万木林自然保护区不同群落优势种高度结构研究

Based on the data of four subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wanmulin Natural Reserve, whose dominant species were Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun, Cinnamomum micranthum Hayata, Castanopsis fabri Hance and Pinus massoniana, respectively, the height class and diameter class structures and the dynamics of height structure were analyzed. The results showed that the relationships between tree species, tree density, basal area at D. B. H, and height class (or diameter class) could be simulated by different equations. There was a significant positive correlation between tree species and tree density for different height class or different D. B. H. class. The structure dynamic analysis showed that the community of Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun was very unstable, and the species sharing degree in four communities was fairly lower, indicating that the dominant species were very obvious. The results could give a useful clue for the studies on endangered mechanism of rare species.     

Community Characteristics of Early Recovery Vegetation on Abandoned Lands of Shifting Cultivation in Bawangling of Hainan Island, South China

Shifting cultivation is a major form of agricultural practice in most parts of tropical regions worldwide. In places where the bush fallow period is excessively shortened or the period of cultivation is extended for too long, the rate of vegetation recovery and biodiversity on abandoned lands of shifting cultivation would decline. The recovery of the secondary plant communities could even be inhibited for a prolonged period because of grass occupancy. Because of the vital significance of the early recovery communities to secondary succession, we studied the community characteristics of early recovery vegetation on abandoned lands of shifting cultivation in Bawangling of Hainan Island. Measurements were made of the community composition and structure of early recovery vegetation. The sprouting abilities of different functional groups and different species in the same functional group, and the effect of the grass functional group on the composition and quantitative characteristics of tree and shrub functional groups were analyzed. Results indicated that only a few families, genera, or species apparently dominated in the early recovery vegetation on the abandoned lands of shifting cultivation and that deciduous species occurred with a rather high percentage in this early recovery community compared with the natural secondary or old growth forests. Smallsized individuals dominated the woody community. The abundance and basal area of sprouting stems for species in the tree functional group were greater than those of seeder stems, whereas the abundance and basal area of resprouters and seeders for species in the shrub functional group did not differ. The total abundance of stems for the community, stem abundances for species in tree or shrub functional groups, and for seeder or resprouter stems were all negatively correlated with coverage of the grass functional group. The mean sprouting ability in the tree functional group was greater than in the shrub functional group. The sprouting ability for different species in the same functional group was also significantly different.     

Clonal diversity of Clintonia udensis Trautv. et Mey. populations and its correlation with ecological factors

The clonal diversity of Clintonia udensis Trautv.et Mey.was detected by ISSR markers among 16 populations,and its correlation with ecological factors was analyzed as well in this work.Results showed that individuals(clonal ramets)per genotype were 1.12 and 1.149 at population and species levels,respectively,and that the 16 populations were all multiclonal.The detected genotypes were localized,without exception,within populations but demonstrated relatively high clonal differentiation among populations.The clonal diversity of the studied populations was high,with the average Simpson's index of 0.975,while the genets showed a clonal architecture of"guerilla".The population genetic diversities revealed by genet were consistent with those by ramet,further confirming their genetic differentiation among populations.And its genotype diversity within populations probably resulted largely from the frequent seedling regeneration and self-compatibility.In addition,the correlation analysis further revealed that,among the ecological factors,Simpson's index of C.udensis had a significant positive correlation(P<0.05)with pH values in the soil but not others.     

RAPD diversity of Stipa grandis populations and its relationship with some ecological factors

The genetic diversity of Stipa grandis P.Smirn and its relationship with the climatic variables were studied using the RAPD technique for 90 genes from five natural populations sampled in the Xilingol steppe, China. Sixteen oligonucleotides screened from 100 random primers were used to amplify 310 trackable RAPD loci, which were all polymorphic. By analyzing the RAPD data using POPGENE software, different geographic S. grandis populations were studied, which indicated a high level of genetic diversity, and the maximum variation was observed within the populations with a 28% variation observed among the populations. Using Pearson correlation analysis, significant (P < 0.05) or highly significant (P < 0.01) relationships were found between gene diversity indexes and temperature factors (≥10°C cumulative temperature in a year, annual mean temperature and mean temperature in January). Mantel's tests showed that there was no significant correlation between Nei's unbiased genetic distance and the geographic distance of S. grandis populations (r = 0.184, P = 0.261). However, there were significant or highly significant correlations between Nei's genetic distance and the several climatic divergences in pairwise S. grandis populations. All results indicated that natural selection resulting from variations in water and temperature was responsible for the adaptive eco-geographical differentiation indicated by the RAPD markers of different S. grandis populations, and that immigration and gene drift did not play an important role in affecting the differentiation of S. grandis populations.     

