岭南垛基果林湿地土壤碳组分特征

岭南垛基果林湿地是珠三角地区典型的湿地类型之一,其对土壤碳汇的贡献值得关注。为探讨果林种植类型对土壤有机碳的影响,对广州垛基果林湿地内种植黄皮(Clausenalansium)(HP),龙眼(Dimocarpuslongan)(LY)、杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)(YT),龙眼和黄皮间种(LH),杨桃、龙眼和黄皮间种(YLH)共5种种植类型下的表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳组分进行研究。结果表明,不同的植被类型对土壤的总有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、惰性碳(NLC)含量都有影响,LY的SOC含量最高(22.6 g/kg),显著高于YLH (P<0.05),且NLC含量显著高于LH和YLH (P<0.05)。NLC含量与土壤养分呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关。YT的MBC含量显著高于LY、HP、LH (P<0.05),且MBC/SOC显著高于HP、LY(P<0.05)。YLH模式下,土壤DOC含量和DOC/SOC显著高于其他植被类型(P<0.05)。LH的ROC/SOC显著高于HP和L...     

黄土高原4种典型植被对土壤活性有机碳及土壤碳库的影响

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区4种典型植被(荒草地、文冠果林地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地)进行了活性有机碳(MBC,Microbial Biomass Carbon;EOC,Easily Oxidated Carbon;POC,Particle Organic Carbon)及有机碳的测定,结果表明:4种植被土壤活性有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,土壤有机碳为文冠果林地荒草地沙棘林地柠条灌丛,且差异显著(P0.05)。荒草地0—40 cm范围内土壤MBC含量分别比文冠果林地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地显著降低了8.61%、23.84%、41.42%(P0.05);荒草地土壤POC含量分别比文冠果林地、沙棘林地降低了14.47%、16.67%,比柠条灌丛POC高出了25.00%;但荒草地土壤EOC含量、碳库活度及碳库管理指数均显著高于其他3种植被类型(P0.05)。4中植被类型中沙棘林地土壤微生物熵(SME,Soil Microbial Entropy)最大,而柠条灌丛土壤有机碳储量最小。土壤SOC与土壤EOC、有机碳储量(SOCS,Soil Organic Carbon Storage)显著相关(P0.05),而土壤SOC与POC呈极显著的相关(P0.01);土壤EOC与土壤POC显著相关(P0.05),但土壤MBC与SOC、POC、EOC、SOCS均呈现出不同程度的负相关性。因此土壤活性有机碳能客观反映土壤肥力和土壤质量的变化情况,是描述土壤质量和评价土壤管理的重要指标。     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤活性有机碳含量及季节动态

为探明不同演替阶段土壤碳吸存潜力,选取演替时间为15a(演替初期)、47a(演替中期)、110a(演替后期)3个中亚热带常绿阔叶林,分析了各演替阶段的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量以及土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性碳(DOC)和微生物熵(SMQ)的季节变化。结果表明:演替中、后期不同土层的土壤SOC、MBC、DOC含量和SMQ均显著高于演替初期(P<0.05);与演替中期相比,演替后期土壤MBC、DOC含量有所降低,SOC含量和SMQ无显著差异。土壤SOC、MBC和DOC含量随土层加深而显著性降低(演替初、中期DOC除外),并随演替进行逐渐向腐殖质层富集。不同演替阶段MBC、DOC和SMQ均有显著季节变化,最低值出现在秋季,最高值随演替进程由冬季逐步转向夏季。相关分析表明,不同演替阶段土壤活性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳含量极显著相关(P<0.01),且土壤活性有机碳(MBC、DOC)和SMQ对土壤碳库变化更为敏感。     

