海南岛木麻黄海防林天然更新特征及更新树种筛选

天然更新是森林资源再生产的一个重要的生态学过程,良好的天然更新可促进人工林向近自然林的方向转变。为了解海南木麻黄海防林天然更新现状和特征,筛选出自然条件下天然更新良好的树种。该研究在海南岛木麻黄海防林内共计设立临时样地73块,样地总面积为2.51 hm~2,采用典型抽样的调查方法对海南全岛木麻黄海防林天然更新状况进行系统调查,应用天然更新密度及物种丰富度等指标对干、湿不同气候区木麻黄天然更新特征进行比较分析,并应用更新密度、更新指数等指标对天然更新质量较好的树种进行筛选。结果表明:(1)海南岛木麻黄海防林下天然更新质量整体不佳,木麻黄自身虽无法实现天然更新,但局部其他树种天然更新良好,更新良好的比例为15.1%。(2)湿润区天然更新丰富度及物种多样性远优于半干旱区,其中湿润区样地更新树种为28科、50属、59种,半干旱区样地更新的树种为6科、6属、6种。(3)乔木更新情况优于灌木。(4)潺槁木姜子、鸦胆子、台湾相思、榄仁树等具有较强的天然更新性能,适合与木麻黄混交,可以作为木麻黄海防林的混交树种或伴生树种。     

海南岛木麻黄林林下植物天然更新影响因素的研究

木麻黄海防林是海南岛重要的海岸生态屏障,天然更新对其持续发挥防护功能具有重要意义。调查发现海南岛大多数木麻黄林林下天然更新困难,然而却存在局部更新良好的现象。为了探究天然更新存在巨大差异的原因,并为促进海南海防林由人工林向近自然林转化提供一定的理论基础,通过分析不同林地更新质量的差异,研究影响木麻黄海防林林下天然更新的主要影响因素。该研究在海南岛木麻黄海防林中共设置73块临时样地,采用方差分析和相关分析等统计方法,分别研究林地所属气候区、林分条件、土壤因子和凋落物累积量对天然更新质量和密度的影响。结果表明:(1)湿润气候区的木麻黄林下更新要显著优于半干旱区;(2)木麻黄林分密度与更新密度和草本盖度存在显著负相关,但林分条件其他因子对更新影响不大;(3)不同更新质量样地的土壤pH和养分均无显著性差异,但铵态氮对幼苗、有机质对幼树的更新存在一定的促进作用;(4)凋落物的累计整体不利于天然更新的进行。结果说明气候因子、木麻黄林分密度、木麻黄凋落物积累量是木麻黄海防林林下植物天然更新的主要影响因素。     

林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响

采用物种多样性指数和改进的M.Godron稳定性法研究林窗干扰对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响.结果表明:林窗干扰改善了微环境,表现在林窗和林下乔灌层树种重要值和多样性存在差异.林窗乔木层中丰富度指数R、优势度指数D、Shannon-Wiener指数H、均优多指数Z均高于林下,均匀度指数Js和群落优势度指数C低于林下;灌木层中R、D、H、Js、Z指数均高于林下,群落优势度指数C低于林下,林窗物种多样性更为丰富,生态优势种不明显,群落向复杂化和均匀化方向发展.林窗与林下乔木层Jaccard相似性系数Cj、Sorenson相似性系数CS、Bray-Curtis指数CN相对较低,Morista-Horn指数CmH较高,林窗对树种更新具有促进作用;灌木层相似性系数Cj、Cs、CN、CmH均较高,物种组成基本一致.根据M.Godron稳定性原理拟合出稳定性模型,林窗和林下乔木层分别为对数模型与二次函数模型,林窗和林下灌木层最佳拟合模型均为对数模型.林窗乔木层植物处于稳定状态,林下乔木层植物不稳定;林窗和林下灌木层植物均处于稳定状态.林窗和林下乔木层树种中以桂北木姜子(Litsea subcoriacea)重要值最高,说明其在森林更新中占有重要地位,可能对格氏栲种群更新产生较大影响.林下乔木层中格氏栲重要值较低,格氏栲更新存在困难,而林窗干扰促进了格氏栲的向上生长和重要值的提升,可有效实现格氏栲种群的更新和恢复.     