RAPD diversity of Stipa grandis populations and its relationship with some ecological factors

The genetic diversity of Stipa grandis P.Smirn and its relationship with the climatic variables were studied using the RAPD technique for 90 genes from five natural populations sampled in the Xilingol steppe, China. Sixteen oligonucleotides screened from 100 random primers were used to amplify 310 trackable RAPD loci, which were all polymorphic. By analyzing the RAPD data using POPGENE software, different geographic S. grandis populations were studied, which indicated a high level of genetic diversity, and the maximum variation was observed within the populations with a 28% variation observed among the populations. Using Pearson correlation analysis, significant (P < 0.05) or highly significant (P < 0.01) relationships were found between gene diversity indexes and temperature factors (≥10C cumulative temperature in a year, annual mean temperature and mean temperature in January). Mantel's tests showed that there was no significant correlation between Nei's unbiased genetic distance and the geographic distance of S. grandis populations (r = 0.184, P = 0.261). However, there were significant or highly significant correlations between Nei's genetic distance and the several climatic divergences in pairwise S. grandis populations. All results indicated that natural selection resulting from variations in water and temperature was responsible for the adaptive eco-geographical differentiation indicated by the RAPD markers of different S. grandis populations, and that immigration and gene drift did not play an important role in affecting the differentiation of S. grandis populations.     

Survival strategies of some species of the phytoplankton community in the Barra Bonita Reservoir (São Paulo,Brazil)

The dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the Barra Bonita Reservoir (S?o Paulo, Brazil) were studied through daily sampling in the field (integrated samples from the euphotic zone) and microcosm experiments, for two short periods: the winter of 1993 (June 30 to July 10) and the summer of 1994 (January 24 to February 2). The goal of the study was to evaluate and compare the variations in the composition of isolated phytoplankton community which occur over short periods of time. Three series were separated into Erlenmeyer flasks for each study period, with samples from the euphotic zone divided into three portions: total, smaller than 64 μm, and smaller than 20 μm. All of the Erlenmeyer flasks were inclubated in situ at the sampling station. The maximum period of incubation was 10 d. Variations of the community in the euphotic zone were characterised by high diversity and a community in a state of non-equilibrium in winter, without the predominance of any species. In the summer, the community presented a low diversity and a state of equilibrium, with the predominance of Microcystis aeruginosa. The microcosm experiments showed that the confinement of the community in the Erlenmeyer flasks, and therefore in isolation from the physical variability of the ecosystem, especially in relation to the mixing patterns, stimulated the return of the community to the initial phases of succession with the predominance of small species and those which grow rapidly (r-selective or C-strategist). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鼎湖山马尾松径向生长动态与气候因子的关系

Dendroclimatology method was used to study the relationship between ring index of Pinus massoniana and three climate factors in Dinghushan,South China.The ring indices were negatively correlated with the average tem-perature in June,August and September,and positively correlated with the average temperature of March,whereas no statistically significant correlation was found with monthly precipitation,showing that high summer temperature could limit the radial growth of the species,Meanwhile,tree ring indices showed a strong positive correlation with the relative humidity of April June,August,September,October and November,and also with the average humidity of the whole year,indicating that atmospheric moisture could not fully satisfy the growth of Pinus massoniana despite of abundant rainfall,The possible impact of climate change on the growth of Pinus massoniana was discussed accordingly.     

How does tree age influence damage and recovery in forests impacted by freezing rain and snow?

The response and recovery mechanisms of forests to damage from freezing rain and snow events are a key topic in forest research and management. However, the relationship between the degree of damage and tree age, i.e., whether seedlings, young trees, or adult trees are most vulnerable, remains unclear and is rarely reported. We investigated the effect of tree age on the degrees of vegetation damage and subsequent recovery in three subtropical forest types-coniferous, mixed, and broad-leaved —in the Tianjing Mountains, South China, after a series of rare icy rain and freezing snow events in 2008. The results showed that damage and recovery rates were both dependent on tree age, with the proportion of damaged vegetation increasing with age(estimated by diameter at breast height, DBH) in all three forest types and gradually plateauing. Significant variation occurred among forest types. Young trees in the coniferous forest were more vulnerable than those in the broad-leaved forest. The type of damage also varied with tree age in different ways in the three forest types. The proportion of young seedlings that were uprooted(the most severe type of damage) was highest in the coniferous forest. In the mixed forest, young trees were significantly more likely to be uprooted than seedlings and adult trees, while in the broad-leaved forest, the proportion of uprooted adult trees was significantly higher than that of seedlings and young trees. There were also differences among forest types in how tree age affected damage recovery. In the coniferous forest, the recovery rate of trees with broken trunks or crowns(DBH 2.5 cm) increased with tree age. However, in the mixed and broad-leaved forests, no obvious correlation between the recovery rate of trees with broken trunks or crowns and tree age was observed. Trees with severe root damage did not recover; they were uprooted and died. In these forests, vegetation damage and recovery showed tree age dependencies, which varied with tree shape, forest type, and damage type. Understanding this dependency will guide restoration after freezing rain and snow disturbances.     