辽东山地不同森林类型土壤有机碳季节动态及其驱动因子

为探讨辽东山地不同森林类型土壤有机碳季节变化特征及其驱动因子,选取落叶松人工林、蒙古栎-核桃楸次生林和槭树次生林为对象,测定不同土壤层次的土壤有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量及其季节动态,分析土壤理化因子、生物量因子和气候因子对不同森林类型土壤SOC、DOC和MBC的影响。结果表明:不同森林类型土壤SOC、DOC、MBC含量均表现出明显的垂直分布特征,即0～10 cm10～20 cm20～30 cm,且蒙古栎-核桃楸林显著大于落叶松林和槭树林;不同森林类型土壤SOC、DOC、MBC含量均有显著的季节变化,表现为夏季较高,DOC和MBC最高值出现的月份不同步;土壤SOC和MBC与土壤含水率、pH、温度呈正相关,与容重和降水呈负相关;土壤DOC与含水率、pH和降水呈正相关,与容重呈负相关;土壤SOC、DOC、MBC多与乔木干、根和凋落物未分解层生物量呈负相关,与灌草层地下生物量和凋落物半分解层生物量呈正相关;不同森林类型土壤SOC、DOC、MBC与其驱动因子的相关程度不同,说明森林类型与气候变化共同作用使不同森林类型形成了其独特的微环境,影响土壤SOC、DOC和MBC含量及其动态变化;蒙古栎-核桃楸次生林土壤SOC、DOC和MBC储量在各土层均显著高于其他森林类型,反映其更有利于养分的累积,是适合辽东山地森林结构调整与土壤恢复的森林构建与改造模式。     

三江平原4种典型湿地土壤碳氮分布差异和微生物特征

选择三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型：小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地作为研究对象,分析了不同湿地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量和微生物活性指标(土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、微生物生物量碳MBC、微生物生物量氮MBN、微生物呼吸速率MBR、微生物商q_MB和代谢商q CO₂)的变化及其相互关系.结果表明： SOC和TN含量均随土层深度增加而减少,不同湿地类型之间具有极显著性差异(P<0.01).各湿地土壤酶活性(除过氧化氢酶)、MBC、MBN含量和MBR均以表层(0～10 cm)最高,并随着土层深度的增加而降低.在0～30 cm土层内,小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地SOC、TN含量、土壤酶活性、MBC、MBN含量、MBR、q_MB和qCO₂均高于淹水区的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地.统计分析表明,SOC、TN与微生物活性指标(qCO₂除外)均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).表明研究区土壤微生物特征对SOC、TN的变化具有重要的影响和指示作用.     

清澜港红树林湿地典型群落类型沉积物活性有机碳组分分布特征

滩涂海岸红树林生态系统通常具有较高的土壤养分,尤其是沉积物有机碳含量。海南岛红树林种类丰富且生长较好,通过对红树林沉积物有机碳组分的基础研究有利于提高对红树林湿地固碳能力的评估精度,加深对海洋蓝碳的认识。以清澜港红树林5种典型群落类型为对象,比较分析表层土壤(0—10 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量差异及其与土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)不同群落类型间,土壤TOC、MBC、DOC和EOC含量均值分别为66.76 g/kg、177.08 mg/kg、25.49 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg。对比发现,土壤TOC在角果木群落中含量最高,但各群落间无显著差异;土壤MBC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落和杯萼海桑群落显著高于榄李群落;土壤DOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中海莲群落和角果木群落显著高于其余群落;土壤EOC在不同群落间存在显著差异,其中角果木群落显著高于海莲群落和正红树群落。(2)活性有机碳各个组分占总有机碳的比例均值大小依次为EOC>MBC>DOC。土壤EOC、MBC、DOC的...     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳库的影响

为了解植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,采用空间代替时间序列方法,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳含量和分布进行研究。结果表明,土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和易氧化碳(ROC)含量均以乔灌阶段最高(P0.05),随土层加深显著减小(P0.05)。随恢复进程,MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC和ROC/SOC显著增加(P0.05);0~20 cm土层,LFOC/SOC随恢复显著增加(P0.05),而20~40 cm土层,LFOC/SOC的差异不明显(P0.05)。随土层加深,LFOC/SOC显著减小(P0.05),DOC/SOC、MBC/SOC和ROC/SOC逐渐增加(P0.05)。SOC、MBC、DOC、LFOC和ROC间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。各类活性有机碳库与土壤含水量(SWC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)呈显著或极显著正相关关系(P0.05或P0.01),与土壤容重(BD)呈极显著负相关关系。因此,植被恢复在一定程度上可提高衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤活性有机碳的形成和积累,增加土壤碳储量。     

