浅谈初中历史课堂教学的创新

在新课改下,初中历史课堂教学也要进行创新。要对传统的历史教学方式进行创新,深入的理解教学的实质,然而要进行完善改革,关键要转变教师传统的教学观念,提高教师的综合素质,建立良好的师生关系等等,促进初中历史课堂更好的进行。     

刍议我国产业结构升级及其理论与现实依据

本文通过对产业结构升级的内涵进行分析基础上,对我国产业结构升级的理论和现实依据进行梳理,尤其对现实依据的国际、国内因素进行科学的分析,为中国当代经济结构的调整进行理论准备。     

稀土对枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶促进作用的研究

随着现代科学技术的快速发展,在进行枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶促进作用研究的过程中,要不断的进行优化处理,促进枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶促进用效率的提升。与此同时,在进行枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶促进作用研究的过程中,要充分的注意到稀土中一些元素对于木聚糖酶生产的促进作用,进而进行深度的进行枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶工艺研究工作。针对这样的情况,在本文中,主要结合现有的枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶生产工艺,并结合稀土中所包含的各种稀土元素的性质,对稀土对枯草杆菌产木聚糖酶促进作用进行相应的探索研究工作。     

绵羊进行性肺炎病毒荧光抗体的制备及其对病毒感染细胞的检测

绵羊进行性肺炎病毒荧光抗体的制备及其对病毒感染细胞的检测丁恩雨,相文华（复旦大学生命科学学院,上海２００４３３）（中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所,哈尔滨１５０００１）关键词绵羊进行性肺炎病毒,荧光抗体,间接免疫荧光法绵羊进行性肺炎（ＯＰＰ）是慢性进行...     

混配杀虫剂对烟蚜的毒力测定

选用氰戊菊酯乳油为底药,与其它3种药剂分别按有效成份进行不同比例的混配,测定其对烟蚜的毒力差异.实验结果表明:氰戊菊酯乳油与辛硫磷乳油按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为825.96;其次是按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为462.45;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为244.62.氰戊菊酯乳油与灭多威乳油按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为367.09;其次是按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为297.08;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为157.32.氰戊菊酯乳油与吡虫啉按2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为1558.28;其次是3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为603.01;最小的为1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为326.13.各个配比的共毒系数均大于100,均表现出增效作用.     

猪戊型肝炎核酸疫苗的构建及在BAL B/C小鼠免疫效应

将含有kozak序列及BamH I的上游引物和带有终止密码子及EcoRV酶切位点的下游引物,以猪HEVDQ1 ORF2为模板,进行PCR。将扩增片段和pcDNA3.1质粒以BamH I/EcoRV进行双酶切后进行连接。连接产物转化至大肠杆菌DH5α,经测序证明该序列正确,命名为pcDQ1。进行pcDQ1质粒提取,以Vero细胞为表达细胞进行转染,以间接免疫荧光试验进行验证。以100μg/次/只剂量的pcDQ1对BAL B/C小鼠进行免疫以获取单因子血清。共免疫3次,采集血清,进行ELISA效价测定。结果表明,该核酸疫苗可以免疫使小鼠产生抗体。     

三七的药理作用与真伪鉴别探析

目的对三七的药理学作用、真伪药材的鉴别进行研究。方法对中药三七的药理作用进行总结分析,依据三七性状,对其展开真伪鉴别。结果三七的主要的功效是止血、抗血栓、补血、抗炎等,在对其实施鉴别的过程中,可对其性状进行观察,并选择显微观察等方式进行鉴别。结论三七的药理作用广泛,因此,对其进行真伪鉴别意义重大。     

植物细胞的光自养培养

光合作用是植物的基本特性之一,迄今为止植物的细胞培养是在外加糖分的条件下进行的,但如要进行绿叶叶肉细胞的生理、代谢机能的研究,册必须进行光照     

师范院校生物学专业进行中学生物教师培训实践与探索

从现行中学生物课程改革面临的问题出发,探讨了对中学生物教师进行培训的必要性,对培训内容及其实施效果进行分析,最后提出师范院校对中学生物教师进行培训的具体实施意见。     

水稻耐盐碱鉴定标准评价及建议与展望

对国内外水稻耐盐碱鉴定评价标准进行了评述,指出目前采用的评价标准存在着对盐碱害判断不够全面、准确的问题,只适用对水稻进行生物耐盐力的鉴定,而不适合对水稻的农业耐盐力进行鉴定;提出了对水稻耐盐碱鉴定的标准品种、方法、鉴定胁迫浓度等进行改进的建议,强调对水稻进行全生育期的耐盐碱性鉴定。     

Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus . The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the 'arco antorbitario' (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.     

