;整个生长时期接种株比未接种株叶片维持较低的脯氨酸含量;不同生长时期接种株叶片全N和全P含量显著升高,重度胁迫下接种株叶片总黄酮含量显著升高。AM真菌促进宿主植物生长和增强抗旱性可能是AM真菌直接促进宿主植物根系对土壤水分和矿质元素吸收和间接改善植株体内生理代谢活动的缘故。     

干旱胁迫下AM真菌对油蒿叶片保护系统的影响

基利用盆栽试验在正常水分和干旱胁迫条件下研究了灭菌土接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和土著AM真菌对油(蒿Artemisia ordosica)生长及叶片保护系统的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制了土著AM真菌对油蒿的侵染,但对G.mosseae的侵染影响较小。正常水分和干旱胁迫条件下,接种AM真菌显著增加了油蒿生物量和干重以及根系含磷量;提高了叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量并降低了脯氨酸和丙二醛含量;显著增强了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,增强了油蒿对干旱的防御能力。     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomaus mosseae)对枳[Poncirustrifoliat(L.)Raf.]实生苗的生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,在土壤含水量为20%、16%和12%条件下,接种G.mosseae能够增加植株的生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重和植株干重),促进植株根系活跃吸收面积和根际土壤有效磷的吸收,提高叶片和根系可溶性糖含量的积累,降低叶片脯氨酸含量,增强植株的水分利用效率(达20%～40%),使枳实生苗的抗旱能力得到增强.土壤含水量为20%和16%条件下接种G.mosseae对植株的效果较土壤含水量为12%条件下更显著.12%的土壤含水量严重抑制Gmosseae的侵染,说明丛枝菌根侵染程度轻,其对植物的效果也差.     

Tolerance of Mycorrhiza infected pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedling to drought stress under glasshouse conditions

The influence of Glomus etunicatum colonization on plant growth and drought tolerance of 3-month-old Pistacia vera seedlings in potted culture was studied in two different water treatments. The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) inoculation and plant growth (including plant shoot and root weight, leaf area, and total chlorophyll) were higher for well-watered than for water-stressed plants. The growth of AM-treated seedlings was higher than non-AM-treatment regardless of water status. P, K, Zn and Cu contents in AM-treated shoots were greater than those in non-AM shoots under well-watered conditions and drought stress. N and Ca content were higher under drought stress, while AM symbiosis did not affect the Mg content. The contents of soluble sugars, proteins, flavonoid and proline were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal-treated plants under the whole water regime. AM colonization increased the activities of peroxidase enzyme in treatments, but did not affect the catalase activity in shoots and roots under well-watered conditions and drought stress. We conclude that AM colonization improved the drought tolerance of P. vera seedlings by increasing the accumulation of osmotic adjustment compounds, nutritional and antioxidant enzyme activity. It appears that AM formation enhanced the drought tolerance of pistachio plants, which increased host biomass and plant growth.     

水分胁迫和杀真菌剂对黄顶菊生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究水分胁迫下AM真菌对黄顶菊生长和抗旱性的影响,揭示黄顶菊入侵过程中的微生物学机制。以苯菌灵为杀真菌剂,在土壤相对含水量为120%、80%、40%和20%条件下,分别设灭菌和不灭菌两种处理。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了黄顶菊株高、干重和主根长,而对AM真菌侵染率无显著影响。施用苯菌灵显著降低了菌根侵染率、叶片保水力、保护酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,提高了MDA含量。不灭菌处理下黄顶菊植株对土壤有效N和有效P的利用率较高,且植株全N、P含量显著高于灭菌处理,菌根贡献率随土壤相对含水量降低而逐渐提高,重度胁迫分别是渍水条件下的1.84和1.88倍。土壤水分状况和AM真菌的交互作用对黄顶菊生物量和生理指标影响显著。AM真菌共生能够促进黄顶菊根系对土壤水分和矿质营养吸收,改善植物代谢活动,提高抗旱性。实验结果为黄顶菊合理防控措施的制定提供了依据,同时作为丛枝菌根的基础性研究也具有重要的意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌通过上调根系及自身水孔蛋白基因表达提高玉米抗旱性

在模拟干旱条件下, 研究了接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus intraradices对玉米(Zea mays)根部13种质膜水孔蛋白基因表达的影响, 同时观测了AM真菌自身水孔蛋白基因的表达情况。结果表明, 干旱条件下, 除Zm PIP1;3、Zm PIP1;4、Zm PIP1;5和Zm PIP2;2之外的接种处理能显著提高根部其他8种质膜水孔蛋白基因的表达(Zm PIP2;7表达量未检测出), 并且AM真菌菌丝中水孔蛋白基因GintAQP1表达也显著增强。与此同时, 接种处理明显改善了植物水分状况, 提高了叶片水势。AM真菌增强宿主植物根部及自身的水孔蛋白基因的表达对于提高植物抗旱性具有潜在的重要贡献。     

Effects of mycorrhizal infection on drought tolerance and recovery in safflower and wheat

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance and recovery was studied in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown with and without the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd., in nutrient-amended soil under environmentally-controlled conditions to yield mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal with similar leaf areas, root length densities, dry weights, and adequate tissue phosphorus. When drought stress was induced, mycorrhizal infection did not affect changes in leaf water, osmotic or pressure potentials, or osmotic potentials of leaf tissue rehydrated to full turgor in either safflower or wheat. Furthermore, in safflower, infection had little effect on drought tolerance as indicated by the level of leaf necrosis. Mycorrhizal wheat plants, however, had less necrotic leaf tissue than uninfected plants at moderate levels of drought stress (but not at severe levels) probably due to enhanced phosphorus nutrition. To determine the effects of infection on drought recovery, plants were rewatered at a range of soil water potentials from –1 to –4 MPa. We found that although safflower tended to recover more slowly from drought after rewatering than wheat, mycorrhizal infection did not directly affect drought recovery in either plant species. Daily water use after rewatering was reduced and was correlated to the extent that leaves were damaged by drought stress in both plant species, but was not directly influenced by the mycorrhizal status of the plants.     

Relative importance of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices) and root hairs in plant drought tolerance

Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and root hairs play important roles in plant uptake of water and mineral nutrients. To reveal the relative importance of mycorrhiza and root hairs in plant water relations, a bald root barley (brb) mutant and its wild type (wt) were grown with or without inoculation of the AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices under well-watered or drought conditions, and plant physiological traits relevant to drought stress resistance were recorded. The experimental results indicated that the AM fungus could almost compensate for the absence of root hairs under drought-stressed conditions. Moreover, phosphorus (P) concentration, leaf water potential, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency were significantly increased by R. intraradices but not by root hairs, except for shoot P concentration and photosynthetic rate under the drought condition. Root hairs even significantly decreased root P concentration under drought stresses. These results confirm that AM fungi can enhance plant drought tolerance by improvement of P uptake and plant water relations, which subsequently promote plant photosynthetic performance and growth, while root hairs presumably contribute to the improvement of plant growth and photosynthetic capacity through an increase in shoot P concentration.