Supplemental Cytogeographical Studies on the Scilla sinensis （Louriro） Merrill Complex in China

Seven hundred and fourteen individuals of the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill complex were sampled from 21 populations at 19 localities in 10 provinces and two cities of China and investigated cytologically in order to test its cytotype composition and cytogeographical variation still further. Five cytotypes were found (i.e. AA (2n = 16), BB (2n = 18), AABB (2n = 34), AAA (2n = 24), and AABB 9 (2n =43)). Until now, nine of the 12 cytotypes have been identified on the continent, which indicates that it is an important place for the cytotypic differentiation of the complex. The cytotype AABB 9 is a new record on the continent. AAA was recorded for the second time in this complex. The majority of populations are composed of only one cytotype (AA, BB, or AABB), whereas another four populations consist of more than two cytotypes involving AA, BB, AAA, AABB, and AABB 9. The distribution of BB covers the entire region south to Huai River, whereas AA populations are distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Hong Kong, and Guangdong and are isolated from its major distribution. The appearance of AABB 9 is possibly evidence for the degeneration of the subglobular bulb type of AABB and the fact that AAA and AAAA exist in the interior border regions of the range of this complex probably suggests that drought is a major factor promoting plant polyploidization. In addition, the mean numbers of B chromosomes per individual, the percentage of individuals with the B chromosome in each population, and the correlation coefficients between the latter and their latitude/longitude were calculated. Generally speaking, the B chromosome number is higher in BB populations compared with AA populations and there is a prominent tendency that the B chromosome content in either AA or BB populations correlates with the latitude and longitude of the populations.     

Heterogeneity studies of Carchesium polypinum (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) in Donghu Lake

In this article, RAPD was employed to detect the DNA polymorphism of Carchesium polypinum in three lakes: Nanhu Lake (N), Shahu Lake (S) and Donghu Lake (D). The results were used to deduce the definition of the populations: (1) The 20 primers produced 172 clear bands with an average of 8.6 fragments ranging from 100bp to 1600bp. The other 11 primers produced 59 legible bands with an average of 5.4 fragments ranging from 100bp to 1 500bp; (2) SPSS 12.0 and RAPDistance 1.04 that had similar trees were composed of two parallel main branches. Samples from Shijizhong (Z) of D, Shuiguohu (H) of D and N clustered into a branch and another sample from D — Fengguangcun (F) — gathered with S or made another main branch itself. The result that the three samples from D were separated by the samples from other lakes suggested that the individuals of C. polypinum in D belong to several populations. This discovery will promote micro-hydrobiont population ecology research. In addition, it will help in the study of the essence of the transitional zone and its dispersal and vicariance behavior. We believe that this study will contribute to the study of population differentiation and the mechanism of speciation.     

海南霸王岭油丹所在群落的优势种群种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,以X2统计量、Ochiai联结测度指数和多物种关联指数为参数,分析了海南霸王岭油丹所在群落中油丹(Alseodaphne hainanensis)等17个主要种群(物种)的种间联结性特征。结果表明, 17个主要种群(物种)总体水平上表现为不显著的正联结。17个物种组成的136个种对中：当取样面积在100 m2时,有72对表现正关联,63对为负关联,1对无关联。X2检验有2对表现显著正关联,有3对表现显著或极显著负关联。有125个种对的0＜OI＜0.6,仅有9个种对的OI≥0.6, 另有2个种对OI=0;当取样面积为50 m2时,有59对表现正关联,70对为负关联,7对无关联。X2检验有6对表现显著或极显著正关联,有2对表现显著负关联。有129个种对的0＜OI＜0.6,而OI≥0.6的种对没有, 另有7个种对OI=0。不同优势种群下的种间联结性存在一定的差异,而以线枝蒲桃(Syzygium araiocladum)等为优势种群的群落种间联结性较高,群落结构较稳定。     