From the creation of the Veterinary Schools to the evolution of the notion of contagion in the 19th and 20th centuries

The creation of the Veterinary Schools in the 18th century would reveal a plethora of scientists, some of whom would be the precursors of Pasteur, some rivals, others followers collaborators or friends of the Master. Among the precursors let us name Chabbert, Huzard, Girard, Delafond, Renault, Toussaint, Galtier ; among the rivals: Chauveau, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas; among the followers, collaborators or friends of Pasteur: Bouley, at first a resolute spontaneist, then the most fervent in defense of Pasteur (President of the Academy of Medicine and of the Academy of Sciences) and Nocard, Director of the School in Alfort, an important collaborator of Pasteur. Later, there was Leclainche, who created the International Office of Epizootics, and who was President of the Academy of Sciences; Guérin, who with Calmette developed the BCG vaccination; Ramon, the father of anatoxins (vaccines against diphtheria, and tetanus, combined vaccines, adjuvants to immunity). Thus, the creation of the Veterinary Schools contributed not only to the evolution of the notion of contagion, to the amelioration of animal health and the economics of agricultural production, but also to serious advances in human care, and to the protection of public health.     

Style v dans le bassin du Douro: Tradition et changement dans les graphies des chasseurs du Paléolithique Supérieur européen

The documentation of some figures of hoofed in Siega Verde on panels of palaeolithic style and its stylistic references in the whole south of Europe, constitutes the starting point of the reflection on the presence of style v in the outdoors sites of the peninsular occident. In the Douro's region exists a richer documentation than the habitual in Europe: the outdoors panels of Côa and Siega Verde, the engravings on palaeolithic figures of La Griega, the paintings with direct chronologies of Ojo Guareña, the decorated plaquettes of the level 4 of Fariseu and the pebbles and plaquettes of Estebanvela. Painting in the caverns, outdoors and cave engravings and mobile art, with good references of absolute chronology between 11,500 BP and 9000 BP that confirm the continuity of the Palaeolithic art. If we compare the data of the peninsular occident with those of the north, those of Levant and those that begin to be known in Andalusia, the coincidence of dates is astonishing. In the same way if we compare these ones with the dates of the South of France and Italy. The external art of the western facade of the Iberian Peninsula possesses not only a unite palaeolithic contrasted sequence but rather it also puts in evidence the reality of the recurrent and continued locations in the whole sector during 30,000 years.Above the 11,000 BP, the transformations of the hunter groups begin to be evident in the whole south of Europe and the graphics demonstrate these changes, with a progressive transformation of contents and style that leads to a bigger schematization. The interesting cohabitation among naturalism and schematism that demonstrate the direct dates of C¹⁴, apparent a progressive transformation that discards radical ruptures between the social and graphic world of the palaeolithic hunters and their heirs.     

Influence of Stream Profile and Abiotic Factors on the Performance and Residual Dosages of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis During a 2-Year Experiment

