PI3K/AKT通路在动物葡萄糖代谢中的研究进展

葡萄糖代谢稳态对维持动物健康水平至关重要.磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)是受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase,RTK)和G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)共同调控的下游效应因子.它能够磷酸化磷...     

重组人红细胞生成素经PI3K/Akt途径对大鼠癫痫持续状态诱导的神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的观察重组人红细胞生成素(recombinant human epo,rHuEPO)对戊四氮(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)点燃的癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)的SD大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响,应用PI3K(phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase磷脂酰肌醇3激酶)抑制剂LY294002进一步探讨rHuEPO作用的可能机制。方法采用PTZ点燃大鼠SE模型,将大鼠随机分为A组:正常对照组(生理盐水normal saline NS)、B组:PTZ组(PTZ+NS)、C组:rHuEPO组(PTZ+rHuE-PO)、D组:LY294002组(PTZ+LY294002+rHuEPO)、E组:LY294002溶剂DMSO(二甲基亚砜)对照组(PTZ+DMSO+rHuEPO),检测大鼠行为学和脑电图的改变及HE染色观察海马病理学的改变;用TUNEL方法检测海马神经细胞的凋亡情况;免疫组织化学法观察磷酸化蛋白激酶B、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶9(Caspase-9)、X-连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)的表达。结果在PTZ点燃大鼠SE后rHuPO活化了磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋...     

PI3K/AKT信号通路与心力衰竭

丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(serine/threonine kinase,AKT)是真核细胞中参与细胞信号转导的关键分子。目前已经证实PI3K(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)/AKT信号通路在人类肿瘤、代谢紊乱、肾脏疾病以及精神障碍等疾病中发挥着重要的作用。近年来的研究还发现PI3K/AKT信号通路的激活会对心肌细胞的生长、代谢以及凋亡等活动产生影响,且该通路及其中的很多受体、激酶被证实与心力衰竭关系密切,这使该信号通路在心力衰竭的发病机制、诊断及治疗等方面的研究日益受到重视。总结PI3K/AKT的结构特点、相关信号转导机制及其与心力衰竭的关系将有利于更好地理解心力衰竭的发病机制。     

基于PI3K/AKT通路探究上调miR-210对牙髓干细胞增殖、凋亡能力的影响

摘要 目的：研究基于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)通路探究上调微小RNA 210(miR-210)对大鼠牙髓干细胞增殖、凋亡能力的影响。方法：选取10只健康Sprague-Dawley（SD）雄性大鼠,颈椎脱臼处死后提取大鼠下切牙牙髓,进行牙髓干细胞培养和鉴定。分为正常组（未进行处理）,miR-210抑制组（给予20 nmol/L的miR-210抑制物）,miR-210对照组（给予20 nmol/L的miR-210模拟物）三组。采用CCK-8法检测牙髓干细胞增殖活性,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测ALP活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,采用免疫印迹（Western blot）检测PI3K、AKT蛋白。结果：与正常组相比,miR-210抑制组细胞增殖、ALP活性降低,细胞凋亡率升高;miR-210对照组细胞增殖、ALP活性升高,细胞凋亡率降低（P＜0.05）。与miR-210抑制组相比,miR-210对照组细胞增殖、ALP活性升高,细胞凋亡率降低（P＜0.05）。与正常组相比,miR-210抑制组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达降低,miR-210对照组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）。与miR-210抑制组相比,miR-210对照组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）。结论：miR-210通过调控PI3K、p-AKT蛋白激活PI3K/AKT通路,促进大鼠牙髓干细胞增殖,抑制牙髓干细胞凋亡。     

