CNTF对NMDA引起大鼠海马神经元NOS活性改变的影响

为探讨CNTF对NMDA引起大鼠海马神经元一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的作用,以不同浓度的NMDA处理海马神经元,倒置显微镜下观察其形态,并以nNOS免疫细胞化学结合图象分析方法测定nNOS神经元胞体的灰度,揭示NMDA对NOS活性的影响以及在此过程中CNTF发挥的作用。发现(1)NMDA可引起海马神经元的毒性反应,且呈剂量依赖性和时间依赖性;(2)100μmmol/L NMDA 10min组nNOS神经元胞体的灰度值大于对照组(P＜0．01);(3)在NMDA处理前给予CNTF,nNOS神经元的胞体及阳性突起的表现与对照组相似。提示CNTF可能通过抑制nNOS的活性及NO的渗出而减弱NMDA对神经元的毒性作用。     

CNTF对烧伤大鼠血清引起大鼠海马神经元细胞毒性的影响

应用整体和离体神经元培养,观察CNTF对烧伤大鼠海马神经元及烧伤血清引起海马神经元损伤的影响,结果表明,大鼠烧伤后海马组织神经元数目减少,NO含量升高;烧伤大鼠血清可引起培养的海马神经元细胞存活率下降,培养液中NO含量升高;CNTF能降低烧伤大鼠海马组织中NO的含量,保护海马神经元,并能提高培养的海马神经元的存活率,减少培养液中NO含量,其作用呈剂量依赖性;CNTF对神经元存活率的影响与NO含量呈显著负相关,提示CNTF对烧伤大鼠血清引起的海马神经元损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过抑制NO的神经毒性。     

睫状神经营养因子对应激引起大鼠海马神经元损伤的保护作用及其机制的研究

本实验用Ｎｉｓｓｌ染色法、Ｂｉｅｌｓｃｈｏｗｓｋｙ－Ｇｒｏｓ－Ｌａｗｒｅｎｔｊｅｗ染色法、常规透射电镜、行为活动测定、双侧海马微量给药、海马神经元原代培养、活细胞连续照相、全细胞膜片钳记录、细胞内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度测定及Ｐ５３蛋白免疫组化测定等方法,观察了睫状神经营养因子（ＣＮＴＦ）对应激引起动物行为变化和海马神经元形态学变化的影响,探讨了ＣＮＴＦ的部分作用机制。结果表明,急性应激不引起大鼠海马神     

睫状神经营养因子对NO引起海马神经元毒性反应的影响

本研究采用原代培养大鼠海马神经元,观察睫状神经营养因子（ｃｉｌｉａｒｙ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＣＮＴＦ）对ＮＯ引起细胞毒性反应的影响。ＮＯ供体硝普钠与Ｓ－亚硝基－乙酰青霉胺,ＮＯＳ底物Ｌ－Ａｒｇ及钙载体ｉｏｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ,均可引起海马神经元存活率下降,ＬＤＨ漏出增加;提前２４ｈ给予不同浓度ＣＮＴＦ,均能提高神经元的存活率,减少ＬＤＨ漏出,其作用呈剂量依赖性。     

大鼠损伤坐骨神经远侧端CNTF表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的：探讨大鼠坐骨神经损伤后CNTF的表达和变化。方法：采用抗CNTF抗免疫组织化学方法和计算机图像处理系统定量观察大鼠正常坐骨神经与坐骨神经横断损伤后1周、2周、4周神经远侧端CNTF的表达。结果：正常大鼠坐骨神经具有高水平的CNTF免疫阳性反应,坐骨神经损伤后1周、2周、4周远侧端神经中CNTF免疫阳性反应均低于正常坐骨神经,免疫阳性反应强度为正常＞伤后1周＞伤后2周＞伤后4周,呈逐渐减弱趋势。结论：大鼠坐骨神经损伤后远侧端神经中CNTF的表达呈下调性变化。     

睫状神经营养因子对大鼠去神经骨骼肌的营养作用

目的：了解睫状神经营养因子（CNTF）对去神经引起的肌肉萎缩的治疗作用。方法：离断SD大鼠一侧坐骨神经,连续给予CNTF20d,观察肌肉湿重、蛋白含量、肌纤维横截面积、收缩性能和残肢程度。结果：①给予0.2mg/kg的CNTF,可使损务侧肌纤维横截面积增加35％,肌肉湿重增加38％,胫前肌总蛋白含量增加24％,腓长肌强直收缩强度提高40％,显著改善肢残程度;②0.2mg/kg的CNTF作用明显强于0.05mg/kg的CNTF;③此目鱼肌（慢肌）比伸趾长肌（快肌）对CNTF更敏感。结论：CNTF能显著改善成年大鼠坐骨神经离断后骨骼肌的萎缩和功能丧失,该效应的强弱与用药剂量和肌肉类型有关。     

