滆湖入湖河流春季大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

分别于2018年4月和2019年4月对滆湖入湖河流底栖动物开展调查,并利用生物指数对水质进行生物学评价。结果表明:共鉴定滆湖入湖河流底栖动物28种,以重度耐污种霍甫水丝蚓(优势度为0.46)和中等耐污种铜锈环棱螺(优势度为0.11)占据绝对优势。生物多样性方面以鹤溪河最高,湟里河、扁担河次之,夏溪河及入湖河口最低,水生植物分布是影响各区域底栖动物多样性的重要因素。卡尔森营养状态指数(TSI)与水质污染等级生物评价结果基本一致,以新孟河延伸拓浚工程沿线为界,鹤溪河、夏溪河、湟里河中上游河段处于中度富营养化水平,水体为轻-中污染状态,而下游河段、扁担河及入湖河口处于重度富营养化水平,水体为中-重污染状态。     

滦河中游干流底栖动物种类及分布

2007年10月对华北地区的重要河流——滦河干流中游段的底栖动物进行了调查。结果表明:河流底栖动物种类较为丰富,共采集到底栖动物37种,其中优势种有5种;底栖动物平均生物量为5.4 g·m^-2,平均密度为1128 个·m^-2;蜉蝣目有1种在各采样点均出现,说明滦河中游干流水质较好;下游段动物多度、生物量及生物多样性指数值都较小,上游段相应均较大,底栖生物分布与具体生境条件密切相关,下游段人为扰动使得生境质量较差,不利于底栖动物生存繁殖。     

用河流生物指数评价秦淮河上游水质的研究

1999～2001年用D-形网半定量法采集了南京秦淮河上游21个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物。12个底栖生物指数值的频数分布分析、Pearson相关分析和敏感性检测表明,总分类单元数、ET分类单元数、香农多样性指数、水生昆虫分类单元数和优势分类单元％最适合于秦淮河上游水质生物评价。采用5、3、1生物指数记分法统一量纲。提出了河流生物指数(RBI)概念,其值即为累加上述5个指数后的总分值,建立了河流生物指数评价秦淮河水质的标准,并对21个样点的水质进行重新评价,效果较单项生物指数如香农多样性指数评价结果更接近实际情况。     

淮北煤矿区塌陷湖大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年对淮北采煤塌陷湖(乾隆湖和临涣湖)大型底栖动物群落结构进行了季节性调查。共采集到大型底栖动物26种, 隶属于3门5纲17科. 乾隆湖和临涣湖年平均密度分别为230.85和215.80 ind./m2, 年平均生物量分别为56.11和36.38 g/m2。两湖大型底栖动物以摇蚊幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和苏氏尾鳃蚓为优势类群, 底栖动物最高密度均出现在夏季(乾隆湖为 278.0 ind./m2, 临涣湖为288.2 ind./m2); 生物量则主要以软体动物和水生昆虫为主, 夏季和秋季大型底栖动物生物量明显高于春季和冬季。运用Shannon多样性指数(H')、Margalef多样性指数(D)和Biotic Index生物学指数(BI)对乾隆湖和临涣湖进行水质生物评价研究, 结果显示Shannon多样性指数不适宜于该两湖的水质生物评价, BI的评价结果与水质状况基本相符。综合 Margalef多样性指数和BI生物指数评价的结果表明: 乾隆湖和临涣湖春季和冬季处于轻度污染状态, 夏季和秋季处于中度污染状态。     

淮河流域板桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

为了解板桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构动态特征并对其水质进行生物学评价,在该水库设置15个采样点,于2014年1—11月按季节进行调查.结果表明: 在板桥水库采集到大型底栖动物17种,隶属于3门4纲5科,其中摇蚊幼虫8种、寡毛类4种、软体动物5种.铜锈环棱螺、河蚬、苏氏尾鳃蚓、粗腹摇蚊和雕翅摇蚊为现阶段板桥水库的重要物种.大型底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数存在空间和时间差异性.ANOSIM分析显示,大型底栖动物群落结构在不同区域和季节间均存在显著差异,其主要贡献物种为雕翅摇蚊、粗腹摇蚊和苏氏尾鳃蚓.经丰度 生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析,板桥水库大型底栖动物群落稳定,结合物种多样性指数、生物学污染指数(BPI)和Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)评价结果,板桥水库的水质处于轻度污染水平.     

拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2017年8月对拉萨河流域23个采样点的底栖动物群落和环境因子特征进行了调查,采集到大型底栖动物41属(种),其中水生昆虫35属(种),占85.4%;软体动物2属(种),占4.9%;环节动物3属(种),占7.3%;线形动物1属(种),占2.4%。各点位平均物种数为8种,优势种组成差别较大,优势种主要有四节蜉属(Baetis spp.)、大蚊属(Tipula sp.)、纹石蛾属(Hydopsychesp.)、短石蛾属(Brachycentrus sp.)、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus sp.)、摇蚊属(Chironomus sp.)等,各采样点底栖动物平均密度为362只/m2。运用生物多样性指数分析底栖动物的群落结构,Marglef丰富度指数、香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为1.18、1.32和0.49,生物多样性指数水平较低。采用均匀度指数法和底栖动物BI指数法进行了水质评价,两种评价结果显示分别有30.3%和56.5%的采样点水质为中污染至重污染状态。典范对应分析结果表明:影响拉萨河流域底栖动物群落的主要环境因子是海拔、化学需氧量、硫化物、p H值、总磷和总氮。     

河流岸带湿地沉积物重金属分布对植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落特征的影响

河流岸带湿地栖息地完整性对河流水环境、水生态和水文的安全与健康具有重要意义,为探究河流岸带湿地表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其对植被和底栖动物的影响,对滦河干流上中下游河段表层沉积物、植物群落和底栖动物调查分析,采用生物毒性效应系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法评价沉积物重金属污染特征,采用植被物种多样性指数和底栖动物完整性指数评价滦河植物和底栖动物群落特征,探究岸带湿地沉积物重金属空间分布与植被及底栖动物群落特征之间关系。结果表明,滦河表层沉积物总体呈清洁水平,但不同河段重金属空间分布差异较大,下游重金属生态危害系数和潜在生态风险指数高于上中游。湿地物种调查共识别维管束植物219种,大型无脊椎底栖动物105种,综合评价结果表明下游植物群落物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性低于上中游。滦河下游岸带湿地沉积物重金属对生物群落具有生物毒性和潜在的生态风险,降低了植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性。大型底栖动物完整性指数能够综合反映底栖动物群落结构特征变化,对河岸带湿地生态健康评价和监测具有重要意义。     

东江干流及其源头支流大型底栖动物群落结构特征与环境指示评价

2012 年4 月~6 月对东江干流及源头部分支流的底栖动物进行了采集,共获得底栖动物78 种,隶属于3 门7 纲48 科72 属。其中,水栖寡毛类3 科8 属12 种,软体动物12 科13 属17 种,水生昆虫9 目30 科47 属47 种,其他种类3 种。空间上来看,源头支流及上、中、下游的种类数分别为48 种、31 种、33 种和28 种。源头地区和上游以水生昆虫为主,密度百分比分别为70.2%和58.3%;下游以寡毛类为主,占62.0%。分析比较了 Shannon 多样性指数、生物指数(BI)和科级生物指数(FBI) 3种水质评价方法对东江水质的评价效果。东江干流水质总体良好,源头支流水质好于其他河段水质。但从水质生物学的角度与之前研究相比,底栖生物的群落特征变化较大,物种多样性有所下降,表明区域环境有恶化的趋势。     

雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性及生态评价

雅鲁藏布江起源于喜马拉雅山,是世界上海拔最高的河流之一,是流经我国西藏境内重要的国际河流,其河流生态系统具有特殊地貌及生态条件。研究该流域底栖动物多样性分布特征及其影响因子,是科学评价该区域河流生态系统健康状况,实现资源可持续开发利用的基础。2009年10月—2010年6月期间,以底栖动物作为指示物种,对雅江流域干支流及堰塞湖的14个采样断面进行河流生态评价。采用Alpha及Beta生物多样性指数分别指示局部采样河段及全区域的底栖动物多样性。对采样断面底栖动物组成分析发现:14个采样断面共采集到底栖动物110种,隶属57科102属。雅江干流底栖动物种类数最高为29,平均为19。支流年楚河种类数为17。支流拉萨河,尼洋河,帕龙藏布的最高种类数分别为25,33,36;平均种类数分别为21,21,22,生物多样性普遍高于干流。整个流域中底栖动物平均种类数相差不大,但种类组成和密度相差较大。调查区域的Beta多样性指数β高于低海拔地区的相似的山区河流,说明雅江流域内底栖动物群落差异性高于正常海拔地区。对14个采样断面的物种组成进行除趋势对应分析表明:影响雅江流域底栖动物多样性的主要因素为河型,河床阻力结构,堤岸结构,水流流速。保持稳定的阶梯-深潭结构和自然堤岸结构,以及适宜的流速有利于保护雅江河流生态。     

广东鉴江水系底栖硅藻多样性与时空分布特征

为了解广东省鉴江水系底栖硅藻多样性和时空分布特征,对全流域进行了底栖硅藻采样调查。结果表明,从19个采样点4次采样中共检出底栖硅藻10科52属242种,其中舟形藻属(Navicula)、菱形藻属(Nitzschia)和异极藻属(Gomphonema)是优势类群,出现频次和相对丰度较高。硅藻多样性指数(丰富度、真香农多样性指数和真辛普森多样性指数)随河流等级呈现一定的空间分布特征,但它们季节变化不明显。底栖硅藻群落相异性在上游和下游河段较高,从一级到三级河流递减,四级河流又增加。底栖硅藻群落结构空间变化明显,季节变化显著。群落丰富度的稀疏曲线表明,热带河流底栖硅藻群落以400个体计数,不能完整反映底栖硅藻多样性。这些为鉴江水系河流健康监测和水生态保护奠定了基础。     

Spatial variation in ciliate communities with respect to water quality in the Delhi NCR stretch of River Yamuna,India

The River Yamuna emerges from Saptarishi Kund, Yamunotri and merge with River Ganges at Allahabad, India. Anthropogenic stress has affected the water quality of the river Yamuna drastically in the stretch traversing Delhi and its satellite towns (National Capital Region, NCR). In the present study, effect of water quality on the microbial life in the River Yamuna was analyzed using ciliate communities (Protista, Ciliophora) as bio-indicators. Water samples were collected from six sampling sites chosen according to the levels of pollution along the river and water quality was analysed using standard physicochemical factors. As the river traverses Delhi NCR, water quality deteriorates considerably as indicated by the Water Quality Index at the selected sampling sites. Seventy-four ciliate species representing nine classes were recorded. Based on the Shannon diversity index, maximum species diversity was found at the point where the river enters Delhi. The saprobity index showed the river water was beta-mesosaprobic when the river enters Delhi and alpha-mesosaprobic at downstream sites after the first major drain outfall. Significant relationship between the spatial variation in ciliate communities and abiotic parameters indicate that ciliates can be used as effective bioindicators of pollution in the River Yamuna.     

The invertebrate fauna of a physically modified urban river

The typical urban river is affected by various factors relating to water quality problems, physical habitat modification (for flood prevention) and flashy flows. These restrict macroinvertebrate biodiversity such that a few tolerant taxa may dominate and more sensitive organisms may be completely absent. This paper presents the findings of a year long, macroinvertebrate survey of an urban river catchment and investigates the effects of physical habitat modification on macroinvertebrates using various analytical tools. It is demonstrated that considerable variation in invertebrate species, abundance, diversity and tolerance exists between different urban rivers, sites on the same river and individual sites at different sampling times. Analysis of paired sites with similar water quality, but contrasting physical habitat, indicates that less modified sites support a slightly higher quality macroinvertebrate fauna (defined by biotic score and beta diversity) than heavily engineered sites. It is concluded that water quality is the primary limiting factor of invertebrate biodiversity in the heavily urbanized River Tame catchment. The removal of heavy engineering structures may facilitate improvements to invertebrate fauna in urban rivers only in conjunction with improvements to water quality.     