荒漠草原3种典型群落类型的土壤微生物量碳氮研究

采用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法,以宁夏盐池荒漠草原3种典型群落(柠条、沙蒿、短花针茅)类型为研究对象,分析了不同生境(冠下、丛间)和不同土层间(0~5、5~10、10~15cm)土壤理化性质及微生物量——微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)的变化特征。结果表明:(1)3种群落土壤微生物量变化差异较大,柠条、沙蒿和短花针茅群落土壤MBC含量分别为77.00~393.18、17.27~221.71和81.05~173.37mg/kg,MBN含量分别为7.59~64.81、1.43~13.95和4.25~22.13mg/kg,MBC和MBN含量均表现为:冠下丛间,且随土层深度的增加而降低,有明显的"沃岛效应"。(2)群落类型对土壤微生物量碳氮含量的变化有显著影响,3种典型群落类型下土壤微生物量熵(qMB)、碳氮比(C/N)、微生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)分别在0.76~4.10、15.02~52.50、5.34~23.07范围内变化,其比值在不同生境和不同土层深度的分布特征有明显差异。(3)3种典型群落类型的土壤MBC与SOC、MBN、qMB具有显著相关关系,土壤C/N与MBC/MBN呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤MBC、MBN具有一定的生物学指示特性,可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

内蒙古退化荒漠草原土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量的季节变化

为探明荒漠草原土壤有机碳（SOC）和微生物生物量碳（MBC）含量特征,分别在内蒙古达茂旗、四子王旗和苏尼特右旗设置样地,依次代表轻度、中度和重度退化草地,分析了不同样地表层土壤(0～20 cm)SOC和MBC含量变化及季节动态.结果表明：退化草地SOC和MBC含量均随草地退化程度增加而减小;除2006年夏季外,轻度、中度退化荒漠草地的土壤可培养微生物总数都高于重度退化荒漠草地;MBC含量和土壤可培养微生物总数均在夏秋季较高,春冬季较低.相关分析结果显示,SOC含量与MBC含量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,说明两者均可作为评价荒漠草原草地退化的敏感指标.     

Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets

The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has published global carbon budgets annually since 2007 (Canadell et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18866–18870; Raupach et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 10288–10293). There are many scientists involved, but the terrestrial fluxes that appear in the budgets are not well understood by ecologists and biogeochemists outside of that community. The purpose of this paper is to make the terrestrial fluxes of carbon in those budgets more accessible to a broader community. The GCP budget is composed of annual perturbations from pre‐industrial conditions, driven by addition of carbon to the system from combustion of fossil fuels and by transfers of carbon from land to the atmosphere as a result of land use. The budget includes a term for each of the major fluxes of carbon (fossil fuels, oceans, land) as well as the rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Land is represented by two terms: one resulting from direct anthropogenic effects (Land Use, Land‐Use Change, and Forestry or land management) and one resulting from indirect anthropogenic (e.g., CO₂, climate change) and natural effects. Each of these two net terrestrial fluxes of carbon, in turn, is composed of opposing gross emissions and removals (e.g., deforestation and forest regrowth). Although the GCP budgets have focused on the two net terrestrial fluxes, they have paid little attention to the gross components, which are important for a number of reasons, including understanding the potential for land management to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere and understanding the processes responsible for the sink for carbon on land. In contrast to the net fluxes of carbon, which are constrained by the global carbon budget, the gross fluxes are largely unconstrained, suggesting that there is more uncertainty than commonly believed about how terrestrial carbon emissions will respond to future fossil fuel emissions and a changing climate.     

碳输入方式对森林土壤碳库和碳循环的影响研究进展

凋落物和植物根系是森林土壤有机碳的主要来源.综述了不同碳输入方式对土壤全碳、微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳等碳库组分及土壤呼吸影响的研究进展.不同地区、不同森林土壤有机碳对碳输入的响应程度不同,且采用添加和去除凋落物,以及去除根系方法(DIRT)对土壤碳的影响具有树种差异和区域差异.目前主要侧重于土壤呼吸和碳库组分的研究,亟需开展对土壤碳的结构类型和稳定性,以及土壤生物尤其是土壤动物的响应机制的相关研究.     

Channeling of carbon monoxide during anaerobic carbon dioxide fixation

Carbon monoxide is an intermediate in carbon dioxide fixation by diverse microbes that inhabit anaerobic environments including the human colon. These organisms fix CO(2) by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. The bifunctional CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) catalyzes several key steps in this pathway. CO(2) is reduced to CO at a nickel iron-sulfur cluster called cluster C located in the CODH subunit. Then, CO is condensed with a methyl group and coenzyme A at cluster A, another nickel iron-sulfur cluster in the ACS subunit. Spectroscopic studies indicate that clusters A and C are at least 10-15 A apart. To gain a better understanding of how CO production and utilization are coordinated, we have studied an isotopic exchange reaction between labeled CO(2) and the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA with the CODH/ACS from Clostridium thermoaceticum. When solution CO is provided at saturating levels, only CO(2)-derived CO is incorporated into the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, when high levels of hemoglobin or myoglobin are added to remove CO from solution, there is only partial inhibition of the incorporation of CO(2)-derived CO into acetyl-CoA. These results provide strong evidence for the existence of a CO channel between cluster C in the CODH subunit and cluster A in the ACS subunit. The existence of such a channel would tightly couple CO production and utilization and help explain why high levels of this toxic gas do not escape into the environment. Instead, microbes sequester this energy-rich carbon source for metabolic reactions.     