杉木人工林下原生与引入树种叶性状变异特征

叶性状在表征植物资源利用和生存策略方面具有重要作用。构建异龄复层林是改造人工纯林的有效措施,探究引入与原生树种叶性状变异有利于林下伴生树种的筛选。研究了引入乔灌木树种(如闽楠、蚊母树等13个树种)与原生乔灌木树种(苦槠、红紫珠等6个树种)的叶片形态、光合色素、碳氮磷生态化学计量和非结构性碳水化合物特征。结果表明:(1)总体上引入与原生乔木和灌木树种的叶形态性状差异较小,原生乔木的叶长和比叶面积显著小于引入树种与原生灌木。引入与原生树种间光合色素具有显著差异,引入乔木叶绿素含量显著高于原生乔木,不同功能群植物的比叶面积.叶绿素关系格局存在策略位移现象。引入树种叶碳含量显著大于原生树种,叶氮和叶磷含量显著大于原生乔木;引入树种和原生灌木的碳、氮、磷养分含量的变异系数较大;引入与原生树种叶碳氮磷生态化学计量没有一致变化规律。引入灌木叶可溶性糖含量、原生灌木淀粉含量均显著高于乔木树种,灌木的非结构性碳水化合物总量也显著高于乔木。(2)引入与原生树种叶性状呈显著协同变化趋势。所有叶性状中,比叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量在乔木和灌木中均呈极显著正相关关系。主成分分析显示,引入乔木和灌木树种的叶性状接近,引入树种与原生灌木之间叶性状差异相对较小,但与原生乔木间的叶性状差异较大。总体上引入树种的叶性状与原生树种具有趋同适应特征,但不同生活型植物叶性状在林下弱光环境中仍产生一定分异,引入灌木可能比引入乔木更适应杉木林下生境。     

卧龙自然保护区亚高山暗针叶林树种更新研究

在卧龙亚高山暗针叶林中选取有代表性的18个林窗斑块以及对照的林下样方进行群落学调查,记录乔木树种和灌木树种的相关数量特征。按照树种在林窗内外的重要值差异结合树种本身生态学特性将群落中出现的乔木层树种划分为先锋组和耐荫组两类生态种组。林窗内外乔木树种的组成明显不同,两类生态种组树种幼苗在林窗与林下环境中的更新表现出差别,这与树种本身的生态学特性以及所处林窗的环境有关,同时亚高山暗针叶林中灌木层优势种小径竹的生长对树种更新方式也产生一定的影响。     

香港大榄郊野公园的植物组成与植被数量分类

通过对香港大榄郊野公园森林群落的样地调查, 利用组平均法和除趋势对应分析两种方法, 对样方进行聚类与排序分析。把35个样地划分为11个植被类型, 森林群落可划分为台湾相思(Acacia confusa Merr.)林、红胶木(Lophostemon confertus(R. Br.) Peter G. Wils on ex J. T. Waterh.)林、木荷(Schima superba Gardner ex Champ.)林、柠檬桉(Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.)林、湿地松+鸭脚木(Pinus elliottii Engelm.+ Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms .)林、土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.)林、毛叶桉(Eucalyptus torel liana F. Muel l.)林; 灌木群落分为山油柑+越南叶下珠(Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.+ Phyl lanthus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.)矮树灌丛、豺皮樟+桃金娘(Li tsea rotoundifol ia (Nees) Hemsl . var. ob longi folia (Nees) C. K. Allen+Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Al ton) Hassk.)矮树灌丛、大头茶(Gordonia axillaris (Roxb. ex Ker Gawl .) D. Dietr.)矮树灌丛、桃金娘+芒萁(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Alton) Hassk.+Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh.)灌草丛。DCA排序结果反映海拔高度与各个森林群落的分布格局和物种组成关系不大, 而环境 湿度是影响森林群落物种组成的主要因素。多样性分析结果显示, 台湾相思林和土沉香林多样性指数最高, 说明台湾相思林逐渐向次生林演变, 除了红胶木林和少数郁闭度低的台湾相思林中有强阳生性树种外, 大部分人工林下植物以阳生性稍耐阴的树种为主。调查结果显示, 大榄郊野公园植物生长条件东部优于西部, 西部的物种丰富度和多样性指数较低, 主要以人工林和灌丛为主, 加上山火频繁发生, 导致长期处于先锋阶段。     

