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1.
鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾(特别是头肾)、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近30年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Bouin’s液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸─—雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法(AB-PAS染色)处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官;孵化前第一天(受精后第五天)就已经发现肾小管(Fig.1),孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窦之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,肾小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血于细胞(Fig.2)和成熟的红细胞(Fig.3)。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞(Fig.4)。孵化后第九天,造血组织间发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后30天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左  相似文献   

2.
参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾(特别是头肾)、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近30年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Bouin‘s液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸——雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法(AB—PAS染色)处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官,孵化前第一天(受精后第五天)就已经发现肾小管(Fig.1),孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窭之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,骨小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血干细胞(Fig.2)和成熟的红细胞(Fig.3)。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞(Fig.4)。孵化后第九天,造血组织同发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后30天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左后侧的肠背系膜上,含有红细胞和造血干细胞(Fig.5)。孵化三天后,脾脏生长速度加快,出现网状细胞、结缔组织和淋巴组织。肝脏与胰腺几乎同时出现于孵化当天,最初,两个腺体相互独立(Fig.6),孵化两天后,胰腺开始侵入肝组织中(Fig.7)。未发现造血组织和淋巴细胞存在于早期的肝组织中。胸腺于孵化后第三天,在第二鳃弓和第三鳃弓上方出现(Fig.8)。至第五天,胸腺中的细胞开始出现分化(Fig.9)以上结果比Botham等人报道的鲤鱼免疫相关器官的发生时间有所提前。  相似文献   

3.
草鱼头肾免疫细胞组成和数量变化   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13  
通过光镜和电镜观察发现,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)头肾器官有两种静脉(头肾静脉和门静脉)和丰富的血窦。淋巴细胞主要分布在门静脉及其血窦周围,形成淋巴细胞聚集区。粒细胞主要分布在头肾静脉及其血窦周围,形成粒细胞聚集区。头肾含有大量的免疫细胞,其中淋巴细胞约占62.2%,粒细胞约占36.6%,单核细胞和巨噬细胞约占1.2%。本研究检测了不同生长发育期的草鱼头器官重量及其免  相似文献   

4.
植物血凝素对兴国红鲤头肾和脾脏的比较组织学研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
PHA注射前后兴国红鲤头肾和脾脏结构基本相同。红鲤头肾有被膜,为淋巴样组织,由许多血管,血窦和淋巴索组成,脾脏是实质性器官,淋巴细胞聚集成团,有弥散的胰腺组织渗入,注射PHA后头肾和脾脏内的大淋巴细胞,小淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞以及原始型细胞显著增加,而粒细胞数量变化不明显。  相似文献   

5.
为探讨急性肾损伤后,移植骨髓间充质干细胞(marrow mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs在损伤肾内的存活能力及分化情况,通过复苏、扩增培养已完成鉴定、经慢病毒EGFP转染的MSCs,观察备用MSCs的EGFP(enhanced green fluorescent protein)表达情况,采用雄性C57BL/6J小鼠12只建立小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型后(结扎双侧肾蒂40 min后开放血流并经尾静脉注射MSCs),分别于第1、3、7、14 d处死3只小鼠,采集小鼠左侧肾脏制作石蜡切片,倒置荧光显微镜下观察MSCs在肾内的存活及分化情况,定量分析每个时间点存活于肾内的数目的差异.结果表明复苏、扩增培养出的MSCs增殖活力旺盛,成功建立小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型.移植的细胞随时间的延长,存活于肾脏内的数量显著减少(第14 d存活于肾内的细胞数量仅为移植后第1d的1/5),第1、3、7、14 d表达EGFP的MSCs主要分布于肾小球周围、肾脏小血管内壁、肾小管与肾小管之间的间质而肾小管内壁未见到表达EGFP的MSCs分布.这说明移植的MSCs在缺血再灌注损伤后肾脏内能够存活,但肾脏内的微环境限制了移植细胞的存活能力.在肾小管内壁未观测到表达EGFP的MSCs,提示MSCs对肾脏修复的途径不是直接向肾小管内皮细胞分化而另有其它途径.  相似文献   