新生大鼠海马分区培养神经元对缺氧反应的差异

本文以混合培养海马神经元技术为基础,通过改进解剖方法、摸索鼠龄与存活率之间的关系,成功地进行了海马神经凶的分区培养。同时采用同视野跟踪记数法、激光扫描共降焦显微镜测钙和原位杂交等技术,研究了缺氧条件下培养的海马ＣＡ１和ＤＧ神经元存在活率、细胞内游离钙和脑源性神经营养因子（ＢＤＮＦ）ｍＲＮＡ表达水平等指标上变化的差异。结果表明,在相同的缺氧条件下,ＤＧ细胞比ＣＡ１细胞损伤轻微并且具有比ＣＡ１细胞更强     

GnRH类似物对培养的大鼠胃平滑肌细胞蛋白激酶C活性的影响

研究GnRH类似物阿拉瑞林（Alarelin)对大鼠胃平滑肌细胞蛋白酶C（PKC）活性的影响,采用放射性同位素法测定PKC的活性,发现：（1）阿拉瑞林可使培养的大鼠胃平滑肌细胞中PKC活性明显升高,3min时达高峰,10min后作用显著降低,且成剂量依赖性。当阿拉瑞林为10^-5mol/L时,PKC活性最高,10^-9mol/L时其对PCK的作用基本消失;（2）当用佛波醇酯（phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate,PMA)短期作用激活PKC后,再加入阿拉瑞林,仍可使PKC活性略有升高,但无显著性差异;当用PMA长期持续作用耗PKC后,再加入阿拉瑞林作用3min,它不能激活PKC,与单纯的阿拉瑞林作用3min组相比差异显著;（3）在无外Ca^2 时,阿拉瑞林也可使PKC活性升高,但不如单独用阿拉瑞林作用3min组的高。因此PKC活性的增高,并不完全依赖细胞外Ca^2 ,它可以动员胞内Ca^2 的释放激活PKC,说明GnRH类似物可使胃平滑肌细胞中PKC活性增加,PKC参与阿拉瑞林对胃平滑肌细胞调控的信号转导过程。     

癫痫大鼠海马NMDA受体亚基NR2A和BDNFmRNA水平的检测

目的通过锂一匹罗卡品癫痫模型（ithium—pilocarpine seizures rats model of epilepsy,LPS）,研究NMDA受体亚基NR2A、BDNF mRNA的表达,探讨NR2A、BDNF在LPS中的作用。方法建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型,运用原位杂交技术检测致痫后各组不同时间点海马CAI、CA3及DG区NR2A与BDNF mRNA的表达。结果LPS海马NR2A、BDNF mRNA在各观察时间点及部位模型组与正常对照组比较均有明显上调,且有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。模型组NR2A mRNA的表达上调7d达峰值（P〈0．05）;而BDNF mRNA表达上调14d达峰值。VPA干预组NR2A mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除1d的CA3区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）;BDNF mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除28d的DG区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）。结论锂－匹罗卡品腹腔注射可诱导大鼠海马NR2A和BDNF mRNA的表达明显上调;NR2A mRNA表达的增强可能是诱导调控BDNF mRNA表达增强的重要机制之一,说明NMDA受体亚基NR2A可能成为抑制癫痫发作的新靶点。     

阿糖胞苷对大鼠海马神经元原代培养的影响

目的：探讨在大鼠海马神经元原代培养过程中,阿糖胞苷对培养神经元的影响。方法：将新生24 h大鼠,分离出海马组织,进行原代海马神经元培养,再将细胞分为阿糖胞苷组和对照组,阿糖胞苷组加入1μmol/L阿糖胞苷,通过检测神经元特异性标志物微管相关蛋白-2（Map-2）计算培养神经元的数量,通过台盼蓝染色法观察细胞的存活率。结果：培养第7天,阿糖胞苷组神经元数量为（11±3）个,对照组为（10±4）个,两组无明显差异;阿糖胞苷组神经元细胞在培养第14天时存活率为74%,培养第21天时存活率为49%,而对照组神经元14天时存活率为96%,21天存活率为88%,两组神经元存活率差异明显。结论：原代培养海马神经元时,阿糖胞苷对神经元产量及形态影响不明显,但是由于阿糖胞苷的毒性作用,明显缩短神经元的存活时间,影响长期培养神经元的存活率。     