Recently, results of a 3-year study showed the importance of abiotic factors such as water temperature, stream discharge and the hyporheic zone on the behaviour, performance and loss of the residual dosages (amount of the injected dosage left at each station) of two commercial liquid formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis ( Bti ), Teknar HP-D and Vectobac 1200L. Experiments were performed in the same stream and under environmental conditions that allowed comparisons of results between formulations. To improve our understanding of the influence of abiotic factors on the behaviour and the performance of these formulations, a 2-year experiment using the same products was conducted in another river characterized by a much different profile, higher discharges and colder temperatures. A field procedure based on a system of gutters located on the bank of the river already used in the previous 3-year experiment was utilized. Black fly larval mortalities were recorded along the river at different distances (stations) to evaluate the behaviour and the performance of the products while water samples taken at the stations were tested in the laboratory against mosquito neonate larvae to evaluate the residual dosages of Bti at each station. Results showed that higher residual dosages of the Vectobac 1200L were recovered compared to Teknar HP-D along the river. Although higher dosages were recovered, higher mortality was observed only for the Vectobac 1200 L in high discharge conditions. As seen before, the hyporheic zone (interstitial water between the streambed and groundwater) produced a major loss of the dosages in the first meters of the river. But because of the river profile, the hyporheic zone had a lesser effect on the loss of the dosages further in the river resulting in very long carries for both Teknar HP-D and Vectobac 1200L.     

Le passage vers l’Atlantique : le processus de néolithisation en Algarve (sud du Portugal)

The late beginning of the research on the neolithisation in the Algarve (southern Portugal) has been providing, as a paradox, excellent conditions for the establishment of interdisciplinary research and the test of working hypotheses. The systematic projects put forward by the University of Algarve permit us today to conclude on a preliminary basis for the formation of a Neolithic enclave at ca. 5500 cal BC, centred in the coastal territories of the region. This enclave is fully Neolithic in economic terms and it is the westernmost extension of the Mediterranean Cardial. However, some specific features of these first Neolithic groups’ artefactual items (such as pottery morphology and style and some technological aspects of chipped stone production) indicate the existence of phenomena of partial reformulation of their material cultures. According to the presently available data, this complex process seems to have occurred in similar traits also in Andalucia and coastal Morocco, that is, at the moment of the passage to the Atlantic. This individualization within the Neolithic of Cardial tradition is the equivalent to the same general cultural phenomena that have been responsible for the formation, for example, of the so-called “Franco-Iberian Cardial” or “Tirrenic Cardial” at the time of settling of the Neolithic groups in these regions.     

Phytogeographical and phenological comparison of the Meuse and the Saône valley meadows (France)

The meadows of the floodplains of the Saône and the Meuse contain similar ecosystems subject to regular winter and spring flooding. The floristic and faunistic biodiversity decreases with the intensification of agricultural practices. The plant communities show the same zonation along a topographic gradient and have similar floristic progression. Thus, the climatic, biogeographic, human and soil factors have determined the floristic particularities of each valley. The floristic affinities of the two floodplains permitted the comparison of the phenological development of fourteen plant species. Many gaps in the development of species have been observed. These could be explained by the climatic differences betwen the two valleys (sub-Mediterranean influences in the Saône and sub-Atlantic in the Meuse), the existence of different types of soils in each valley (sand part more important in the Saône) and the occurrence of specific ecotypes in each valley.     

A discrete probability model of information support during early embryonic development

A percolation model of the diffuse redistribution of morphogenetic information in early regulative development is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the statistical average values of cell connectedness remaining below the percolation threshold of the spatial redistribution of developmental determinants do not provide for the formation of cell structures of the necessary size. The average number of cell interactions should exceed the percolation threshold, and, therefore, the carriers of morphogenetic information in early development can move over distances comparable with the size of the entire embryo. The assumption concerning the percolation mechanism of cell death is used as a basis for estimating the statistical average value of cell connectedness at which the predicted number of cells theoretically isolated from the flow of signal molecules corresponds to the observed frequencies of dying embryonic cells. The estimated average number of cell interactions significantly exceeds the threshold of information resource percolation in the embryonic space and agrees with estimations of other authors, based on direct observations. The probable role of the diffusion front, or percolation cluster shell, in the regionalization of embryonic structures differing in their prospective values is discussed. It is shown that the duration of the communicative period, along with the statistical average number of channels providing for the intercellular transfer of signal molecules by diffusion, is a parameter controlling the processes of determination of embryonic structures.     

