处于性腺不同发育阶段斜带石斑鱼垂体的EST表达差异分析

斜带石斑鱼是重要的海产经济鱼类，在其个体发育过程中存在先雌后雄的天然性反转现象。垂体是调节生长和生殖等生理过程的重要内分泌器官。构建了斜带石斑鱼分别处于卵巢发育起始和性反转后期的垂体SMART cDNA的质粒文库，并通过测序分别筛选到232个和258个表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags, EST)。将所得EST与GenBank数据库中的序列进行比对，结果表明，处于卵巢发育起始和性反转后期斜带石斑鱼垂体EST中，激素所占比例均为最高，分别为40.5%和34.9%。进一步比较分析了这两个性腺发育时期斜带石斑鱼垂体EST中各种激素相对表达丰度，表明生长/催乳激素家族（GH、PRL和SL）和阿黑皮素原（POMC）表达水平下降；促性腺激素α亚基（GTHα）表达水平急剧上升，促滤泡激素β亚基（FSHβ）、促黄体激素β亚基（LHβ）表达水平上升。     

岩原鲤促性腺激素基因的克隆和组织表达差异

通过RT-PCR技术从岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)卵巢组织中克隆了促性腺激素GtHα、FSHβ、LHβ3个亚基的mRNA序列。GtHα亚基开放阅读框长357 bp,编码118个氨基酸残基,第1～23个氨基酸为信号肽。FSHβ亚基开放阅读框长393 bp,编码130个氨基酸残基,第1～22个氨基酸为信号肽。LHβ亚基开放阅读框长444 bp,编码147个氨基酸残基,第1～28个氨基酸为信号肽。氨基酸序列比对结果表明,GtHα亚基在近缘物种间比较保守,其氨基酸序列的相似性要高于FSHβ和LHβ亚基。通过Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(FQ-PCR)分析发现,GtHα亚基在检测的6种组织中均有表达,卵巢中的表达量极高,肝、脑、心、垂体和肌肉中表达量依次降低;FSHβ亚基在除肌肉外的其余5种组织中均有表达,卵巢中的表达量最高,脑和心中表达量次之,肝和垂体的表达量明显偏低;LHβ亚基只在卵巢和垂体中表达,卵巢中的表达量要明显高于垂体。     

赤点石斑鱼促甲状腺激素TSHβ启动子的克隆及其在斑马鱼胚胎原始性腺和垂体中定位表达

促甲状腺激素(Thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH)具有调节生长,发育,代谢和生殖的功能,但是在低等脊椎动物中的功能研究较少.斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)促甲状腺激素TSHβ除在垂体中表达外还在性腺中表达,进一步发现TSHβ也在赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)性腺中表达.且在人工诱导的赤点石斑鱼中,随着雄性化的转变,TSHβ转录水平升高.为研究石斑鱼TSHβ特殊表达方式的调控机制,采用基因组步移技术扩增获得赤点石斑鱼TSHβ5'端序列共5112 bp.将1864 bp核心片段顺向克降到pBK-TOL2载体中,pTSH[5.TOL2重组质粒与转座酶mRNA共注射斑马鱼-细胞期受精卵.Western blot结果显示,在受精后10h的尾芽胚中町检测到GFP的表达,胚体晚期GFP表达量最高.荧光显微镜追踪观察发现,受精后12-30hpf(Hours post fertilization)观察到GFP在原始生殖细胞(PGC)区域表达;36hpf-7dpf观察到GFP除在PGC区域表达外还在垂体中表达.由此可见,赤点石斑鱼TSHβ 5'端1864 bp的序列具有特异定位的启动子活性.     

斜带石斑鱼阿片黑素促皮质素原全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过构建斜带石斑鱼垂体cDNA库和随机测序,克隆了其阿片黑素促皮质素原(Proopiomelanocortin,POMC)全长cDNA。斜带石斑鱼POMC全长cDNA为863bp(含Poly(A)),编码的POMC多肽前体为219aa。氨基酸序列比较分析表明：斜带石斑鱼POMC前体包含有促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropin,ACTH),α—促黑素(α—melanocyte stim—datinghormone,α—MSH),β—促黑素(β—MSH),γ—促脂素(γ-lipotrophic hormone,γ-LPH),β—内啡肽(β-endorphin)等,但缺失了γ—促黑素(γ-MSH)和大部分连接区。斜带石斑鱼POMC与哺乳动物POMC的同源性为39％—42％左右,与鸟类的同源性为42％左右,与两栖类的同源性为36％—41％,与其他鱼类POMC的同源性为38％—77％。斜带石斑鱼和罗非鱼的POMC的ACTH功能区都为40个氨基酸残基,而其他脊椎动物为39个氨基酸残基。     

促黄体素β基因表达中的转导通路及转录因子

促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH)为下丘脑促垂体激素 ,其脉冲式地释放调节垂体促卵泡素(FSH)和促黄体素 (LH)的合成与释放 ,进而调节动物的生殖活动。LH是由α亚基和 β亚基组成的异二聚体糖蛋白激素 ,其中 β亚基决定激素的特异性。LHβ基因的表达是由GnRH诱发的 ,此过程主要依靠PKC和Ca2 两类信号通路 ,并调节LHβ基因的表达。目前已经发现 ,多种转录因子 ,如早期生长反应基因 (Egr 1)、核受体SF 1基因、Ptx1基因和Sp1基因等 ,通过与LHβ亚基基因的启动子区直接结合 ,而对该基因的表达进行调控。     

乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)对雄性黄颡鱼GtH 3个亚基基因表达的影响

为研究乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)是否能影响雄性黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)垂体中促性腺激素3个亚基基因的表达,从而干扰FSH和LH的分泌,研究采用末端快速扩增(RACE)的方法在黄颡鱼垂体中克隆了促性腺激素的2个β亚基(FSHβ和LHβ)的全长c DNA,对其组织表达模式和雌雄性垂体中的季节表达模式进行了研究;另外,研究还用100 ng/L的EE2对雄性黄颡鱼(2龄)进行了28d的暴露处理。结果发现,黄颡鱼FSHβc DNA全长528 bp,ORF为399 bp,编码132个氨基酸;LHβ全长为870 bp,ORF为417 bp,编码138个氨基酸。序列分析结果表明,黄颡鱼FSHβ含有一个17氨基酸的信号肽,2个保守的N-糖基化位点和13个半胱氨酸残基,而LHβ含有一个18个氨基酸的信号肽,1个N-糖基化位点和12个半胱氨酸残基,与其他鲶形目鱼类极其相似。进化分析显示,黄颡鱼FSHβ和LHβ与鲶形目的鱼类进化关系较近。组织分布结果发现,黄颡鱼3亚基均仅在垂体中表达。季节表达模式结果表明,雌雄黄颡鱼Gt Hα和LHβ表达水平在5月份左右达到最高,随后降低;FSHβ在雌性的表达模式与Gt Hα和LHβ相同,而在雄性,FSHβ的表达没有明显变化。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,100 ng/L的EE2能显著抑制黄颡鱼促性腺激素3个亚基基因的表达。研究认为,EE2抑制黄颡鱼雄性垂体FSH和LH的分泌,可能阻碍其正常的精子发生、精子成熟和排精过程,从而影响其正常的繁殖和发育。     

东北虎促卵泡激素和促黄体激素基因的克隆及其序列分析

本研究首次从东北虎（Panthea tigris altaica)脑垂体提取总RNA,利用RT－PCR技术扩增出东北虎垂体促性腺激素α亚基,促卵泡激素（FSH）β亚基和促黄体激素（LH）β亚基的编码区序列,并进行克隆,测序和比较分析。结果表明,其α亚基,FSHβ亚基,LHβ亚基基因的开放阅读框分别为363bp,390bp和420bp,分别编码120,129和142氨基酸的前体蛋白。与已发表的人,牛,绵羊,猪,大鼠,小鼠等物种相应序列比较,无论在核苷酸水平,还是在氨基酸水平都显示出较高的同源性（64．7％－96．6％）,其中与猪的同源性最高（86％－96．6％）。东北虎的基因序列还具有其明显的特异性,首次发现LHβ亚基cDNA编码的前体蛋白在信号肽部分比其它物种相应序列多一个亮氨酸残基（Leu)。     

性逆转石斑鱼脑垂体差异表达基因克隆的筛选

以17α甲基睾丸酮投喂赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelusakaara),成功地获得了性逆转的有功能的雄鱼。用SMARTcDNA合成和长片段PCR技术构建了性逆转前后脑垂体cDNA文库;用抑制消减杂交技术建立了性反转前后抑制性差减文库。对获得的560个雄鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆和350个雌鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆进行斑点杂交,共筛选到103个差异表达cDNA片段。对其中29个克隆进行了测序,与GenBank中的已知基因序列进行同源性比较,发现有6个片段为促性腺激素α亚基前体基因(GenBank注册号:AY207430),与同属不同种的石斑鱼促性腺激素α亚基前体基因有97%的同源性;1个片段为生长激素前体(GenBank注册号:AY207431),与同属不同种的石斑鱼生长激素前体基因有99%的同源性;其余22个cDNA片段与GenBank中的序列无明显同源性 。     

PROP1与联合垂体激素缺乏症

垂体特异性转录因子祖先蛋白(PROP l),是成对同源转录因子,在垂体腺中呈特异性表达,参与早期胚胎垂体的发育,因此,PROP1基因对于垂体前叶的发育是必需的。PROP1启动胚胎期垂体特异性转录因子(PIT-1)的起始表达并维持个体出生后的持续表达,且可直接促使PIT-1细胞系的前体分化为促性腺细胞系。其基因突变可使人、鼠患有联合垂体激素缺乏症(CPHD),表现为生长激素(GH)、促乳素(PRL)、促甲状腺素(TSH)以及促黄体激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)或促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)缺乏,垂体核磁共振成像显示垂体萎缩。在其它哺乳动物中PROP1突变也会引起垂体和性腺激素异常。就PROP1基因的结构与功能,以及与CPHD间的关系作一综述。     

禾谷缢管蚜鞣化激素基因克隆及功能分析

【目的】探讨禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)鞣化激素基因的发育表达模式及功能。【方法】采用转录组测序得到禾谷缢管蚜鞣化激素基因bursicon-α和bursicon-βc DNA序列。通过实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析该基因的发育表达模式。利用RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)介导bursicon-α和bursicon-β沉默,分析鞣化激素的功能。【结果】序列分析结果显示,禾谷缢管蚜鞣化激素α亚基基因(bursicon-α)c DNA序列开放阅读框为480bp,编码159个氨基酸残基;β亚基基因(bursicon-β)c DNA序列开放阅读框为417 bp,编码138个氨基酸残基。时序表达分析表明,鞣化激素两个亚基基因在禾谷缢管蚜整个发育期均有表达,以1龄若蚜期表达量最高;成蚜有翅个体中表达量显著高于无翅个体。RNAi介导的bursicon-α和bursicon-β沉默均能显著抑制禾谷缢管蚜成蚜表皮的黑化。【结论】研究结果表明,鞣化激素在禾谷缢管蚜体壁黑化中发挥着重要作用。该结果为进一步研究鞣化激素在蚜虫生长发育过程中的生理功能提供了基础资料。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.