PI3K-Akt信号转导通路对脂代谢的调控作用

脂代谢紊乱与多种疾病的发生发展有关,严重威胁着公共健康。近年来,关于PI3K-Akt信号通路在2型糖尿病、肥胖、肿瘤代谢与免疫及心脑血管疾病等方面的研究层出不穷,本文旨在综述PI3K-Akt信号通路与多个脂代谢相关基因、多个脂代谢器官以及多种脂代谢紊乱相关疾病之间的重要联系,探讨其直接/间接参与脂质合成、转运、摄入与分解过程的分子机制及病理状态下的信号转导调控,以期为脂代谢紊乱相关疾病的治疗提供新的参考靶点。     

硫辛酸通过激活PI3K/Akt通路保护帕金森小鼠神经元的作用研究

目的:明确硫辛酸(lipoic acid,LA)是否通过活化脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(Phosphoinositide 3-kinases/Protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路保护小鼠帕金森(Parkinson's disease,PD)神经元损伤。方法:将130只健康C57BL雄性小鼠随机分为PD模型组(A组)、PD模型自然恢复组(B组)、硫辛酸干预组(C组)、硫辛酸加阻滞剂干预组(D组),对照组(E组)。采用免疫组化方法检测黑质内酪氨酸羟化酶(Tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)阳性细胞数,Western Blot方法检测中脑TH、总Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达,相应试剂盒检测中脑内GSH(Glutathione)和MDA(Malondialdehyde)的含量。结果:(1)与E组比较,A组TH阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.01),B组、D组明显减少(P0.05),C组无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)与E组比较,A组、B组TH蛋白表达显著减少(P0.01),C组、D组TH表达明显减少(P0.05);分别与A组、B组比较,C组TH表达显著增多(P0.01),D组无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)与E组比较,A组、B组、D组中脑内p-AKT表达显著减少(P0.01),C组差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05);分别与A组、B组比较,C组pAkt表达显著增多(P0.01),D差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)与E组比较,C组中脑GSH水平明显增加(P0.05),A组、B组明显减少(P0.05),D组差异无统计学意义(P0.05;与E组比较,A组、B组MDA表达显著增加(P0.01),C组、D组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:硫辛酸可能通过激活PI3K/Akt通路,减轻氧化应激损伤,进而发挥其保护神经元的作用。     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路及临床相关肿瘤抑制剂

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶（mTOR）和蛋白激酶B（Akt/PKB）与肿瘤发生的密切关系已被广泛地认可.mTOR是一种丝/苏氨酸激酶,可以通过影响mRNA转录、代谢、自噬等方式调控细胞的生长.它既是PI3K的效应分子,也可以是PI3K的反馈调控因子.mTORC1 和mTORC2是mTOR的两种不同复合物. 对雷帕霉素敏感的mTORC1受到营养、生长因子、能量和应激4种因素的影响.生长因子通过PI3K/Akt信号通路调控mTORC1是最具特征性调节路径.而mTORC2最为人熟知的是作为Akt473磷酸化位点的上游激酶. 同样,Akt/PKB在细胞增殖分化、迁移生长过程中发挥着重要作用. 随着Thr308和Ser473两个位点激活,Akt/PKB也得以全面活化.因此,mTORC2-Akt-mTORC1的信号通路在肿瘤形成和生长中是可以存在的.目前临床肿瘤治疗中,PI3K/Akt/mTOR是重要的靶向治疗信号通路.然而,仅抑制mTORC1活性,不是所有的肿瘤都能得到预期控制.雷帕霉素虽然能抑制mTORC1,但也能反馈性地增加PI3K信号活跃度,从而影响治疗预后.近来发现的第二代抑制剂可以同时抑制mTORC1/2和PI3K活性,这种抑制剂被认为在肿瘤治疗上颇具前景.本综述着重阐述了PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的传导、各因子之间的相互调控以及相关抑制剂的发展.     