巢湖流域水质生物学评价——以大型底栖动物为例

由于长期暴露在自然环境中,底栖动物可整合不同时间尺度的物理、化学及生物信息,能反映污染物质对其造成的协同危害特征,因而被广泛应用于水体健康评价。为了弄清巢湖流域水体污染状况,于2009年4月对巢湖流域大型底栖动物进行采样调查。59个采样点中,鉴定出大型底栖动物共23种,其中:环节动物门6种,占26.1%;节肢动物门8种,占34.8%;软体动物门9种,占39.1%。尽管不同栖息环境中底栖动物的优势种有较大变化,但霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为整个巢湖流域优势物种。河流综合生物污染指数评价结果表明,巢湖流域水体均已受到不同程度的污染,南淝河的污染程度>白石山河>派河>巢湖湖体>柘皋河>杭埠河>裕溪河>丰乐河,这一结果与水质指标评价结果基本一致。     

基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

Aquatic pollution assessment based on attached diatom communities in the Pinang River Basin,Malaysia

The diatom communities collected from artificial substrates (glass slides) at 12 sampling sites along Pinang River Basin were analysed. Species composition was highly variable among sampling sites, and the highest diversity value (mean H = 3.56 bit/individual) and species richness (mean S = 17.32) was recorded at a polluted station in an estuary, which received salt-water intrusion during high tide. The downstream sampling stations were heavily organically polluted with Saprobic Index values ranging between 2.81 and 3.10, while upstream stations were relatively clean with Saprobic Index values recorded between 1.40 and 1.96. The diatom community structure and the specific sensitivity of certain diatom species can be related to the degree of water quality in Pinang River Basin. The abundance of certain diatom species could be used as biological indicators to measure impacts of river pollution.     

Macroinvertebrate and diatom communities as indicators for the biological assessment of river Picentino (Campania,Italy)

Pollution of rivers is an increasing problem that affects biological diversity and structure of natural ecosystem. The present study reported the results of the preliminary analysis of diatom and macroinvertebrate communities of river Picentino (Italy, Campania) in respect of the WFD/60/2000/EC. Because of the sensitive to a variety of environmental factors the two categories of organism are used as excellent indicators of changes taking place in water ecosystems, especially eutrophication. Sampling of benthic diatoms and macroinvertebrates has been carried out in five stations along the river during April–May 2014 in order to apply the ICMi and the STAR_ICMi and assess river quality. The data showed a diversification in diatomic and macroinvertebrate communities in relation to environmental stresses and level of pollution, with the disappearance of species higher sensitive to eutrophication and organic load in the upper course of the river. River water quality was found to deteriorate from the upperstream to the downstream because of the increasing of human impact and the intensive agriculture activity along the river.We conclude that the monitoring of diatomic and macroinvertebrate communities could give detailed information about the ecological status of rivers. However it is necessary to increase the achieved data by monitoring other biological communities in order to define adequated strategies to save and preserve the rivers habitat.     

An assessment of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups as water quality indicators in the Buffalo River, eastern Cape Province, South Africa

The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential for using functional feeding groups (FFGs) as indicators of water quality conditions in rivers, using the Buffalo River, South Africa, as a specific example. Multivariate classification and ordination techniques were used to investigate species and FFG distributions in relation to a number of physico-chemical variables at 16 sites from the headwaters to the estuary of the Buffalo River.Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) of species composition ranked most of the sites sequentially down the river, irrespective of water quality conditions. Ordination of FFGs from a set of riffle samples collected in mid-late summer showed only weak relationships between FFG distribution and water quality changes, except where variables changed sequentially down the river (e.g. pH and temperature). Individual species responses to water quality gradients were examined for nine riffle-dwelling species representing diverse FFGs. Following correspondence analysis of a matrix of environmental variables and species frequencies, some species showed strong associations with defined ranges of some variables. In particular, Adenophlebia auriculata (Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeroptera) from the headwater sampling site, was associated with low pH and low temperature. Simulium damnosum occurred under conditions of high turbidity, while Afronurus harrisoni was found under high concentrations of potassium, ammonium and nitrite ions.We conclude that although there was a distinct headwaters fauna in the Buffalo River, and sequential downstream changes in species composition, most FFGs (apart from shredders) were represented down the whole length of the river. FFG classifications are therefore unlikely to provide useful indications of water quality conditions in the Buffalo River.Using a categorical approach to classifying water quality variables, and by applying correspondence analysis to the resulting matrix, we recognised nine species that could be used to define water quality. These indicator species can be used to define tolerance ranges of the fauna for water quality conditions in different parts of the Buffalo river.     