Knockdown of m-calpain increases survival of primary hippocampal neurons following NMDA excitotoxicity

The calpain family of cysteine proteases has a well-established causal role in neuronal cell death following acute brain injury. However, the relative contribution of calpain isoforms to the various forms of injury has not been determined as available calpain inhibitors are not isoform-specific. In this study, we evaluated the relative role of m-calpain and μ-calpain in a primary hippocampal neuron model of NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity. Baseline mRNA expression for the catalytic subunit of m-calpain ( capn2 ) was found to be 50-fold higher than for the μ-calpain catalytic subunit ( capn1 ) based on quantitative real-time PCR. Adeno-associated viral vectors designed to deliver short hairpin RNAs targeting capn1 or capn2 resulted in 60% and 90% knockdown of message respectively. Knockdown of capn2 but not capn1 increased neuronal survival after NMDA exposure at 21 days in vitro . Nuclear translocation of calpain substrates apoptosis inducing factor, p35/p25 and collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) 2–4 was not detected after NMDA exposure in this model. However, nuclear translocation of CRMP-1 was observed and was prevented by capn2 knockdown. These findings provide insight into potential mechanisms of calpain-mediated neurodegeneration and have important implications for the development of isoform-specific calpain inhibitor therapy.     

大鼠海马神经元膜离子通道随培养时间变化的特点

目的和方法:采用膜片钳全细胞记录技术观察新生大鼠海马神经元体外分散培养过程中,基本离子通道和膜参数随培养天数延长而变化的规律.结果:在7 d,14 d和21 d时电压依赖性钠电流(Voltage-dependent Na cur-rent,ⅠNa)和延迟整流性钾电流(Delayed rectifier K current,Ⅰk)的幅度无显著性差异.电压依赖性钙电流(Voltage-dependent Ca2 current,ⅠCa)和ⅠCa密度则持续增大,进一步研究表明,L型钙通道(L-type voltage-dependent Ca2 channel,L-VDCC)的增加是其主要原因.NMDA诱发电流随培养时间延长而明显增加.结论:钙通道和NMDA受体所介导的Ca2 内流是神经元易感于衰老和死亡的重要机制之一.     

Effects of streptozotocin-diabetes on the hippocampal NMDA receptor complex in rats

In animal models of diabetes mellitus, such as the streptozotocin-diabetic rat (STZ-rat), spatial learning impairments develop in parallel with a reduced expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhanced expression of long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus. This study examined the time course of the effects of STZ-diabetes and insulin treatment on the hippocampal post-synaptic glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex and other key proteins regulating hippocampal synaptic transmission in the post-synaptic density (PSD) fraction. In addition, the functional properties of the NMDA-receptor complex were examined. One month of STZ-diabetes did not affect the NMDA receptor complex. In contrast, 4 months after induction of diabetes NR2B subunit immunoreactivity, CaMKII and Tyr-dependent phosphorylation of the NR2A/B subunits of the NMDA receptor were reduced and alphaCaMKII autophosphorylation and its association to the NMDA receptor complex were impaired in STZ-rats compared with age-matched controls. Likewise, NMDA currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurones measured by intracellular recording were reduced in STZ-rats. Insulin treatment prevented the reduction in kinase activities, NR2B expression levels, CaMKII-NMDA receptor association and NMDA currents. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that altered post-synaptic glutamatergic transmission is related to deficits in learning and plasticity in this animal model.     

Effects of ammonia and allopurinol on rat hippocampal NMDA receptors

Ammonia is considered to be the main agent responsible for hepatic encephalopathy which progressively leads to altered mental status. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is involved in synaptogenesis, memory and neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia intoxication and allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, on NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A and NR2B, in the hippocampus of rats. Thirty‐six male rats were divided into three groups (n = 12/group) as follows: (1)control group (phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution); (2)ammonia group (ammonium acetate, 2.5 mmol/kg), (3)ammonia + allopurinol group (ammonium acetate, 2.5 mmol/kg, allopurinol, 50 mg/kg). Each rat received intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. Western Blotting technique was used for detecting NR2A and NR2B expressions. Both NR2A and NR2B subunit expressions decreased 27 and 11%, respectively, in ammonia group with respect to the control group. Ammonium acetate decreased significantly in NR2A subunit expressions in the hippocampus (p < 0.01). Administration of ammonia + allopurinol caused statistically significant increases in NR2A subunit expressions compared to the ammonia group (p < 0.001). The down‐regulation of NMDA receptors caused by ammonium acetate suggest that these receptors may play role in the process of hepatic encephalopathy and using allopurinol may have some protective effects in ammonia toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