木麻黄浸提液对榄仁树幼苗生长及生理生化的影响

该研究试图将榄仁树引入木麻黄海防林以期形成混交林型的海防林。以15 d榄仁树种子苗为材料,分别采用浓度为125 g·L~-1的木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物和林下表层土壤的水浸提液胁迫处理榄仁树幼苗60 d,研究木麻黄化感作用对榄仁树幼苗生长、光合作用、膜系统伤害、抗氧化系统酶活性及游离Pro含量的影响。结果表明:木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物及林下表层土壤的水浸提液都能降低榄仁树幼苗的存活率,影响幼苗株高、叶和根生物量,可以推断不同浸提液中对影响植物生长成分的浓度有所不同。3种浸提液均显著降低处理15~45 d期间幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ccond)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr),且显著增加幼苗水分利用率(WUE)。第60天时3种木麻黄浸提液能显著增加幼苗叶片、根的Pro含量,使得幼苗根系组织细胞膜通透性增加,而木麻黄根浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond、Ci、叶SOD、根CAT含量,木麻黄凋落物浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond和Tr,同时凋落物浸提液会显著降低幼苗根POD含量。榄仁树幼苗通过调整自身的生理生化能适应木麻黄化感胁迫的影响,为此可考虑榄仁树作为沿海防护林建设的树种之一。     

福建和浙江乡村人居林结构特征比较

对位于福建省和浙江省8个地区39个村庄的乡村人居林4种林型(庭院林、道路林、水岸林和游憩林)的树木结构特征进行了调查和分析.结果表明:两省的乡村人居林共有乔木61科130属201种,共有灌木34科52属76种;福建省乡村人居林中乔木种类较为丰富;浙江省乡村人居林中灌木种类较为丰富.4种林型中,庭院林树种数最多,道路林树种数最少;组成庭院林的乔木树种和单株数均最多,而组成道路林的乔木树种及单株数均最少;组成庭院林和游憩林的灌木树种和单株(丛)数均较多,组成水岸林的灌木树种及单株(丛)数最少.在福建省和浙江省乡村人居林中,常绿树种、乡土树种和2003年以前种植的树种株数较多,分别占两省乡村人居林树木总株数的71.05％、85.57％、61.20％和65.95％、76.02％、61.43％;栽植截干和管护截干株数均较少,但浙江省乡村人居林中栽植截干和管护截干的株数均多于福建省.福建省乡村人居林中乔木的胸径、树高、冠幅和枝下高的均值均明显大于浙江省,而两省灌木的地径、树高、冠幅和枝下高的均值差异较小.福建省的游憩林及浙江省的水岸林中乔木的胸径最大,而福建省的水岸林及浙江省的庭院林中灌木的地径最大;福建省乡村人居林中胸径10.0 cm以上的乔木所占比例高于浙江省,其中福建省的4种林型中胸径在30.0 cm以上的乔木树种的平均胸径、种类数及株数均高于浙江省.两省乡村人居林中频度最高的10个树种明显不同,仅香樟[ Cinnamomum camphora (L.)Presl]共存于两省所有林型中.     

茂兰喀斯特森林林隙的植物多样性与更新

喀斯特森林是一类特殊的森林生态系统,蕴藏着丰富的生物多样性。以贵州茂兰喀斯特森林为研究对象,比较分析了林隙和非林隙林分中主要树种的数量特征以及不同发育阶段林隙物种多样性和生活型构成的变化规律。结果如下：（1）林隙中的树种组成主要有云贵鹅耳枥(Carpinus pubescens)、圆叶乌桕(Sapium rotundifolium)、圆果化香(Platycarya longipes)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)等。非林隙林分中的树种组成主要有青冈(Quercus glauca)、翅荚香槐(Cladrastis platycarpa)、轮叶木姜子(Litsea verticillata)、椤木石楠(Photinia davidsoniae)、狭叶润楠(Machilus rehderi)等。依照它们在林隙内外重要值的差异可将其划分为3种类型：一是对林隙更新反应不显著的物种,一般选择在林下更新,多数常绿大乔木树种属于此类型;二是对林隙有显著的正更新反应的物种,一般需依靠林隙繁殖更新,多数落叶大乔木和灌木树种属于此类型;三是对林隙反应不敏感的物种,在林隙和林下均能更新,多数林下小乔木种类属于此类型。（2）林隙各阶段物种多样性的顺序为：中期林隙（15-30年）>早期林隙（小于15年）>晚期林隙（30年以上）>非林隙,其中中期林隙阶段是物种多样性维持的重要时期。（3）早期林隙阶段常绿树种的物种数少于落叶树种;中期林隙阶段两类树种的丰富度都有大幅度增加,但落叶树种比常绿树种增幅更大;晚期林隙阶段常绿树种继续增多,而落叶树种则有明显下降趋势。（4）早期和中期林隙阶段,以灌木种类占优势,乔木所占比例介于灌木和草本之间;晚期林隙阶段,灌木种类迅速减少,而乔木的比例则增加。随着林隙的发育, 草本植物减少,而藤本植物则增加。研究结果进一步表明,林隙的存在提高了茂兰喀斯特森林的物种多样性,随着林隙的发育,群落结构趋于稳定。     