6.
采用毒性实验方法,用不同浓度的汞离子(Hg2 )、铬离子(cr6 )分别处理黄鳝(Monopterus albus),经1、2、4、8 d后光镜观察黄鳝头肾组织结构及免疫细胞数量的变化.结果表明,对照组黄鳝头肾实质内未见肾单位结构,主要由淋巴组织、造血组织和血窦构成.淋巴组织主要由淋巴细胞密集排列成淋巴索或聚集成团状;造血组织主要由红血细胞密集排列成细胞索或聚集成团状.淋巴组织和造血组织在头肾实质中各占据一定的区域或相间分布,且分别被血窦所分隔.黑色素巨噬细胞分散于淋巴细胞之间,数量较少,排列较松散,尚未集结成明显的球状体.经两种重金属离子分别染毒后的黄鳝头肾与对照组相比,组织结构表现出相似的变化,即随着重金属离子浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,头肾组织中的黑色素巨噬细胞聚集形成黑色素巨噬细胞中心,并逐渐增大、增多,最后减少;淋巴组织逐渐松散,排列稀疏混乱,淋巴细胞界限逐渐不清晰,呈退化趋势,数量减少.红血细胞大量破坏,血窦扩张.与Cr6 相比,Hg2 对头肾组织结构的毒性影响更大,病变现象更为明显.  相似文献   

7.
南方鲇头肾的组织学和超微结构   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
采用解剖学、组织学、组织化学方法,通过电镜观察,研究了南方鲇(Silurus meridionulis Chen)头肾的形态和超微结构。南方鲇左右头肾不相连,与肾明显分离。头肾组织包括血管系统、淋巴细胞聚集区、粒细胞聚集区、内分泌组织区。血管系统由头肾动脉、头肾静脉、后主静脉及其分枝所组成。淋巴区细胞染色深,紧密聚集成网状结构,主要包括大、小淋巴细胞等细胞类型。粒细胞区域狭窄,染色浅,主要为粒细胞聚集。内分泌组织区域细胞大型,常规染色极浅,包括肾间组织细胞、肾上组织细胞。肾间组织细胞有丰富的线粒体、内质网及分泌颗粒。肾上组织细胞主要分布于后主静脉及其分枝的周围、静脉壁中,细胞中有密集的分泌颗粒。肾上组织细胞和肾间组织细胞集中于头肾,内分泌功能增强,是与其运动能力强、快速捕食相适应的特征。  相似文献   

8.
斜带石斑鱼淋巴器官个体发育的组织学   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17  
吴金英  林浩然 《动物学报》2003,49(6):819-828
本文应用连续组织切片技术和组织学观察,对出膜后1~60天的斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)各期仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的淋巴器官组织进行了研究,描述了淋巴器官的个体发育过程和组织学结构特征。研究表明:实验水温为22.0~27.8℃时,孵化后第10天出现头肾原基。头肾原基由未分化的造血干细胞组成。随着鱼体的生长,头肾原基的造血干细胞很快分化成不同类型的细胞;头肾主要由网状内皮系统支持下的淋巴造血组织构成。第11天出现脾脏原基。脾脏原基由造血细胞组成,淋巴化速度相对较慢。脾脏在整个发育过程中,红细胞和类红细胞占优势,没有红髓和白髓之分。第13天出现胸腺原基。胸腺发育速度较快,是明显的淋巴器官。胸腺主要由胸腺细胞(淋巴细胞)和上皮细胞组成,外区和内区没有明显的界限,但很容易区分。胸腺外被单层的上皮细胞层与咽腔相隔,保持浅表的位置,并且在整个发育过程中,胸腺与头肾是独立分开的。免疫器官原基出现顺序是头肾、脾脏和胸腺;而免疫器官淋巴化的顺序是胸腺,头肾和脾脏。和其它硬骨鱼类一样,斜带石斑鱼在早期发育阶段,淋巴器官的发育较迟,出现相对滞后的现象[动物学报49(6):819~828,2003]。  相似文献   