海南霸王岭海南油杉群落优势种群的种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用X2统计量、共同出现百分率、联结系数和多物种关联指数为参数,研究分析了海南油杉（Keteleeriahainanensis）所在群落19个主要种群的种间联结性特征。结果表明,19个主要种群在总体水平上表现为不显著的正联结。19个种群组成的171个种对中,有87对表现为正关联,82对为负关联,2对无关联。X2检验有6对表现显著或极显著正关联,有5对表现显著或极显著负关联。有144个种对0     

三峡水库峡谷地貌区消落带主要植物种间关联性研究

根据三峡水库峡谷地貌区消落带560个植物样方调查数据,选取频度≥5%的18种主要植物,采用方差比率法、χ²检验、Jaccard指数、Spearman秩相关系数等数量分析方法,对经历多次水库水位涨落后消落带植被主要植物的种间关联性进行研究,以探讨消落带植物的生态适应性、种间的内在联系以及群落演替现状,为三峡水库峡谷地貌区消落带植被恢复和重建提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）三峡水库峡谷地貌区消落带18种主要植物间总体为显著正关联;经χ²检验,在153个种对中,正关联种对78个,负关联种对75个;Jaccard指数小于0.20的种对占种对总数的82%;经Spearman秩相关性检验,正相关种对74个,负相关种对79个。（2）植物的生态习性以及植物对生境要求的相似性、生态位重叠等是消落带18种主要植物总体表现为显著正关联的主要原因;种对间Jaccard指数较小,表明消落带大多数种对间的关联不紧密,植物种间关系容易受到外界因素的干扰而出现波动;χ²检验和Spearman秩相关性检验结果基本一致。（3）种对间负关联种对数所占的比例较大,表明消落带虽然经历了多次水库水位涨落,但其生境仍然不稳定,植物种间还存在较明显的资源性竞争,消落带植物群落仍处于不稳定阶段。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要乔木树种的种间关联

分析桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要种群的种间关联性,揭示其种群间的共生关系,可为桂林岩溶石山植被的修复与重建、经营管理和生物多样性保护提供理论依据.基于样方调查,采用χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落中重要值前22位的乔木物种进行种间关联测定和生态种组划分.结果表明: 研究区22个主要乔木物种总体呈显著正联结,表明该地区青冈群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段;χ²检验结果显示,231个种对中有108个种对呈正联结,115个种对呈负联结,8个种对无联结,正负联结比为93.9%,绝大多数种对呈不显著联结,种对间的独立性较强,主要原因可能在于桂林岩溶石山较高的生境异质性导致物种间的生态位产生分化;AC、PC、OI和DI与χ²检验结果基本一致,种间关联性分析应以χ²检验为基础,辅以AC、PC、OI和DI等指数进行综合研究;根据PCA排序和种间关联关系,将22个主要乔木种群划分为3个生态种组,组内物种对生境具有趋同适应性,组间物种具有不同的生态要求.     

藤枣生境地木本植物种间关联性与群落稳定性

藤枣(Eleutharrhena macrocarpa)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 属于木质藤本植物, 野外数量稀少, 种群更新困难。本文通过分析云南省太阳河自然保护区藤枣生境地热带季节雨林乔木层与灌木层中木本植物种群的种间关联性以及群落的稳定性, 揭示种间关联性在藤枣种群濒危机制形成中的作用, 为极小种群的保护提供科学依据。结果表明: 藤枣生境地群落乔木层总体联结性VR (方差比率) > 1, 检验统计量W > χ_0.05(29), 灌木层种群总体联结性VR < 1, χ_0.95(29) < W < χ_0.05(29), 乔木层和灌木层分别呈显著正相关和不显著负相关。x ²检验显示乔木层与灌木层中无联结的种对占多数, 其正负关联比分别是0.238和0.279, 联结系数显示显著和极显著的负联结种对要多于正联结的种对; Pearson相关系数显示乔木层与灌木层正负关联比分别是0.376和0.511, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强。藤枣与其他植物种群之间对生境有相似的适宜生态位, 通过共同利用资源而共存, 在灌木层则面临较强的种间竞争。藤枣生境地群落稳定性交点坐标为(33.92, 66.07), 显示群落具有较好的稳定性, 而群落建群种与其他种对存在较强的种间竞争, 反映热带季节雨林的脆弱性, 因此生境地群落的严格保护对藤枣种群的更新和生物多样性保育至关重要。     

