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1.
采用剖面法对宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)的根系分布特征进行了研究;采用管式TDR系统对土壤剖面含水率变化动态进行了连续观测,并据此计算林木根系吸水速率,以探讨土壤含水率、根系分布和根系吸水分布之间的相关关系。研究结果表明:毛白杨的总平均根长密度在林带两侧和不同径向距离处非常接近(P>0.05);但在不同土层间变化很大(P<0.01),其中0-20和60-150 cm土层为根系主要分布区域,其根系所占比例共达86%;不同径阶间的根长密度差异显著(P<0.01),且其比例关系会随空间位置的改变而发生变化。不同栽植方位下,林带东侧毛白杨根系分布的浅层化程度高于西侧,且在径向240-280 cm内其0-0.5 mm的极细根显著多于西侧(P<0.05)。因此,宽窄行栽植模式下,深度和径阶是毛白杨根系分布的主要影响因子,而栽植方位会对其形态构型产生影响。毛白杨根系吸水模式受细根分布的影响,但会随土壤剖面水分有效性分布的变化而变化:当表土层水分有效性增加时,根系吸水主要集中在表土层;当表土层水分有效性降低时,深层土壤根系的吸水贡献率会逐渐增加;当土壤剖面水分条件异质性较高时,根系吸水主要集中在根系密度与水分有效性均较高的区域;当土壤剖面水分分布均匀且不存在水分胁迫时,根系吸水分布与细根分布最为一致。  相似文献   

2.
玉米/大豆间作条件下的作物根系生长及水分吸收   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
通过田间试验研究了玉米/大豆条带间作群体的根系分布及土壤水分吸收规律.结果表明:水分充足条件下,土壤剖面内玉米和大豆根系的分布模式近似于三角形;玉米根系水平分布范围较大,侧向伸展长度约为58 cm,16~22 cm土层的玉米根系侧向伸展最远,玉米根系不仅分布于间作条带行间,而且生长到大豆条带的行间;大豆根系水平分布于相对有限的区域内,侧向伸展长度约为26 cm.作物根质量密度随着距作物行(玉米或大豆)距离的增加而减少,玉米行和边行大豆根质量密度的90%分布于0~30 cm土层.距玉米行10 cm处玉米的根质量密度高于大豆,距玉米行20 cm处大豆的根质量密度大于玉米,两种作物根质量密度的85%都分布于0~30 cm土层内.间作条带内水分变化主要集中在0~30 cm土层,水分变化量依次为:玉米区域>大豆区域>条带行间.表明在水分充足条件下,间作作物优先在自己的区域吸水,根系混合区吸水滞后发生.  相似文献   

3.
乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿根系吸水模型   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
在实测获得根重密度和土壤含水量的基础上,运用土壤水分运动方程及Penman-Monteith公式,计算得到干旱沙区不同水分处理下紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)根系吸水速率和蒸腾强度.结果表明紫花苜蓿根系吸水速率与土壤剖面含水量和根重密度密切相关.苜蓿地水分消耗规律在分枝期以棵间蒸发为主,在开花期和结实期以植株蒸腾为主.建立了干旱沙区紫花苜蓿根系吸水模型,经回归分析得到模型中的各个参数,通过对回归结果的方差分析表明,模型的相关性较好(R2=0.890,p<0.05);另外从模型验证的结果看,土壤剖面含水量模拟值与实测值基本吻合,说明本文提出的根系吸水模型其可靠性较好.  相似文献   

4.
不同水分处理对甘蒙柽柳幼苗根系生长特性的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以1年生甘蒙柽柳幼苗为对象,采用人工壕沟挖掘法,对柽柳幼苗在不同水分处理条件下(干旱处理、适度灌溉、充分灌溉)根系生态学特征的季节变化进行了研究.结果表明,不同水分处理对柽柳幼苗根系生长影响显著,垂直根扎根深度和生长速率随着灌溉量的减小而增加.地面灌溉量的增加会导致根系分布的浅表化和根系消弱系数的减小,根系生物量与土壤深度呈显著负对数关系.不同水分处理条件下,7-10月的根/冠比平均值分别为0.43、0.60、0.90、1.12,其根、冠间存在典型的异速生长关系.根/冠比随土壤水分的减小而增加,且生长季后期大于初期.  相似文献   