闽北闽粤栲天然林林隙物种数量特征及更新规律分析

以福建省顺昌县的闽粤栲〔Castanopsis fissa(Champ.ex Benth.)Rehd.et Wils.〕天然林为研究对象,根据林隙面积(A)划定4个等级(A<50 m2、50 m2≤A<100 m2、100 m2≤A<150 m2和150 m2≤A<200 m2)的样地,并以非林隙样地为对照,对林隙和非林隙的乔木层、灌木层和灌草层中的物种分布、组成及生长状况进行调查和统计;在此基础上,对林隙和非林隙中主要物种的数量特征和更新响应规律进行比较分析.结果表明:闽粤栲天然林林隙和非林隙的乔木层分别有54和35种植物,共有种28种;灌木层分别有61和37种植物,共有种29种;灌草层分别有72和49种植物,共有种37种.从乔木层和灌木层各种类的重要值及灌草层各种类的密度看,林隙和非林隙中的优势种类均为闽粤栲和木荷(Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.)等,且林隙和非林隙间各优势种类的重要值差异不明显,其中,闽粤栲的重要值和密度均位居第一.从林隙和非林隙间各优势种类的重要值差值看,林隙的主要优势种类(如闽粤栲和木荷等)对林隙更新响应不明显,而其他种类对林隙则有强烈或中等的正、负更新响应,且在不同林层间有差异.从平均更新密度看,林隙面积对各优势树种的更新有一定影响,其中,林隙面积在150~200 m2时闽粤栲和丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii Franch.)的平均更新密度最大,林隙面积在100~150 m2时米槠〔Castanopsis carlesii(Hemsl.)Hay.〕、木荷、青冈〔Cyclobalanopsis glauca(Thunb.)Oerst.〕和黄毛润楠(Machilus chrysotricha H.W.Li)的平均更新密度最大,但在不同面积林隙间各树种的平均更新密度无显著差异(P=0.867).研究结果说明:在闽粤栲天然林中,对林隙更新响应不明显的种类较易成为林分的优势种或建群种,但林隙面积对树种的更新密度没有明显影响;从林隙到林冠的发育过程中,闽粤栲始终处于该林分的优势地位.     

Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site

Abstract. Patterns of understory colonization by native and naturalized trees and shrubs were evaluated in 4.5-year-old plantations of three exotic tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala, on a degraded coastal grassland site with reference to overstory composition and understory environmental conditions. 19 secondary forest species were established in the plantation understories (with a total area of 0.52 ha), while no natural regeneration occurred in unplanted, though protected, control areas. The majority of these species (90 %) and the total seedling population (97 %) were zoochorous, indicating the importance of frugivorous bats and particularly birds as facilitators of secondary forest species colonization. Understory species richness and seedling densities were affected significantly by overstory composition, the most abundant regeneration occurring beneath Leucaena and least under Casuarina. Understory colonization rates within mixed-species stands were intermediate between those of single-species stands of the trees comprising their overstories. Significant negative correlations were found between understory species richness and seedling density, and forest floor depth and dry mass, especially for small-seeded ornithochorous species. Higher colonization rates near the peripheries of plantation plots relative to plot interiors were due in part to roosting site preferences by frugivores, particularly bats. The study results indicate that overstory species selection can exert a significant influence on subsequent patterns of colonization by secondary forest species and is an important consideration in the design of plantations for ‘catalyzing’ succession on deforested, degraded sites.     