辽东山区次生林乔木幼苗分布格局与种间空间关联性

在辽东山区次生林建立4 hm^2样地(200 m×200 m),研究0~50 m尺度范围内乔木幼苗分布格局及种间空间关联性.结果表明:在完全随机零模型下,0~20 m尺度上,95%的树种呈现聚集分布格局;0~16 m尺度上,19个树种呈现聚集分布;随着尺度的增加,聚集分布树种的比例逐渐减少,50 m尺度上,随机分布成为树种分布的主要形式;在异质性泊松过程零模型下,0~24 m尺度上,5%的树种呈现聚集分布,26~50 m尺度上,42%和58%的树种呈现随机和均匀分布.在完全随机零模型下,正相关树种对比例最高,且在50 m尺度下呈现正相关、负相关、无相关3种相关性的树种对比例相同;在异质性泊松过程零模型下,树种对主要呈现负相关,且随尺度增大,负相关的树种对比例逐渐升高.种子扩散限制和生境异质性在某种程度上解释了乔木幼苗的聚集分布格局,乔木幼苗强烈的聚集分布又促使种间空间关联性密切,更新群落稳定性较差.     

广西大青山南亚热带森林植物群落的种间联结性

广西大青山地处广西西南部,对该地区的研究主要集中在人工林,而对其天然次生林植物群落种间联结性的研究尚未见有报道。该研究基于广西友谊关森林生态系统定位观测研究站1 km2固定样地的调查数据,用方差比率法( VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过χ2统计量检验、共同出现百分率( PC)、联结系数( AC),对广西大青山主要乔木层17个树种、灌木层8个树种、草本层12个树种的种间联结性进行了研究。方差分析结果表明,乔木层的总体种间联结性表现为显著正关联,灌木层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著负关联,草本层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著正关联。不同检验结果表明,该区域植物群落主要乔木树种间具有正联结性的种对较多,大多数乔木树种的种间联结性较紧密;主要灌木树种的种间联结性较松散,草本层主要种间表现为弱联结性。物种生态习性、群落演替阶段等因素可能是造成这一特性的主要原因。未来应加强对其自然环境的管理和保护,如果有必要,可适度人工干预,促进天然次生林的演替。该研究结果为进一步研究南亚热带天然次生林植物群落演替规律、维持和保护其物种多样性奠定基础,也可为该地区人工林的树种选择与配置提供数据支撑,进而对其人工林的近自然经营提供一定的理论参考。     

Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province

Aims Interspecific relationship is one of the most important properties in plant communities. Analyzing species association and correlation between vertical layers in plant communities is ecologically crucial for understanding community structure, dynamics and classification. The objective of this study was to test how plant species in contrasting vertical layers of plant communities associate and correlate. Methods The study sites are located in Tiantong region in Zhejiang Province. Community structure and species composition were measured in an early successional community of Liquidambar formosana. Interspecific relationships were examined between 3 tree species and 3 sub-tree species, between 3 tree species and 28 shrub species, and between 3 sub-tree species and 28 shrub species. Interspecific relationships were analyzed by using χ²-test for 2 × 2 contingency table, variance ratio (VR) test and spearman rank correlation test.Important findings With respect to tree and sub-tree layers, positive significant association was not observed for overall species. Species were independent with each other for most species pairs. Few species pairs showed significant association or correlation. Regarding tree and shrub layers, there were significant positive associations between overall species. Species between tree and shrub layers were more dependent on each other, with the most species showing significant association or correlation. Similarly, positive significant association existed for overall species between sub-tree and shrub layers, displaying a close interspecific relationship. These results suggest that the convergences of species behavior and habitat acclimatization, and complementary differences in habitat requirement over species between vertical layers might be the main driver affecting patterns of species association and correlation in the early successional community.     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

云南鸡足山元江栲群落和高山栲群落的植物种间结合研究

报告云南鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林元江栲群落和高山栲群落植物种间结合的研究结果。测定了两类群落共６３种植物按层次组成的６８２个种对的种间结合,获得有相关性的种对２１５个（正相关１５４个,负相关６１个）。结果表明：１）群落各有自己的基本组成种类,同一群落的种间互为正相关,不同群落的种间为负相关,２）不同 欠植物种间的相关性显著水平不同,高显著水平的种类大多处于乔木层。３）发育盛期群落中极少有或没有负相关