簇毛麦染色体组特异性RAPD标记的筛选、定位和应用

以普通小麦中国春、中国春－簇毛麦二体附加系以及不同来源的簇毛麦为材料,用100个10碱基随机引物进行RAPD扩增。引物OPF02能在不同来源的簇毛麦及所有中国春－簇毛麦二体附加系中扩增出一条长约750bp的片段OPF02 750。普通小麦和硬粒小麦不能扩增出该片段。因此,OPF02 750为分布于簇毛麦所有染色体上的一个簇毛麦染色体组特异片段。用引物OPF02对普通小麦－簇毛麦双二倍体、硬粒小麦－簇毛麦双二倍体以及几个普通小麦的簇毛麦二体代换系、二体附加系进行检测,发现NAU302已经丢失了其所附加的簇毛麦3V染色体。     

中间偃麦草染色体2Ai-2特异PCR新标记的建立和St基因组特异序列的克隆

中间偃麦草麦、小麦和小麦－中间偃麦草2Ai－2附加系Z1、Z2、X6,代换系ZD28等进行RAPD分析,从320个RAPD引物中,鉴定出2Ai－2染色体特异的2个RAPD标记OPO05650和OPMO414000。利用这2个特异OPO05和OPM04,PCR扩增普通小麦CS（ABD）及其近缘植物中间偃麦草（E1E2St）、拟鹅冠草（St）,长穗偃麦草（E）、簇毛麦（V）、黑麦（R）、大麦（H）粗山羊草（D）等基因组DNA。结果表明,OPO05650和OPO41400均是2Ai－2染色体上St基因组区域的特异标记。将上棕2个特异片段分离回收、克隆、测序,根据测序结果重新设计、合成特异引物,成功地转换RAPD标记为SCAR（sequence characterizked amplifed region）标记SC－05和SC－M4。利用SCAR标记对不同材料进行分析的结果表明,凡含有2Ai－2染色体的抗黄矮病材料及拟鹅冠草均产生一条扩增带,不含2Ai－2染色体的材料,包括小麦、长穗麦草、簇毛麦、黑麦、在麦、粗山羊草以有含有其他他中间偃麦草染色休的附加系,均没有扩增产物,说明上棕2个SCAR标记是中间偃麦草2Ai－2染色体的特异性PCR标记,且是2Ai－2染色体上St基因组区域的特异性标记。克隆与鉴定中间偃麦草的2个SCAR扩增片段TiSCO5和TiSCM4。结果表明,克隆的中间偃麦草TiSCO5和TiSCM4特异片段,分别是St基因组特异性的寡拷贝序列有多拷贝重复序列,为St基因组遗传研究的新探针。     

利用小麦微卫星引物建立簇毛麦染色体组特异性标记

选位于普通小麦1A-7A、1B-7B、1D-7D染色体上的102对微卫星引物对多年生簇毛麦、二倍体簇毛麦、小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体与后代和普通小麦中国春、R25、R111、MY11进行了PCR扩增, 发现引物对Xgwm301可以在含簇毛麦染色体的材料中扩出一条长415 bp的特异片段(命名为Xgwm301/415), 而所有供试小麦均未扩出此片段。进而用一套中国春-二倍体簇毛麦附加系来进行扩增, 发现1V-7V染色体均可以扩出该片段, 说明该片段为簇毛麦1V-7V染色体所共有。因此, Xgwm301/415是簇毛麦染色体组上的一个特异片段, 可以用来快速跟踪检测导入到普通小麦背景中的簇毛麦染色体。     

大麦6H染色体特异性标记的筛选和鉴定

从大麦、小麦和小麦－大麦６Ｈ染色体附加系ＲＡＰＤ分析筛选出对６Ｈ染色体特异的２个ＲＡＰＤ标记,转换为特异性ＰＣＲ标记,利用标记对不同植物材料进行ＰＣＲ扩增鉴定。表明凡含有大麦６Ｈ染色体的材料（Ｂｅｔｚｅｓ、Ｉｇｒｉ、ＣＳ６Ｈ附加系）均能扩增出特异带;而不含６Ｈ染色体的材料,包括小科、黑麦、长穗偃麦草、中间偃麦草、簇毛麦以及含有其他大麦染色体的小麦附加系均不主增出特异带。可见,２对ＰＣＲ引物具有大麦     