9.
应用组织学、组织化学技术对南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)肾的发生及肾单位的发育进行了详细研究.结果表明:中肾的发生始于出膜后24h,其发生、发育过程可分为间充质细胞聚集、中肾小泡出现、肾小管芽形成、肾小体发生、初级肾单位形成、初级肾单位成熟及第二、三级肾单位发生等时期.出膜后19d,前肾解体时,第一代中肾单位才开始行使功能.19d至3月龄幼鱼中肾有大量间充质细胞.中肾肾单位的发育包括分化前期、分化期、发育期、成熟期4个时期.幼鱼PI上皮细胞具有大型PAS阳性颗粒是由于肾单位发育不完善,血管球有较大的通透性所致,也是区别于成鱼肾单位的明显特点.3月龄至2龄个体肾中仍有大量发育中的肾单位.  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)血细胞发生发育的模式,采用Wright’s、碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)和苏丹黑B(SBB)染色方法对齐口裂腹鱼的头肾、中肾、脾和肝组织印片进行染色,了解其发生的具体组织和发育的一般过程。结果表明:齐口裂腹鱼血细胞可分为红细胞系、淋巴细胞系、单核细胞系、粒细胞系和其他细胞,且这些细胞系的发育均经过3个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。通过观察和统计不同阶段各种血细胞的形态、大小、比例及染色特征,发现原始阶段的血细胞体积较大,其中原始单核细胞最大,大小为(18.90±1.59)μm×(16.32±0.70)μm,在4种组织中原始阶段的红细胞和单核细胞在头肾中所占比例最大,分别为0.64%和0.59%,原粒细胞和原淋巴细胞分别在中肾和脾中比例最大,在肝中少量存在,此外在各组织印片中均发现血栓细胞的存在,在肝中发现巨噬细胞。因此头肾、中肾和脾是齐口裂腹鱼的主要造血组织,少量细胞在肝中产生。粒细胞发育过程中,除原始粒细胞PAS染色阴性外,其他阶段均呈阳性,且阳性随不断成熟逐渐增强;单核细胞从原单核细胞到成熟的单核细胞,PAS阳性逐渐增强;而SBB染色发现,粒细胞、淋巴细胞及单核细胞均呈阳性,未成熟的细胞染色程度不一致,成熟的细胞阳性染色最为强烈。在红细胞系发育过程中经历了细胞由大变小再变大的过程,而粒细胞和淋巴细胞发育过程仅出现由大变小的过程,在红细胞的发育过程中还出现了染色质固缩和血红蛋白增加。  相似文献   

11.
The thymus of the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy to understand its formation and cellular composition. Larvae of the mandarin fish were collected and sectioned from 1 to 35 days post‐hatching (dph). On dph 7 the thymus was packed with lymphocytes. From 12 dph onward, mucous cells were observed on the epithelial layer; from 23 dph, three zones could be differentiated in the thymic parenchyma. The thymus was connected with the extension of the third, fourth and fifth branchial pouches throughout early development, remaining in a superficial position in the adult S. chuatsi. In the thymus of the adult fish, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) characteristic of tonofilaments were observed, with limiting TECs (LECs) found in subcapsular, subseptal, perivascular and nurse‐like TECs containing viable intact lymphocytes inside their vacuoles. In addition, three kinds of granulocytes were observed throughout the thymus, and an incomplete blood–thymus barrier was found in the inner zone. Other cell components such as cystic cells, macrophages and plasma cells, were also described in the thymus of the adult S. chuatsi. The thymus development in mandarin fish agrees, to some extent, with the ontogenetic patterns observed in other fish species.  相似文献   

12.
Summary The first haemopoietic centres in the embryo ofPterophyllum scalare are found in the blood islands of the yolk sac. These results are in contrast to the classical theory of blood formation in teleosts, which maintains that the first blood formation occurs intraembryonically, in the so-called intermediate cell mass of Oellacher. InPterophyllum, the intermediate cell mass forms only the axial blood vessels. Haemopoiesis in the post-embryo is carried out by the pronephros. This organ remains haemopoietic to the adult stage. In the adult, the pronephric tubules are degenerated; the organ is filled with haemopoietic tissue and also contains strands of adrenal tissue. The adult kidney (mesonephros) is also haemopoietic, though to a much lesser degree than the pronephros.The blood islands in the yolk sac form only stem cells (haemocytoblasts) and proerythroblasts. Released into the circulation, they differentiate and mature into round, disc-like erythrocytes (erythrocytes-E). Erythropoiesis in the pronephros produces elliptical erythrocytes (erythrocytes-ImA). Thus for the latter part of the postembryonic phase, until complete absorption of the yolk, there is a mixed erythrocyte population in circulation. During metamorphosis into the laterally-compressed adult, the adult type of erythrocyte (erythrocyte-A) makes its first appearance. Leucocytes and thrombocytes appear much later in development than the red blood cells. They are formed in the pronephros and are seen in circulation only after the yolk has been absorbed.  相似文献   