5.
为了探讨绿洲-荒漠过渡带上受损柽柳群落幼苗适宜生长的土壤水分条件,在塔南策勒绿洲外围设置A(不灌溉)、B(适度灌溉)、C(充分灌溉)3个处理的田间试验,于7~10月份考察了各处理柽柳幼苗粗根(>2 mm)和细根(<2 mm)生物量积累、空间分布等变化特征。结果显示:(1)随着灌溉量的增加,柽柳根系生物量积累不断增加,且在生长季末(10月份)增速最大,同时细根占总根重的比例从20.5%上升到29.8%,显著提高了幼苗吸收养分和水分的能力。(2)干旱胁迫(处理A)下柽柳幼苗根系的下扎深度大,但水平根幅的扩展却有限;适度灌溉(处理B)的生物量较处理A大,但小于处理C;根系扎根深度表现为处理A>处理B>处理C,各指标均处于中间状态;水分条件最好(处理C)时虽然垂直扎根深度小,但水平根幅最大,可以更有效利用浅层土壤资源。(3)柽柳幼苗大量根系集中在0~40 cm的土壤表层,而且水分条件越好,这种集中趋势越明显;根系生物量随土壤深度的增加呈递减变化,细根的根长密度也有相似变化,但细根的比根长变化规律不明显,这可能与各层土壤微观环境的变化有关。研究表明,灌溉对柽柳幼苗根系的生长和分布有显著影响,充分灌溉下柽柳幼苗根系生物量积累最多且空间分布最大,该灌溉量有利于柽柳幼苗根系的正常生长和合理分布。  相似文献   

6.
根据1994~1995年在大型人工气候室内取得的试验资料,分析了大气CO2浓度倍增条件下,春小麦冠层温度、蒸发蒸腾和根层土壤剖面水分动态的变化状况。结果表明,大气CO2浓度增加1倍,春小麦冠层温度明显升高,且高水分条件升高的值比低水分条件下大0.7℃左右;蒸发蒸腾减少的幅度在不同土壤水分处理间也不相同,高水分处理的蒸发蒸腾量减少9.88%,低水分处理的减小8.50%,根层土壤含剖面水分消耗减小,高CO2浓度处理的根层土壤含水率高于低CO2浓度处理的,特别是在底部根系密度减小,其水分消耗明显减少。  相似文献   

7.
模拟在喀斯特异质生境下,通过随机区组实验,研究三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)在两种土壤生境(浅而宽、深而窄)和3种水分处理(对照、减水50%、减水70%)下植物的地上和地下生长关系及生物量分配格局。结果显示:(1)两种生境中三叶鬼针草的地上生长(株高、地径、叶面积、叶生物量)与地下根系生长(根长、根表面积、根体积、根生物量)均随着施水量的减少而降低;叶面积比率随着施水量的减少而增加;根质量比在浅而宽土壤生境中呈先增后减的趋势,而在深而窄土壤生境中呈增加趋势。(2)两种生境中三叶鬼针草的地上生物量与地下根系生物量、叶面积与根长、叶面积与各层根系生长均呈显著正相关关系。但在浅而宽土壤生境中,三叶鬼针草的地上生物量与各土层根系生物量均呈显著正相关,而在深而窄土壤生境中,地上生物量仅与中上土层根系生物量呈显著正相关。研究表明三叶鬼针草在不同生境中均具有较好的地上地下协同生长对策,在增强对地下资源获取的同时也增强了对地上资源的获取。在浅而宽土壤生境中,三叶鬼针草通过协调根系的横向拓展能力与植物叶片的生长来应对快速的干旱缺水;在深而窄土壤生境中,植株能较好地协调根系向下拓展能力与地上叶面积的生长,更好地利用土壤深层的水分资源。  相似文献   

8.
 在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,采用分层分段挖掘法对不同灌溉量条件下(每株每次灌水3 5、24.5和14 kg)梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)幼苗根系的分布特征进行了研究。结 果表明: 1)随着灌溉量的减少,梭梭幼苗根系生物量的分布格局有向深层发展的趋势,在不同灌溉量条件下地下垂直各层生物量与土壤垂直深度呈显著的负对数关系;2)各灌溉量梭梭幼苗的最大水平根长为垂直根长的2倍,但不同灌溉量根系生物量的水平分布趋势一致 ;3)吸收根生物量的垂直分布与土壤含水量的垂直变化基本一致,均呈“单峰型”曲线, 但灌溉量不同,吸收根生物量峰值在土壤中出现的位置也不同,随着灌溉量的减少,吸收根集中分布区有向深层发展的趋势;4)根长、根表面积和根体积随着土壤深度的增加均呈“单峰型”曲线,灌溉量愈小,根长、根表面积和根体积的峰值愈位于土壤的深层;5)根冠比和垂直根深与株高之比随着灌溉量的减少而呈增加的趋势。  相似文献   