Central root cap cells are depleted of endoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilament bundles: implications for their role as gravity-sensing statocytes

Summary Indirect immunofluorescence, using monoclonal antibodies to actin and tubulin, applied to sections of root tips ofLepidium, Lycopersicon, Phleum, andZea, revealed features of the cytoskeleton that were unique to the statocytes of their root caps. Although the cortical microtubules (CMTs) lay in dense arrays against the periphery of the statocytes, these same cells showed depleted complements of endoplasmic microtubules (EMTs) and of actin microfilament (AMF) bundles, both of which are characteristic of the cytoskeleton of other post-mitotic cells in the proximal portion of the root apex. The scarcity of the usual cytoskeletal components within the statocytes is considered responsible for the exclusion of the larger organelles (e.g., nucleus, plastids, ER elements) from the interior of the cell and for the absence of cytoplasmic streaming. Furthermore, the depletion of dense EMT networks and AMF bundles in statocyte cytoplasm is suggested as being closely related to the elevated cytoplasmic calcium content of these cells which, in turn, may also favour the formation of the large sedimentable amyloplasts by not permitting plastid divisions. These latter organelles are proposed to act as statoliths due to their dynamic interactions with very fine and highly unstable AMFs which enmesh the statoliths and merge into peripheral AMFs-CMTs-ER-plasma membrane complexes. Rather indirect evidence for these interactions was provided by showing enhanced rates of statolith sedimentation after chemically-induced disintegration of CMTs. All these unique properties of the root cap statocytes are supposed to effectively enhance the gravity-perceptive function of these highly specialized cells.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Benno Parthier on the occasion of his retirement     

Comparison of mineral contents between the arteries in upper and lower limbs of japanese monkeys

To examine whether the calcium accumulation in aged arteries is related to the way of walking, the mineral contents were determined in the arteries of Japanese monkeys of quadrupedal walk by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Sixteen Japanese monkeys consisting of 7 males and 9 females ranging in age from 2 to 33 yr were studied. The accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred progressively in most, but not all, of the arteries with aging. It was found that independent of the upper and lower limbs, a higher accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred in the arteries of the proximal regions with aging, compared with the arteries of the distal regions. In a comparison between the arteries of anatomically corresponding regions of the upper and lower limbs, the accumulation of calcium and magnesium was 20–60% higher in the external iliac and femoral arteries of the lower limb than in the axillary and brachial arteries of the upper limb. Regarding phosphorus, the accumulation was 20–120% higher in the external iliac and femoral arteries than in the axillary and brachial arteries. It was known that in humans, the accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was three to seven times higher in the arteries of the lower limb than in the arteries of the upper limb. It is clear that there is a very significant difference in the accumulation of calcium and magnesium in the arteries of the lower limbs between Japanese monkeys and humans. The present study suggests that the accumulation of calcium and magnesium in the arteries of the lower limb with aging is affected by the way of walking.     

Migration and differentiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons in the brain of mouse fetus exposed to excess of serotonin

The work has been carried out on mice of the Tg8 line with knockout of gene of monoamineoxidase A with an increase of serotonin and noradrenaline content in the brain, and on mice of the C3H line with unchanged genome and normal concentration of monoamines. An immunocytochemical study has been performed of development of neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) under conditions of excess of serotonin and noradrenaline in the mice in embryogenesis. The GnRH-neurons were revealed at the 18th day of embryonic development in telencephalon along trajectory of their migration from olfactory bulbs to the retrochiasmatic area. In telencephalon of mouse embryos of the Tg8 line, a redistribution of the GnRH-neurons along their migration trajectory was observed as compared with embryos of the C3H line mice. The percent of the GnRH-neurons in the Tg8 mouse embryos in caudal parts of the migration trajectory was lower than in rostral parts, the opposite distribution of the neurons being observed in the C3H line mouse embryos; at the excess of serotonin and noradrenaline in the Tg8 line mouse embryos, the total amount of GnRH-neurons in the brain was lower than in the C3H mice. In males of the Tg8 line mice under conditions of excess of serotonin and noradrenaline the optical density of neurons, which correlated with the GnRH concentration in the cell, was higher than in control mice. Thus, in the Tg8 mice under conditions of the serotonin and noradrenaline excess, migration of the GnRH-neurons to their final anlage in hypothalamus is accelerated as well as the total number of the GnRH-neurons decreases, which indicates a decrease of proliferation of cells-precursors and the earlier differentiation of neurons.