Identifying effective tree planting schemes to restore forest carbon and biodiversity in Shiretoko National Park,Japan

Growing interest in ecosystem restoration has recently turned the focus on tree planting, one of the most widely used restoration tools globally. Here, we study the restoration potential of tree planting in a cool-temperate forest in Shiretoko National Park, northern Japan. We used simulation modeling to investigate the long-term success of tree planting in restoring biodiversity and the climate change mitigation function relative to intact natural forests. Specifically, we investigated 31 different restoration scenarios, consisting of five planting densities (1,000–10,000 trees/ha) × six levels of planted tree species richness (one to six species) + one no-planting scenario. We examined these scenarios at different distances from natural forests serving as a seed source (0–300 m) to quantify the potential for natural regeneration. In restoration areas in close proximity to a natural forest, species-rich high-density planting scenario performed best, reaching >50% of the reference values from intact natural forests within 33 years for both restoration goals. However, variation in restoration outcomes was small when >2,500 trees/ha of more than four species were planted, regardless of distance to seed source. In contrast, biodiversity restoration was considerably delayed in scenarios where planted species richness was low as well as in restoration areas that were far from a seed source yet relied solely on natural regeneration. We here demonstrate how forest landscape simulation can be used to identify viable restoration options for managers across multiple restoration goals as an important step to bridge the research–implementation gap in forest restoration.     

Long‐term outcomes of forest restoration in an urban park

Creating, restoring, and sustaining forests in urban areas are complicated by habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and degraded soils. Although there is some research on the outcomes of urban reforestation plantings during the first 5 years, there is little research on longer term outcomes. Here, we compare the successional trajectories of restored and unrestored forest sites 20 years after initiating restoration. The sites are located within the Rodman's Neck area of Pelham Bay Park, in the northeast corner of the Bronx in New York City (NYC), U.S.A. Compared with unrestored sites, we saw improvements in species diversity, greater forest structure complexity, and evidence of the regeneration and retention of native tree species in restored sites. In addition, we found differences in restoration outcomes depending on the level of intervention: clearing exotic shrubs and vines and planting native trees and shrubs improved tree diversity and canopy closure to a greater extent than clearing exotics alone, and the mechanical removal of invasive plants after the native plantings further improved some measures of restoration, such as tree species diversity and native tree regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the goal of a sustainable forest ecosystem dominated by native trees and other plant species may not be achievable without continued human intervention on site. In addition, these results indicate that the restoration approach adopted by NYC's reforestation practitioners is moving the site toward a more desirable vegetative community dominated by native species.     

砂仁种植对热带雨林植物多样性的影响探讨

通过对各种不同状况的林下种植砂仁的热带雨林片断与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究 ,探讨了砂仁种植对热带雨林植物多样性各个方面的影响。砂仁种植必须大量清除小树、林下幼树、灌木层植物 ,致使种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断的乔木下层及几乎整个的幼树、灌木层遭严重破坏 ,物种和个体大量流失 ,群落结构变得非常不稳定。由于热带雨林的更新主要依赖于其林下层的幼苗库 ,林下层的幼树、苗库被清除或破坏 ,热带雨林就难以自我更新 ,故林下种植砂仁的更大的潜在危害是使得热带雨林不能自我更新。种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断 ,物种和个体数的减少或流失 ,主要是直接的人为清除的结果 ,清除强度大 ,种类和个体减少就多。热带雨林下砂仁种植后 ,那些在原乔木层中占多数的只有 1～ 2个个体的脆弱种类 (种群 )将首先消失     

Application of Assisted Natural Regeneration to Restore Degraded Tropical Forestlands

Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a simple, low‐cost forest restoration method that can effectively convert deforested lands of degraded vegetation to more productive forests. The method aims to accelerate, rather than replace, natural successional processes by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration such as soil degradation, competition with weedy species, and recurring disturbances (e.g., fire, grazing, and wood harvesting). Compared to conventional reforestation methods involving planting of tree seedlings, ANR offers significant cost advantages because it reduces or eliminates the costs associated with propagating, raising, and planting seedlings. It is most effectively utilized at the landscape level in restoring the protective functions of forests such as watershed protection and soil conservation. ANR techniques are flexible and allow for the integration of various values such as timber production, biodiversity recovery, and cultivation of crops, fruit trees, and non‐timber forest products in the restored forest. This paper describes the steps of applying ANR and conditions under which it will be most effective. It also discusses ANR’s comparative advantages as well as some of its constraints.     