9.
水曲柳幼苗根系对土壤养分和水分空间异质性的反应   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
王政权  张彦东 《植物研究》1999,19(3):329-334
通过沙培试验方法,研究了温室条件下水曲柳幼苗在施肥和浇水区,非施肥和非浇水区中根系生长,生物量分布,地下部分与地上部分关系,细根直径等特征。结果表明,土壤养分和水分的空间异质性对水曲柳幼苗根系生长和分布有明显影响。在施肥区和浇水区根系生长快,密度大,生物量高,而在非施肥和非浇水区根系生长受到抑制,根系密度小,生物量低,与非施肥区相比,施肥区细根直径下降,有利于根系对养分和水分的运输,但是在非浇水区  相似文献   

10.
水氮处理下不同品种水稻根系生长分布特征   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
为明确不同栽培条件下水稻(Oryza sativa)根系生长分布特征, 通过不同水氮处理和不同品种的水稻桶栽试验, 采用内置根架法, 于拔节期和抽穗期取样, 获取根系总干重(TRW)、不定根数(ARN)以及各类根(不定根、细分枝根和粗分枝根)的形态指标(长度、表面积和体积), 并分析植株根系生长状况和根系分布特征。结果显示: (1)各试验条件下抽穗期各项根系指标较拔节期均呈增长趋势。同一时期, 各项根系指标在3个施氮水平间均差异显著, 且随施氮量的增加而增加。不同水分处理下, 两个时期的ARN在湿润灌溉(W2)与保持水层(W1)之间差异均不显著, 而其他指标上W2处理均显著最高; 干旱处理 (W3)下, 仅拔节期的TRW和粗分枝形态指标与W1处理接近, 而在其他指标上均显著最低。不同品种间, ‘扬稻6号’ (V3)的各项根系指标均最高, 而‘日本晴’ (V1)和‘武香粳14’ (V2)间差异不显著。(2)各试验条件下, 抽穗期较拔节期根系下扎生长比例增加, 多分布于表层(0-5 cm)土中; 减少氮素和水分供应可提高根系在5 cm以下土层中的分布比例, 且分枝根反应最为明显; 品种V1和V2的深扎根性较V3明显。结果表明, 合理施氮与控水可优化水稻不同类型根的生长与分布特征, 但需考虑不同品种之间的差异。  相似文献   

11.
为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦灌水对根系时空分布和土壤水分利用规律的影响,以冬小麦石麦15为材料,利用田间定位试验研究了不同灌水处理(春季不灌水W0;春季灌拔节水75mm,W1;春季灌起身水、孕穗水和灌浆水共225mm,W3)对根系干重密度(DRWD)、根长密度(RLD)、体积密度、分枝数等在0—200cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及其对耗水和产量的影响,结果表明:随着春季灌水量的减少,开花后0—80cm土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度均显著减少,80cm—200m土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度却显著增加,并且显著增加冬小麦在灌浆期间对100cm以下深层土层水分的利用,总耗水量W1和W0分别比W3减少70.9mm、115.1mm,土壤耗水量分别比W3增加79.1mm、108.9mm,子粒产量W1和W0分别比W3减少653.3kg/hm2、1470kg/hm2,水分利用效率(WUE)则分别比W3提高0.09kg/m3、0.06kg/m3。晚播冬小麦春季灌1水(拔节水)可以促进根系深扎,增加深土层的根系分布量,提高对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用量,有利于实现节水与高产的统一。  相似文献   

12.