13.
Morphology of the pronephros of the juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The pronephros in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) consists of a large ovoid renal corpuscle and a pair of tubules. The corpuscle is retained for 11 months, after which the glomerulus regresses. The glomerular arteries come directly from the dorsal aorta. The interstitium is permeated with venous blood vessels that arise from the anterior cardinal veins and are closely apposed to the tubules. Two distinct segments of the pronephric tubular system are distinguished by the histological and ultrastructural features of their component cells: 1) a short, transitional neck in which cells change from capsular epithelium to columnar epithelium, typical of tubules; 2) the convoluted segment composed of cells similar to first proximal tubular cells of the opisthonephros with well-formed brush borders, apical vesicles that vary in size and number along this segment, and lysosomes. Pinocytosis and exocytosis are also evident in this segment. The tubular system increases in length and in its convolutions until about week 9, when the opisthonephros develops. Distally each tubule connects with a Wolffian duct, with cells marked by the absence of apical inclusions and the presence of a uniform brush border, numerous mitochondria, and elaborate infolding of the basalar membrane. Nephrostomes, which are often characteristic of pronephroi, are not present. Cells with long cilia are found throughout the tubular system but are most characteristic of the neck and Wolffian-duct segments.  相似文献   

14.
Synopsis The ontogenetic development of the immune system in a marine teleostSebastiscus marmoratus was studied by histological examination and removal of the thymus. The pronephros and the spleen had been differentiated at the time of birth and contained small numbers of haemopoietic cells. In contrast to most vertebrates, the rudiments of the thymus were first visible 1 week post-birth in the dorsoposterior part of the pharynx, the same location as in the adults. However, small lymphocytes first appeared in the thymus of fish at 3 weeks of age, followed by the pronephros at 4 weeks and the spleen at 6 weeks. Complete or partial suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) occurred in fish that were thymectomized at 1.5 months of age and immunized 2 weeks later, and a marked decrease in lymphocytes was observed in the pronephros and spleen. The thymectomy of adult fish also caused reduced serum antibody titres in fish immunized 1 month after the operation. These results suggest that the thymus plays an essential role in the development of the immune system and its functions continue into adult life.  相似文献   

15.
We isolated and characterized the Xenopus translocon-associated protein XTRAP-gamma, one of four subunits of the translocon-associated protein complex. TRAP has been proposed to aid the translocation of nascent polypeptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, but this has not been demonstrated until now. XTRAP-gamma was specifically expressed in the pronephros tubules of Xenopus laevis from stage 25 during kidney development. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of XTRAP-gamma suppressed tubulogenesis and decreased expression of the pronephros marker genes Pax-2 and Wnt-4. XTRAP-gamma morpholinos also inhibited differentiation of the pronephros in activin/retinoic acid-treated animal caps. We conclude that XTRAP-gamma plays an important role in the process of pronephros differentiation.  相似文献   

16.
The kidneys of tadpoles of different developmental stages were examined in preparations processed histologically and histochemically. It was found that differentiation of the provisory excretory organ tubules in frogs was "shortened" or "accelerated" after P. P. Ivanov's terminology, and developed differently as compared with differentiation of tubules of the definitive organ of excretion -- the primary kidney. When differentiating the epithelium of the proximal portion of the primary kidney nephron passes the stage of the high prismatic false-stratified epithelium. The pronephros tubules do not pass this stage and the epithelium becomes a strict monolayer from the very beginning. No mitoses are observed in the pronephros tubule epithelium even at the earliest differentiation stages. Later on, the beginning of tubule functioning, and with the reduction, and later disappearance of yolk granules in the epithelium solitary mitoses make their appearance. The mitotic activity of the primary kidney tubule epithelium is very high (70%) at the early stage of differentiation. Then its mitotic activity decreases (30%), and after the beginning of the tubule functioning mitoses in its epithelium become solitary.  相似文献   