Restoration of Tropical Moist Forests on Bauxite-Mined Lands in the Brazilian Amazon

We evaluated forest structure and composition in 9- to 13-year-old stands established on a bauxite-mined site at Trombetas (Pará), Brazil, using four different reforestation techniques following initial site preparation and topsoil replacement. These techniques included reliance on natural forest regeneration, mixed commercial species plantings of mostly exotic timber trees, direct seeding with mostly native early successional tree species, and mixed native species plantings of more than 70 tree species (the current operational restoration treatment at this site). Replicated fixed-radius plots in each treatment and in undisturbed primary forest were used to quantify the canopy and understory structure and the abundance and diversity of all vascular plant species. Treatment comparisons considered regeneration density, species richness and diversity for all floristic categories, and, for trees and shrubs, the relative contribution of initial planting and subsequent regeneration from soil seed banks and seed inputs from nearby primary forests. With the possible exception of the stands of mixed commercial species, which were superior to all others in terms of tree basal-area development but relatively poor in species richness, all treatments were structurally and floristically diverse, with a high probability of long-term restoration success. Of these, the mixed native species plantings appeared to be at least risk of arrested succession due to the dominance of a broader range of tree species of different successional stages or expected life spans. In all treatments, several locally important families of primary forest trees (Annonaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Palmae and Sapotaceae) were markedly underrepresented due to a combination of poor survival of initial plantings and limitations on seed dispersal from the surrounding primary forest.     

Regeneration of tropical dry forests in Central America,with examples from Nicaragua

Abstract. This paper focuses on the management potential of natural forests in the tropical dry zones of Central America, particularly Nicaragua. Distribution and status of dry forest formations are reviewed. Two case studies from the Pacific coast of Nicaragua are presented to illustrate the disturbance created by traditional utilization, and to show the relatively high potential for natural forest management, with many of the tree species having economic value. Natural forest management, together with conservation and reforestation, is viewed as the main management option for the tropical dry forest areas. In spite of its importance, this option has received little attention or promotion from the governmental forestry sector. Four complementary options which can be devised for silvicultural work in production forests are: encouragement of advanced growth of desirable tree species, inducement of natural regeneration, coppice management, and compensatory planting. These options form different strategies for rehabilitation of the production and conservation functions of the forest and may well be combined in the same area. Research applied to better utilization of the forest resources should form an intrinsic part of rural development programs. Research work in tropical dry forest areas should focus on ecological, as well as socio-cultural and economical aspects related to the management options. Experimental sites are important enabling and securing long-term basic and applied biological research. They may also serve as units for demonstration, training and extension.     

中国东北森林生长演替模拟模型及其在全球变化研究中的应用

 NEWCOP模型是一个新的适于模拟东北森林的种类组成动态的林窗类计算机模拟模型,它通过模拟在每一个林分斑块上的每株树木的更新、生长和死亡的全过程来反映森林群落的中长期生长和演替动态。由于 NEWCOP模型是一个由气候变量驱动的生态系统模型,故可用于评价气候变化对东北森林生长和演替的影响。在东北大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山地区对NEWCOP模型进行了验证和校准。沿环境梯度对NEWCOP模型的数字模拟实验表明：它能准确地再现顶极森林中树种组成及其在东北地区的垂直分布规律和水平分布规律;能准确地再现大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山的主要类型森林的生长和演替规律;在一定的场合NEWCOP还可反映林分的径级结构;NEWCOP模型还具有对现有森林的跟踪模拟能力。应用NEWCOP模型评估了东北森林生态系统对可能气候变化的敏感性。在GFDL 2×CO2和GISS 2×CO2气候变化情景下,东北森林的种类组成将发生很大变化,落叶阔叶树将取代目前长白山、小兴安岭的红松(Pinus koraiensis)和大兴安岭的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)成为东北森林主要树种,而针叶树将在地带性森林中占很小的比重,阔叶树中蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)将是最重要的树种,它将成为小兴安岭和大兴安岭最主要树种;东北地区适于森林生长的区域将大幅度减少,这些变化主要发生在气候变化过渡期。东北森林对不同的气候变化情景有不同响应。但是,总的趋势是未来东北森林中落叶阔叶树的比重将大幅度增加。这些结论对在全球气候变化背景下,我国东北合理地选择造林树种和制定现有森林的保护经营策略具有一定参考价值。