Aims

Planting density is a major factor during the conversion of cropland to woodland in the semiarid hilly region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Jujube (cv. Lizao on Ziziphus rootstock) tree plantations have been planted densely to increase income, with a spacing of 3?m between tree rows and 2?m between trees in rows. This practice could lead to soil water depletion. To estimate these risks, water budgets should be calculated accurately, based on a realistic characterization of root distribution. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial root distribution (vertical and horizontal) in a dense jujube plantation under different water management practices in the hilly region of the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Methods

Spatial root distribution in densely planted 8-year-old jujube trees was investigated using a trench-profile method down to 1?m. Four treatments were tested: sloping land (W1), mini-catchment (W2), drip-irrigation (W3), and drip-irrigation plus mini-catchment (W4). Furthermore, mechanical excavation combined with a water spraying method was used to determine the maximum rooting depth.

Results

Spatial root distribution was most affected by drip-irrigation. Horizontally, fine roots were concentrated in the area soaked by irrigation in treatments W3 (69.8%) and W4 (73.8%). Similarly, in the vertical direction, there were significantly more fine roots within the 0–1?m profile in the W4 and W3 treatments compared with the W2 and W1 treatments. Fine root intersects were even more abundant in top 0.4?m of W4 treatments compared with the whole soil profile (0–1?m depth) in the W2 and W1 treatments. The W2 and W4 treatments with mini-catchments did not result in a significantly higher number of fine root intersects relative to the treatments without catchments (W1 and W3, respectively). The correlation between fine root intersects and maximum rooting depth was analyzed and the results indicated that drip-irrigation and mini-catchment treatments increased fine root intersects, but decreased the maximum rooting depth.

Conclusions

This study found that root distribution was most affected by the drip-irrigation treatment, which led to higher root densities close to water emitters on the surface, down to a depth of 0.6?m in the soil. Thus, drip-irrigation could have a significant impact on the root development of densely planted jujube trees in semiarid regions and it might potentially avoid the formation of dry soil layers. These findings provide significant support for the dense planting of jujube trees in the semiarid region.  相似文献   

13.
Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche (45% CaCO3) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling.  相似文献   

14.
用Minirhizotrons观测柠条根系生长动态   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20       下载免费PDF全文
 Minirhizotrons是一种非破坏性、定点直接观察和研究植物根系的新方法。该文介绍了用Minirhizotrons测定植物根系的方法,并同根钻取原状土样法进行了比较;探讨了根系生长动态同土壤含水量间的关系。试验于2004年植物生长季在沙坡头沙漠试验研究站的水分平衡观测场的人工柠条(Caragana korshinskii)林进行,结果表明:Minirhizotrons 管埋入土壤后需要10个月时间允许柠条根系在其周围定居,其观测图片中的根系代表了管子周围2.6 mm土层的根系。柠条根系生长动态和土壤水分变化相关,含水量的升高导致根系的大量繁殖,而根系吸水及蒸发散又导致含水量的减少;在2004年植物生长季,土壤水分和根系的这种相互作用出现了两次,但根系生长高峰比土壤含水量高峰滞后20 d左右。  相似文献   

15.
为了阐明根区交替控制灌溉(CRDAI)条件下玉米根系吸水规律,通过田间试验,在沟灌垄植模式下采用根区交替控制灌溉研究玉米根区不同点位(沟位、坡位和垄位)的根长密度(RLD)及根系吸水动态。研究表明,根区土壤水分的干湿交替引起玉米RLD的空间动态变化,在垄位两侧不对称分布,并存在层间差异;土壤水分和RLD是根区交替控制灌溉下根系吸水速率的主要限制因素。在同一土层,根系吸水贡献率以垄位最大,沟位最低;玉米营养生长阶段,10—30 cm土层的根系吸水速率最大;玉米生殖生长阶段,20—70 cm为根系吸水速率最大的土层,根系吸水贡献率为43.21%—55.48%。研究阐明了交替控制灌溉下根系吸水与土壤水分、RLD间相互作用的动态规律,对控制灌溉下水分调控机理研究具有理论意义。  相似文献   