黄芩苷介导PI3K/AKT通路减轻脂多糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡及炎症反应

为探讨黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡、炎症及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路的调控作用,该研究体外培养大鼠心肌H9C2细胞,将其分为对照组(不做干预)、LPS组(10μg/m L LPS)、实验组(10μg/m L LPS+10、20、40、80μmol/L黄芩苷)、黄芩苷+Y组(10μg/m L LPS+10μmol/L黄芩苷+5μmol/L PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂LY294002)、抑制剂组(10μg/m L LPS+5μmol/L LY294002)和黄芩苷+A组[10μg/m L LPS+10μmol/L黄芩苷+100 ng/mL PI3K/AKT通路激活剂胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)]。用细胞计数试剂盒-8测定细胞活力;酶联免疫吸附试验检测炎症因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和IL-10的含量; Hoechst33258染色法测定细胞凋亡率; 5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷测定细胞增殖率;蛋白免疫印迹法测定PI3K/AKT相关蛋白、细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspas...     

大蒜素通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路保护结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠模型免疫功能的机制

探讨大蒜素（allicin,ALC）通过磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（AKT）通路对结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠模型（PTB）的影响。

将54只SPF级小鼠随机分为对照组（CK组）、PTB组、低剂量ALC组（ALC-L组,2 mg/kg）、高剂量ALC组（ALC-H组,5 mg/kg）、阳性对照异烟肼组（INH组,5 mg/kg）和ALC-H+740 Y-P（PI3K激活剂）组（5 mg/kg+0.02 mg/kg）,每组9只。除CK组外,其他组小鼠均通过尾静脉注射0.25 mL标准人型结核分枝杆菌菌株H37Rv悬液构建PTB模型,建模成功24 h后,进行给药处理,1次/d,持续30 d。分别在给药第1、15、30天时记录各组小鼠的体质量;计数肺组织中结核分枝杆菌数量;采用HE染色检测小鼠肺组织病理变化;采用ELISA法检测小鼠肺组织中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）及IL-10水平;采用流式细胞术检测小鼠外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺水平以及CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值;采用Western Blot检测p-PI3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR蛋白表达。

与CK组比较,PTB组小鼠体质量（给药第15、30天）减轻,结核分枝杆菌数量增多,肺组织病理损伤严重,TNF-α、IL-6、CD8⁺水平以及p-PI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR蛋白表达升高,IL-10、CD3⁺、CD4⁺水平以及CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值降低（均P＜0.05）;与PTB组比较,ALC-L组、ALC-H组和INH组小鼠对应变化趋势与上述相反（均P＜0.05）;740 Y-P减弱了高剂量ALC对PTB小鼠炎症反应的抑制作用以及免疫功能的改善作用。

ALC可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路保护结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠模型的免疫功能。

     

蛋白激酶B及其在磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶介导的信号转导中的作用

蛋白激酶Ｂ（ＰＫＢ）是原癌基因ｃ－ａｋｔ的表达产物,它参与由生长因子激活的经磷脂磷肌醇３－激酶（ＰＩ３Ｋ）介导的信号转导过程。与许多蛋白激酶相似,ＰＫＢ分子具有一特殊的ＡＨ／ＰＨ结构域（ＡＨ／ＰＨｄｏｍａｉｎ）,后者能介导信号分子间的相互作用。ＰＫＢ是ＰＩ３Ｋ直接的靶蛋白。ＰＩ３Ｋ产生的脂类第二信使ＰＩ－３,４,Ｐ２和ＰＩ－３,４,５－Ｐ３等均能与ＰＫＢ和磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶（ＰＤＫ）的ＡＨ／Ｐ     

PI3K/Akt信号通路的调控与肿瘤血管生成

肿瘤对人类的生存危害极大,恶性肿瘤的治疗一直是世界性的难题。肿瘤血管生成是肿瘤赖以生长、转移的基础,受多种因子的调节。目前发现有多条信号网络参与调控肿瘤血管生成,PI3K/Akt是其中比较重要的一条信号传导途径,该通路与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文介绍了PI3K/Akt信号通路的结构组成与活性调控,并重点阐述PI3K/Akt信号途径与肿瘤血管生成的关系。     

NT3 inhibits FGF2-induced neural progenitor cell proliferation via the PI3K/GSK3 pathway