17.
The RNA-binding molecule Bicaudal-C regulates embryonic development in Drosophila and Xenopus. Interestingly, mouse mutants of Bicaudal-C do not show early patterning defects, but instead develop polycystic kidney disease (PKD). To further investigate the molecular mechanism of Bicaudal-C in kidney development, we analyzed its function in the developing amphibian pronephros. Bicaudal-C mRNA was present in the epithelial structures of the Xenopus pronephros, the tubules and the duct, but not the glomus. Inhibition of the translation of endogenous Bicaudal-C with antisense morpholino oligomers (xBic-C-MO) led to a PKD-like phenotype in Xenopus. Embryos lacking Bicaudal-C developed generalized edemas and dilated pronephric tubules and ducts. This phenotype was caused by impaired differentiation of the pronephros. Molecular markers specifically expressed in the late distal tubule were absent in xBic-C-MO-injected embryos. Furthermore, Bicaudal-C was not required for primary cilia formation, an important organelle affected in PKD. These data support the idea that Bicaudal-C functions downstream or parallel of a cilia-regulated signaling pathway. This pathway is required for terminal differentiation of the late distal tubule of the Xenopus pronephros and regulates renal epithelial cell differentiation, which--when disrupted--results in PKD.  相似文献   

18.
Ontogeny of American paddlefish lymphoid tissues   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
The temporal and spatial distribution of American paddlefish Polyodon spathula immune cell populations was determined using enzyme cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Monocytes and macrophages were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue and lamina propria of the spiral valve at 7 days post-hatch (dph). Immature lymphocytes were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue, thymus and lamina propria of the spiral valve at 7 dph. Type A lymphocytes (T-cell like) were demonstrated in the thymus by 21 dph. Type B immunoglobulin positive lymphocytes (B-cell like) were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue and lamina propria of the spiral valve by 7 dph, the thymus at 21 dph, the spleen by 56 dph, and were not observed in the meningeal myeloid tissue of paddlefish aged 7–28 dph. Granulocytes were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, thymus, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue and lamina propria of the spiral valve by 7 dph. The spleens in 7–28 dph fish were predominately red pulp. Differentiation of leukocytic and erythrocytic compartments (white and red pulp, respectively) was not apparent in the spleen until 56 dph. Remarkable thymic cortical and medullary differentiation was not yet present at 28 dph, and the thymus was not sampled at 56, 84 or 112 dph. The cardiac myeloid tissue was not developed until 56 dph. Peyer's patches were present in the lamina propria by 56 dph. Paddlefish lympho-myeloid structures are therefore slow to develop, and vaccination procedures should be performed at 2–4 months post-hatch.  相似文献   

19.
Xlim-1, a LIM class homeobox gene expressed in Xenopus laevis, is one of the earliest known marker genes of pronephros development and is expressed in pronephros rudiment. In this study, we examined the role of Xlim-1 in pronephros development. Temporal expression of Xlim-1 in explants was analyzed in a series of induction assays using RT-PCR analysis. Xlim-1 was expressed 9 to 15 h after activin/retinoic acid treatment, corresponding to pronephros differentiation in explants. We further examined the role of Xlim-1 using a series of microinjection experiments. Presumptive pronephric anlagen of embryos were injected with various Xlim-1 mutants, and effects of these Xlim-1 mutants on pronephrogenesis in embryos and in explants were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Dominant-negative Xlim-1 inhibited differentiation of pronephros in activin/retinoic acid-treated animal caps. In embryos injected with a dominant-negative form of Xlim-1, development of pronephric tubules was inhibited at the late tail-bud stage. Our results suggest that Xlim-1 may not initiate differentiation of the pronephros, but that it is necessary for growth and elongation in the development of pronephric tubules.  相似文献   

20.
The structure of the pronephros in Russian sturgeon larvae, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, at different stages of early postembryonic development (from hatching till 14 days old), was studied with histological and electron microscopy methods. The formed pronephros is represented by a system of bilaterally located pronephric tubules and an external single glomus, which is not integrated directly into pronephric tubules and is located in closed pronephric chamber. The glomus is positioned below the dorsal aorta and is vascularized by its capillaries. The thin structure of the glomus has the same characteristic features that are typical of and needed for the functions of any filtering organ. By the time when larvae transfer fully to exogenous feeding, the pronephros undergoes significant degradation and it is replaced by the mesonephric kidney which develops during the period of function of the pronephros. The peculiarities of the pronephros in acipenserids are discussed comparatively with the same organ in teleosts and amphibians.  相似文献   

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