16.
The spatial distribution of the root system through the soil profile has an impact on moisture and nutrient uptake by plants, affecting growth and productivity. The spatial distribution of the roots, soil moisture, and fertility are affected by tillage practices. The combination of high soil density and the presence of a soil plow pan typically impede the growth of maize (Zea mays L.).We investigated the spatial distribution coordination of the root system, soil moisture, and N status in response to different soil tillage treatments (NT: no-tillage, RT: rotary-tillage, SS: subsoiling) and the subsequent impact on maize yield, and identify yield-increasing mechanisms and optimal soil tillage management practices. Field experiments were conducted on the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in China during 2011 and 2012. The SS and RT treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density in the top 0–20 cm layer of the soil profile, while SS significantly decreased soil bulk density in the 20–30 cm layer. Soil moisture in the 20–50 cm profile layer was significantly higher for the SS treatment compared to the RT and NT treatment. In the 0-20 cm topsoil layer, the NT treatment had higher soil moisture than the SS and RT treatments. Root length density of the SS treatment was significantly greater than density of the RT and NT treatments, as soil depth increased. Soil moisture was reduced in the soil profile where root concentration was high. SS had greater soil moisture depletion and a more concentration root system than RT and NT in deep soil. Our results suggest that the SS treatment improved the spatial distribution of root density, soil moisture and N states, thereby promoting the absorption of soil moisture and reducing N leaching via the root system in the 20–50 cm layer of the profile. Within the context of the SS treatment, a root architecture densely distributed deep into the soil profile, played a pivotal role in plants’ ability to access nutrients and water. An optimal combination of deeper deployment of roots and resource (water and N) availability was realized where the soil was prone to leaching. The correlation between the depletion of resources and distribution of patchy roots endorsed the SS tillage practice. It resulted in significantly greater post-silking biomass and grain yield compared to the RT and NT treatments, for summer maize on the Huang-Huai-Hai plain.  相似文献   

17.
The importance of macrostructure to root growth of ryegrass (L. perenne) seedlings sown on the soil surface was studied in two soils in which the macrostructure had resulted mainly from root growth and macro-faunal activity. Sets of paired soil cores were used, one of each pair undisturbed and the other ground and repacked to the field bulk density. Undisturbed and repacked soils were first compared at equal water potentials in the range −1.9 to −300 kPa. At equal water potential, the undisturbed soil always had the greater strength (penetration resistance), and root growth was always greater in the repacked soil with no macrostructure than it was in the soil with macrostructure intact. At equal high strength (low water potentials) it appeared that root growth was better when soils were structured. When strength was low (high water potentials), root growth was better in the unstructured soil. Soils were then compared during drying cycles over 21 days. The average rate at which roots grew to a depth of 60 mm, and also the final percentage of plants with a root reaching 60 mm depth, was greatest in repacked soils without macrostructure. The species of vegetation growing in the soil before the experiment affected root growth in undisturbed soil; growth was slower where annual grasses and white clover had grown compared with soil which had supported a perennial grass. It appears that relatively few roots locate and grow in the macrostructure. Other roots grow in the matrix, if it is soft enough to be deformed by roots. Roots in the matrix of a structured soil grow more slowly than roots in structureless soil of equal bulk density and water potential. The development of macrostructure in an otherwise structureless soil, of the type studied, is of no advantage to most roots. However, once a macrostructure has developed, the few roots locating suitable macropores are able to grow at low water potential when soil strength is high. The importance of macrostructure to establishing seedlings in the field lies in rapid penetration of at least a few roots to a depth that escapes surface drying during seasonal drought. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}  相似文献   

18.
不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的光合作用特征   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
 采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0~-0.02 MPa(W1) 、-0.02~-0.04 MPa(W2)、-0.04~-0.06 MPa(W3)、-0.06~-0.08 MPa(W4)、-0.08~-0.16 MPa(W5)范围内。系统研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)幼苗叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率和Rubisco羧化活性的日动态。结果表明,在所有土壤水势条件下,苗株皆在早晨达到净光合速率(Pn)最高峰;不同处理间光合午休的程度随所处土壤水势递降而加剧。从W1至W5,叶片的日光合累积比例为100∶96∶64∶60∶52。各处理晨后最初的Pn降低主要是气孔导度下降引起的,W3~W5处理午间强烈的光合抑制则主要源于非气孔因素。各处理的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和Rubisco初始羧化活性也都表现为不同程度的午间降低,且所处的土壤水势越低,降幅就愈大,其中W3、W4和W5处理的递降趋势尤为明显。苗木叶片光合作用的日均水分利用效率除W1显著较低外,其余处理间无显著差异。从充分供水条件下(W1、W2)Pn仍有晨后降低分析,林外强烈的大气因子(如高温、强光和低大气湿度)已经构成苗木光合作用的胁迫因素,而土壤供水不足则大大加剧了胁迫的程度。  相似文献   

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