Neurotrophin 3 (NT3), a member of the neurotrophin family, antagonizes the proliferative effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on cortical precursors. However, the mechanism by which NT3 inhibits FGF2-induced neural progenitor (NP) cell proliferation is unclear. Here, using an FGF2-dependent rat neurosphere culture system, we found that NT3 inhibits both FGF2-induced neurosphere growth and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor, and LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, both inhibited FGF2-induced BrdU incorporation, suggesting that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and PI3K pathways are required for FGF2-induced NP cell proliferation. NT3 significantly inhibited FGF2-induced phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a downstream kinase of Akt, whereas phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was unaffected. The inhibitory effect of NT3 on FGF2-induced NP cell proliferation was abolished by LY294002, and treatment with SB216763, a specific GSK3 inhibitor, antagonized the NT3 effect, rescuing both neurosphere growth and BrdU incorporation. Moreover, experiments with anti-NT3 antibody revealed that endogenous NT3 also plays a role in inhibiting FGF2-induced NP cell proliferation, and that anti-NT3 antibody enhanced phospho-Akt and phospho-GSK3beta levels in the presence of FGF2. These findings indicate that FGF2-induced NP cell proliferation is inhibited by NT3 via the PI3K/GSK3 pathway.     

Noradrenaline enhances the expression of the neuronal monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 by translational activation via stimulation of PI3K/Akt and the mTOR/S6K pathway

Monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) expression is up-regulated by noradrenaline (NA) in cultured cortical neurons via a putative but undetermined translational mechanism. Western blot analysis showed that p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was rapidly and strongly phosphorylated by NA treatment. NA also rapidly induced serine/threonine protein kinase from AKT virus (Akt) phosphorylation but to a lesser extent than p44/p42 MAPK. However, Akt activation persisted over a longer period. Similarly, NA induced a rapid and persistent phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase implicated in the regulation of translation in the central nervous system. Consistent with activation of the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway, phosphorylation of the ribosomal S6 protein, a component of the translation machinery, could be observed upon treatment with NA. In parallel, it was found that the NA-induced increase in MCT2 protein was almost completely blocked by LY294002 (phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor) as well as by rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), while mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and p38 MAPK inhibitors had much smaller effects. Taken together, these data reveal that NA induces an increase in neuronal MCT2 protein expression by a mechanism involving stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and translational activation via the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway. Moreover, considering the role of NA in synaptic plasticity, alterations in MCT2 expression as described in this study might represent an adaptation to face energy demands associated with enhanced synaptic transmission.     

Synergism between altered cortical polarity and the PI3K/TOR pathway in the suppression of tumour growth

Loss of function of pins (partner of inscuteable) partially disrupts neuroblast (NB) polarity and asymmetric division, results in fewer and smaller NBs and inhibits Drosophila larval brain growth. Food deprivation also inhibits growth. However, we find that the combination of loss of function of pins and dietary restriction results in loss of NB asymmetry, overproliferation of Miranda-expressing cells, brain overgrowth and increased frequency of tumour growth on allograft transplantation. The same effects are observed in well-fed pins larvae that are mutant for pi3k (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) or exposed to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin. Thus, pathways that are sensitive to food deprivation and dependent on PI3K and TOR are essential to suppress tumour growth in Drosophila larval brains with compromised pins function. These results highlight an unexpected crosstalk whereby the normally growth-promoting, nutrient-sensing PI3K/TOR pathway suppresses tumour formation in neural stem cells with compromised cell polarity.     