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide increases soil carbon

The general lack of significant changes in mineral soil C stocks during CO₂‐enrichment experiments has cast doubt on predictions that increased soil C can partially offset rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Here, we show, through meta‐analysis techniques, that these experiments collectively exhibited a 5.6% increase in soil C over 2–9 years, at a median rate of 19 g C m^?2 yr^?1. We also measured C accrual in deciduous forest and grassland soils, at rates exceeding 40 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for 5–8 years, because both systems responded to CO₂ enrichment with large increases in root production. Even though native C stocks were relatively large, over half of the accrued C at both sites was incorporated into microaggregates, which protect C and increase its longevity. Our data, in combination with the meta‐analysis, demonstrate the potential for mineral soils in diverse temperate ecosystems to store additional C in response to CO₂ enrichment.     

Preparation of carbon molecular sieves by carbon deposition from methane

To prepare carbon molecular sieves (CMSs), methane was pyrolyzed in an attempt to deposit fine carbon particles on the micropore mouths of the carbon substrates being heated; the carbon substrates included grain-based activated carbons and commercial activated carbons. To explore the effects of heat treatment alone, blank experiments were conducted by heating the samples in N2. The resultant products were characterized by N2-adsorption at 77K. Methane failed to deposit carbon at 800 degrees C. The porosity of activated carbons, however, was substantially influenced by heat treatment alone. The surface areas and micropore volumes of the activated carbons from grain sorghum decreased by 39.32% and 36.84%, respectively, upon heat treatment alone; this is attributable to the destruction of pore structure by sintering. In contrast, the corresponding values of the commercial activated carbons increased by 59.86% and 62.16%, respectively, upon heat treatment alone; this can be attributable to the development of microporosity.     

Effect of carbon source on compost nitrogen and carbon losses

The effect of C source on N losses by volatilization during composting was measured using four bulking agents, each at three humidity levels and composted in duplicate under passive and active aeration. The bulking agents were pine shavings alone and corrected with soybean, chopped grass hay alone and corrected with urea, long (unchopped) wheat straw and chopped oat straw. The readily available C of each bulking agent was determined by analyzing for BOD5. In 105 l laboratory vessels, the bulking agents were mixed with liquid swine manure and tap water for a C/N of 20 and three humidity levels of 60%, 65% and 70%. While being aerated actively or passively, the mixtures were composted for 21 days. Their initial and final C and N contents were measured to conduct a mass balance analysis and calculate C and N losses. C and N losses were compared to bulking agent BOD5. N losses were compared to C losses. The humidity level and aeration regime had no effect on C and N losses but the N losses were correlated to C losses and only the C losses could be correlated to the BOD5 of the bulking agent. Thus, the N losses are related not only to the availability of C but also to the extent of composting. A relationship established between N and C losses indicated that 85% of the initial total N of the compost was available for microbial degradation and that 70% of the available C was lost as CO2 during the immobilization process.     

Improving the carbon balance of fermentations by total carbon analyses

Carbon balancing of microbial fermentations is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the process performance and to identify the presence of undesired by-products. In this study, we demonstrate the relevance of total carbon (TC) analysis for carbon balancing in fermentations with the wild-type of Corynebacterium glutamicum by (i) quantifying significant amounts of dissolved inorganic carbonic species (TIC) in the culture medium and (ii) determining the effective (mass) carbon content of the biomass fraction (M_C,X). In principle, TC based carbon balancing yielded at fully matching carbon balances. Thus, the application of our TC approach for the accurate detection of TIC and M_C,X increased the total carbon recovery in standard batch fermentations with C. glutamicum on glucose from about 76% to carbon closures of 94–100% in contrast to conventional approaches. Besides, the origin of the missing 6%-gap could be attributed to incomplete quantification of all carbon sources in the liquid phase. To conclude this study, the concept of TC-based balancing was transferred to an l-lysine production process, successfully quantifying relevant system carbon fractions, which resulted in matched carbon recoveries.