A Feasibility Study to Monitor the Macroinvertebrate Diversity of the River Nile Using Three Sampling Methods

The River Nile is one of the world’s major rivers. Its’ catchment in Egypt has a population of 75,000,000. River flow is highly regulated and there are known discharges of pollutants. 1035 km of the river downstream of the Aswan high dam was studied to test the hypothesis that representative qualitative samples can be used to estimate macroinvertebrate biodiversity. Benthic macroinvertebrates are difficult to sample in large rivers and a reliable sampling strategy is required to evaluate their ecological status. Three methods for sampling have been investigated. Ekman Grab, macrophyte sweep netting and Artificial Substrate Samplers (ASS) were used to sample 15 sites from Aswan to Cairo between September 2001 and June 2002. Organisms were identified to species level where possible. Taxon accretion curves indicated that the all taxa present at a site should be collected using either 15 grab samples, 10 macrophyte samples or 5 ASS. The best time to sample was May–June. The biodiversity of macroinvertebrates in the Nile was recorded as 50 taxa with values of 7–31 at individual bank-side sites. Mid-stream biodiversity was much lower (0–19). Lowest biodiversity occurred at sites with known pollution inputs whilst highest occurred at sites with high levels of sedimentation. A regular programme for biomonitoring is recommended which will allow current status to be confirmed and future changes detected.     

REPLY TO COMMENTS BY DR D H R HELLWIG ON PAPERS BY J.U. GROBBELAAR,M.K. SEELY & O.B. KOK

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the water quality of the Gwebi and Mukuvisi Rivers, on the basis of selected physicochemical variables and macroinvertebrate community structure. Five sites where selected on both rivers and these were sampled on three separate occasions between January and July of 1998. The water variables measured were the concentrations of iron, chromium, zinc, lead, copper, manganese, chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, total phosphates, nitrates, ammonia, total dissolved salts, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, as well as pH, conductivity, temperature, water surface velocity and discharge. The concentration of most of the chemical variables was relatively similar along the course of the Gwebi River, but there were drastic increases in the levels of iron, chromium, copper, zinc, chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, and ammonia along the Mukuvisi River. The two rivers were different with respect to the physicochemical variables, with the exception of the first site on the Mukuvisi, which was similar to sites on the Gwebi River. This was because of the differences in the levels of human activities on the two rivers. Industrial, sewage and domestic pollution has had an adverse effect on the water quality of the Mukuvisi River. There was a sharp decline in the number of macroinvertebrate taxa along the Mukuvisi River. The lower reaches of the river where dominated by oligochaetes and Chironimidae larvae. Sample score classification of water quality based on the South African Scoring System Version 4 (SASS4) showed that most of the Mukuvisi river had poor quality water quality, whilst much of the Gwebi River had fair quality water. The HABS1 habitat assessment index was used to assess habitat quality at each site. Although much of the Mukuvisi recorded fair to good habitat scores and had generally higher habitat scores than sites on the Gwebi, the SASS scores were generally lower compared to those along the Gwebi. The sample scores and average score per taxon (ASPT) of the SASS4 showed that the Mukuvisi River was of much lower quality than the Gwebi. Both the sample score and ASPT were negatively and significantly (p<0.05) correlated to most of the physicochemical variables. The water quality variables accounted for 61.1% and 59.0% of the differences in the sample score and ASPT respectively. There was a marginal decrease in the Margalef and Shannon indices along the Gwebi River, but the Simpson's index remained relatively constant. Along the Mukuvisi River, there was a clear and distinct decrease in the magnitude of all three diversity indices, indicating decreasing macroinvertebrate community structure. The change in water physicochemical variables accounted for 61.3%, 69.2% and 87.2% of the changes in the Margalef, Shannon and Simpson's index respectively. The study provides evidence that the changes in macroinvertebrate community structure along the Mukuvisi River is due to decline in the water quality. On the Gwebi, water quality is not the main factor determining macroinvertebrate community structure.