拟鹅观草St基因组ISSR特异标记的建立

以拟鹅观草(Pseudoroegneria spicata)、中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium)、长穗偃麦草(Th.elonga-tum)、二倍体簇毛麦(Dasypyrum villosum)、澳冰草(Australopyrum retrofractum)等10份小麦族物种为材料,对100条ISSR引物进行分析,结果显示引物811可以在拟鹅观草(GenBank登录号为EU368859)和中间偃麦草中扩增出一条长441 bp的特异DNA片段命名为St441,而其它供试物种均未扩出.经序列比对、软件分析结合原位杂交结果认为St441为一类新的低拷贝重复序列.利用ISSR引物811对10份不同居群的中间偃麦草、20份披碱草属物种、4份小麦-偃麦草部分双二倍体、6份小麦-茸毛偃麦草后代和12份小麦对照进行扩增,结果发现除对照小麦外均能扩增出St441;进而对小麦-中间偃麦草两套附加系进行扩增,将St441初步定位于包括第四同源群在内的8条St染色体上.同时,发现只含有整条St染色体和St染色体片段的材料能扩增出St441,而仅有Js染色体的材料未扩增出St441.因此,该标记St441可以作为检测不同背景下St染色质的分子标记.     

筛选利用小麦微卫星标记追踪簇毛麦各条染色体

选用定位于普通小麦7个部分同源群上的276对微卫星引物对普通小麦中同春和簇毛麦的基因组DNA进行扩增分析,有148对引物可在两个物种间检测到多态性。利用上述显示多态性的引物进一步对7个中国春-簇毛麦二体附加系进行扩增分析,筛选出分别可用来追踪簇毛麦1V至7V染色体的引物wmc49（1BS）、wmc25（2BS）、gdm36（3DS）、gdml45（4AL）、wmc233（5DS）、wmc256（6AL）和gwm344（7BL）。此外还发现6DS上的微卫星引物gwm469可以用来追踪簇毛麦的2V染色体;2DS上的微卫星引物gdm107可用来追踪簇毛麦的6V染色体。进一步用涉及不同簇毛麦和小麦背景的小麦一簇毛麦染色体附加系、代换系和易位系进行扩增分析,这些微卫星标记也可用来鉴定簇毛麦的各条染色体。因此,这然簇毛麦染色体特异的微卫星标记可用来追踪普通小麦背景中的簇毛麦染色体。     

簇毛麦NBS类R基因相关序列的分子标记开发及其染色体定位

小麦近缘种簇毛麦携带许多尚未克隆的抗病(R)基因。NBS-LRR类型的R基因占已克隆植物R基因的绝大多数,因此,本研究根据NBS-LRR类型R基因的保守序列设计引物,从簇毛麦基因组DNA和cDNA中扩增获得23条相关序列。基于其中5条抗病基因同源序列(RGAs)H-56/d6、H-66/b2和CDS40设计引物,对小麦、簇毛麦、硬-簇双二倍体及其杂种以及已知携带个别簇毛麦染色体或染色体臂的小麦材料进一步进行PCR扩增,结果表明:3对引物均可对簇毛麦、硬-簇双二倍体进行特异扩增;同时,源于序列H-66/b2的引物可对1VL和6VL染色体臂进行特异扩增;源于序列CDS40的引物可在同时携带1VL和2VS或同时携带2VS和4V的小麦材料以及具有6VL的小麦材料中特异扩增,而H-56/d6的引物在携带1VL、2VS、4V和6V染色体臂或染色体的小麦背景中都不能获得目的片段的扩增。这些结果不仅为外源染色体臂在小麦背景中的追踪与鉴定提供了新的分子标记,而且这些标记还与外源染色体或染色体臂上的抗病基因或抗病基因同源物紧密连锁或共分离。     

大麦1H特异性SAPs标记和ASA标记的创制

选取大麦1H染色体的STS标记MWG913特异性扩增小麦,把得到的片段进行克隆。用Taq Ⅰ酶切分类并测序,把得到的序列同大麦的序列进行比较,依据比较结果,选取对大麦特异的内切酶,用该酶来酶切大麦、小麦、黑麦、长穗偃麦草、中间偃麦草、簇毛麦的MWG913扩增产物,获得对大麦1H染色体特异的CAPs标记。同时,依据酶切位点碱基的差异设计引物对扩增的产物进行第二次扩增,得到该位点的一对染色体特异性ASA标记。     

大麦1H特异性CAPs标记和ASA标记的创制

选取大麦1H染色体的STS标记MWG913特异性扩增小麦,把得到的片段进行克隆.用Taq酶切分类并测序,把得到的序列同大麦的序列进行比较.依据比较结果,选取对大麦特异的内切酶,用该酶来酶切大麦、小麦、黑麦、长穗偃麦草、中间偃麦草、簇毛麦的MWG913扩增产物,获得对大麦1H染色体特异的CAPs标记.同时,依据酶切位点碱基的差异设计引物对扩增的产物进行第二次扩增,得到该位点的一对染色体特异性ASA标记.     