Oligomannose-coated liposomes activate ERK via Src kinases and PI3K/Akt in J774A.1 cells

We have previously shown that liposomes coated with a neoglycolipid constructed from mannotriose and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (Man3-DPPE) activate peritoneal macrophages to induce enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC class II. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways activated by the Man3-DPPE-coated liposomes (OMLs) in a murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1. In response to OML stimulation, ERK among MAPKs was clearly and transiently phosphorylated in J774 cells. ERK phosphorylation was also induced by treatment of the cells with Man3-DPPE and Man3-BSA, but not by uncoated liposomes. In addition, rapid and transient phosphorylation of Akt and Src family kinases (SFKs) was observed in response to OMLs. OML-induced ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by specific inhibitors of PI3K and SFKs, and OML-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by a inhibitor of SFKs. Therefore, OMLs may activate the PI3K/Akt pathway through phosphorylation of Src family kinases to induce ERK activation.     

Identification of ribosomal protein S3a as a candidate for a novel PI 3-kinase target in the nucleus

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP₃) is an important lipid second messenger that mediates various cell responses. We have searched for the nuclear PIP₃ binding proteins using PIP₃ analogue beads. A 33 kD protein was detected in this method, which was identified as ribosomal protein S3a by the mass spectrometric analysis. The recombinant S3a protein bound specifically to PIP₃. S3a localized not only in the cytosol but also in the nucleus. Interestingly, not cytosolic but nuclear S3a bound to PIP₃, suggesting different roles of S3a in the cytosol and the nucleus. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Translocation of PKC[theta] in T cells is mediated by a nonconventional, PI3-K- and Vav-dependent pathway, but does not absolutely require phospholipase C

PKCtheta plays an essential role in activation of mature T cells via stimulation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB, and is known to selectively translocate to the immunological synapse in antigen-stimulated T cells. Recently, we reported that a Vav/Rac pathway which depends on actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediates selective recruitment of PKCtheta to the membrane or cytoskeleton and its catalytic activation by anti-CD3/CD28 costimulation. Because this pathway acted selectively on PKCtheta, we addressed here the question of whether the translocation and activation of PKCtheta in T cells is regulated by a unique pathway distinct from the conventional mechanism for PKC activation, i.e., PLC-mediated production of DAG. Using three independent approaches, i.e., a selective PLC inhibitor, a PLCgamma1-deficient T cell line, or a dominant negative PLCgamma1 mutant, we demonstrate that CD3/CD28-induced membrane recruitment and COOH-terminal phosphorylation of PKCtheta are largely independent of PLC. In contrast, the same inhibitory strategies blocked the membrane translocation of PKCalpha. Membrane or lipid raft recruitment of PKCtheta (but not PKCalpha) was absent in T cells treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors or in Vav-deficient T cells, and was enhanced by constitutively active PI3-K. 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) also upregulated the membrane translocation of PKCtheta;, but did not associate with it. These results provide evidence that a nonconventional PI3-K- and Vav-dependent pathway mediates the selective membrane recruitment and, possibly, activation of PKCtheta in T cells.     

Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt survival pathway in cells with deregulated expression of c-Myc

Oncogenic transformation leads to an increased sensitivity to apoptosis, a characteristic that is selectively lost during tumor progression. The sensitization process affects the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis through signaling events that are poorly defined. We previously showed that a deregulated expression of c-Myc in cells treated with toxic agents caused an enhanced activation of p38 that acts in a death-promoting pathway. Here, we show that deregulated expression of c-Myc causes a severe reduction in the basal activity of Akt, which was further accelerated by serum deprivation. Furthermore, c-Myc expression repressed the activation of Akt induced by the toxic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin and H₂O₂, and also by the physiological agonists PDGF and insulin. We determined that the activation of Akt was inhibited as a result of the action of c-Myc upstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. c-Myc overexpression impaired the induced association of the p85 subunit of PI3K with phosphotyrosine containing proteins, causing a reduction in the activation of PI3K and recruitment of Akt to the membrane. Inhibiting Akt in addition to enhancing p38 further exacerbate the imbalance between the death and survival signals and results in an enhanced sensitivity to apoptosis. This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant MOP-37860 to J.L. and K.B. and the Canada Research Chair in Stress Signal Transduction (to J.L.).