锌离子调节皮质酮对原代培养大鼠海马神经元的损伤

探讨皮质酮对原代培养大鼠海马神经元的损伤效应及锌的调节作用。用原位染色和RT-PCR方法,分别检测神经元的损伤情况及NMDA受体三种亚基(NRl、NR2A、NR2B)mRNA的表达。皮质酮(5μmol／L)作用2,4h可明显降低海马神经元的存活率,导致神经元凋亡,并随着作用时间的延长而加重;锌离子明显影响皮质酮对海马神经元的损伤效应：同时加入皮质酮和低、中浓度Zn^2 (10、100μmol／L),可明显降低神经元凋亡率,而加入高浓度Zn^2 (250μmol／L)则加重神经元损伤。皮质酮作用24h后,海马神经元NRl、NR2BmRNA的表达水平增高,而同时加入低、中浓度Zn^2 (10、100μmol／L)的海马神经元NRl、NR2BmRNA表达水平与对照组接近;NR2AmRNA表达无明显变化。这些结果表明,锌对皮质酮所致应激损伤的调节具有双向性;NMDA受体亚基水平的变化可能是其中重要环节之一。     

Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on NMDA receptor-mediated signals in rat hippocampal neurons

Alternative medicines such as herbal products are increasingly being used for preventive and therapeutic purposes. Ginseng is the best known and most popular herbal medicine used worldwide. In spite of some beneficial effects of ginseng on the CNS, little scientific evidence shows at the cellular level. In the present study, we have examined the direct modulation of ginseng on the activation of glutamate, especially NMDA, receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Using fura-2-based digital imaging techniques, we found ginseng total saponins inhibited NMDA-induced but less effectively glutamate-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Ginseng total saponins also modulated Ca2+ transients evoked by depolarization with 50mM KCl along with its own effects on [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 is an active component for ginseng actions on NMDA receptors. The data obtained suggest that the inhibition of NMDA receptors by ginseng, in particular by ginsenoside Rg3, could be one of the mechanisms for ginseng-mediated neuroprotective actions.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 disrupts dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons through NMDA receptor activation

Dendritic spines are protrusions from the dendritic shaft that host most excitatory synapses in the brain. Although they first emerge during neuronal maturation, dendritic spines remain plastic through adulthood, and recent advances in the molecular mechanisms governing spine morphology have shown them to be exquisitely sensitive to changes in the micro-environment. Among the many factors affecting spine morphology are components and regulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Modification of the ECM is critical to the repair of injuries throughout the body, including the CNS. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7/matrilysin is a key regulator of the ECM during pathogen infection, after nerve crush and in encephalitogenic disorders. We have investigated the effects of MMP-7 on dendritic spines in hippocampal neuron cultures and found that it induces the transformation of mature, short mushroom-shaped spines into long, thin filopodia reminiscent of immature spines. These changes were accompanied by a dramatic redistribution of F-actin from spine heads into thick, rope-like structures in the dendritic shaft. Strikingly, MMP-7 effects on dendritic spines were similar to those of NMDA treatment, and both could be blocked by channel-specific antagonists. These findings are the first direct evidence that MMPs can influence the morphology of mature dendritic spines, and hence synaptic stability.     

Effects of NMDA and ferrous sulfate on oxidation and cell death in primary neuronal cultures

Excessive oxidative radical production has been implicated in a variety of neurodegerative processes including NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) mediated excitotoxicity. To determine the relationship of oxidation to NMDA-receptor mediated neuronal death, we exposed rat primary cortical neuronal cultures to ferrous sulfate and the fluorescent dyes dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H(2)DCF) and propidium iodide (PI) to monitor reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, respectively in the same cultures. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4)) caused a dose-dependent increase in cellular oxidation with an ED(50) of approximately 136 microM. Levels of oxidation increased over time reaching maximum levels between 15 and 25 min. Ferrous sulfate (ED(50) approximately 241 microM) treatment for 25 min caused a delayed and progressive neuronal death that was comparable to NMDA (100 microM, 25 min) delayed neuronal death. NMDA (100 microM, 25 min) alone did not result in measurable increases of DCF fluorescence. However, when combined with 40 microM FeSO(4), NMDA dose-dependently increased H(2)DCF fluorescence. Despite the increase in DCF oxidation, combinations of FeSO(4) with NMDA did not synergize or accelerate NMDA-receptor mediated or glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Although excessive amounts FeSO(4) induced oxidation can cause delayed neuronal death, these findings suggest that oxidative stress is not the key factor in triggering the NMDA mediated excitotoxic cascade.