应用原位杂交及RAPD技术标记抗黄矮病小麦一中间偃麦草染色体异附加系

以生物素（Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－１６－ｄＵＴＰ）标记中间偃麦草基因组 ＤＮＡ为探针,与抗黄矮病小麦－中间偃麦草染色体异附加系Ｚ６进行原位杂交,鉴定出附加的１对中间偃麦草染色体。对异附加系 Ｚ６和 Ｌ１及它们的小麦亲本进行了 ＲＡＰＤ分析,从 １２０个随机引物中,筛选出 ２个引物可以扩增出附加染色体的特异ＤＮＡ片段,可作为鉴定寻人小麦的中间偃麦草染色质的分子标记。     

Identification, mapping, and application of polymorphic DNA associated with resistance gene Pm21 of wheat.

A new powdery mildew resistance gene designated Pm21, from Haynaldia villosa, a relative of wheat, has been identified and incorporated into wheat through an alien translocation line. Cytogenetic and biochemical analyses showed that chromosome arms 6VS and 6AL were involved in this translocation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on recipient wheat cultivar Yangmai 5, the translocation line, and H. villosa with 180 random primers. Eight of the 180 primers amplified polymorphic DNA in the translocation line, and the same results were obtained in four replications. Furthermore, RAPD analysis was reported for substitution line 6V, seven addition lines (1V-7V), and the F1, as well as F2 plants of (translocation line x 'Yangmai 5'), using two of the eight random primers. One RAPD marker, specific to chromosome arm 6VS, OPH17-1900, could be used as a molecular marker for the detection of gene Pm21 in breeding materials with powdery mildew resistance introduced from H. villosa. Key words : RAPD analysis, 6VS-specific marker, Pm21, Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, Triticum aestivum - Haynaldia villosa translocation.     

Development and utilization of new sequenced characterized amplified region markers specific for E genome of Thinopyrum

Species containing E genome of Thinopyrum offered potential to increase the genetic variability and desirable characters for wheat improvement. However, E genome specific marker was rare. The objective of the present report was to develop and identify sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers that can be used in detecting E chromosome in wheat background for breeding purpose. Total 280 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were amplified for seeking of E genome specific fragments by using the genomic DNA of Thinopyrum elongatum and wheat controls as templates. As a result, six RAPD fragments specific for E genome were found and cloned, and then were converted to SCAR markers. The usability of these markers was validated using a number of Egenome-containing species and wheat as controls. These markers were subsequently located on E chromosomes using specific PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SCAR markers developed in this research could be used in molecular marker assisted selection of wheat breeding with Thinopyrum chromatin introgressions.     

Studies on genome relationship and species-specific PCR marker for Dasypyrum breviaristatum in Triticeae

Dasypyrum breviaristatum and nine related species in Triticeae were analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, in order to understand the genetic relationship and to develop species specific markers. The genome relationship dendrogram shows that D. breviaristatum and D. villosum could not be grouped together, indicating that D. breviaristatum was unlikely to be directly derived from D. villosum, while D. breviaristatum was closest to Thinopyrum intermedium, which implied that they might have similar breeding behaviors when introducing their chromatins into wheat. A D. breviaristatum genome specific RAPD product of 1182bp, was cloned and designated as pDb12H. Sequence analysis revealed that pDb12H was strongly homologuos to a long terminal repeat (LTR) Sabrina retrotransposon newly reported in Hordeum. The pDb12H was converted into a PCR based marker, which allows effectively monitoring the D. breviaristatum chromatin introgression into wheat. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) suggested that pDb12H was specifically hybridized throughout all D. breviaristatum chromosomes arms except for the terminal and centromeric regions, which can be used to characterize wheat -D. breviaristatum chromosome translocation. The genomes repetitive element will also be useful to study gene interactions between the wheat and alien genomes after the polyploidization.