马铁菊头蝠捕食活动与猎物资源的关系

捕食者与猎物的关系研究对了解物种捕食行为及种群空间格局具有重要意义。采用Avisoft Bioacoustics超声波仪录制马铁菊头蝠自然状态下的声波以确定其捕食活动强度,用灯诱法、扫网法和飞行阻隔法相结合采集昆虫,搜集蝙蝠粪便并分析其食物组成。结果表明,马铁菊头蝠在8月份活动最频繁,昆虫丰富度在8月份最丰富,马铁菊头蝠捕食活动与鳞翅目丰富度呈显著正相关。马铁菊头蝠主要以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为食,但食性存在明显的月份变化。卡方检验结果表明,马铁菊头蝠捕食的猎物与环境中可利用的昆虫猎物存在显著差异。在食物资源丰富时,马铁菊头蝠选择性地捕食营养丰富的鞘翅目昆虫。     

蝙蝠回声定位声波的可塑性及其生态适应

蝙蝠通过调节回声定位声波特征来满足自身的感官需求,表现出回声定位声波的可塑性及其对生态环境与需求的适应。声波频率、强度、脉冲持续时间和间隔时间等特征与蝙蝠所处的生态位密切相关,声波可塑性在蝙蝠进化过程中起着至关重要的作用。本文结合马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)和大趾鼠耳蝠(Myotis macrodactylus)回声定位声波可塑性的研究,从回声定位声波的方向性、目标距离、环境复杂度和应对干扰4个方面总结了蝙蝠如何通过改变回声定位声波特征来满足自身在导航和捕捉猎物过程中的感官需求与生态适应,并阐述了回声定位声波可塑性的研究现状,为开展蝙蝠声学和行为学研究提供参考。     

三种蝙蝠飞行状态下回声定位信号的比较

对马铁菊头烟、萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠在飞行状态下的回声定位信号进行了比较研究。结果表明：马铁菊头蝠的回声定位为长恒频一调频声（CF－FM）叫声（叫声持续时间均长于10ms）,具有两个谐波;萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠的回声定位均为宽频调频声（FM）叫声,叫声持续时间分别为3．0±1．3ms和3．6±3．0ms,具有两个或三个谐波。这些回声定位叫声的特性可能与它们所处的生境相适应。     

马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)回声定位声波与生境类型和环境因子的关系

2007年在吉林省罗通山自然保护区,利用超声波探测仪（Avisoft-SASLAB PRO）录制并分析不同生境中马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波。结果显示马铁菊头蝠在不同类型生境中活动;各生境中回声定位声波参数存在显著差异（one-way ANOVA,P〈0.05）。从环境因子中通过主成分分析筛选出与其回声定位声波相关的植被、气候和地形因子,探讨回声定位声波与这些因子的相关性。结果显示FM1和FM2带宽与乔木高（r=-0.948,-0.825;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率和FM2终止频率与林冠面积（r=-0.967,-0.958;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率、FM2终止频率和峰频与湿度（r=-0.776、-0.875和-0.794,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔与平均灌木高均呈显著负相关（r=-0.911,-0.990;P〈0.05）,峰频与植被株数（r=0.756,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间与冠下高呈显著正相关（r=0.870,P〈0.05）。表明各种环境因子（植被因子、气候因子和地形因子）都在一定程度上影响回声定位声波,回声定位声波具有表型可塑性和生境适应性,这些特性决定了马铁菊头蝠生境利用的程度和可利用的资源。     

高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征与分析

在自建的野外实验事内,录制雌雄成体高颅鼠耳蝠Myotis siligorensis不同行为状态(飞行、爬行、手持)回声定位声波,利用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)对不同状态及不同性别的回声定位声波参数进行均值多重比较和显著性差异分析.结果 表明,高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为长的宽频带调频(FM)声波,有1~3个谐波,但能量主要集中在第一谐波.不同行为状态下,高颅鼠耳蝠声脉冲持续时间、声脉冲间隔和能率环均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),第一谐波起始频率和终止频率、主频率、带宽差异不显著;第一谐波终止频率、带宽、声脉冲持续时间和能率环的性别差异显著(P<0.05),具有性别二态性.高颅鼠耳蝠回声定位声波特征体现了其在捕食策略和捕食生境方面的生态适应.     

八种菊头蝠回声定位声波频率与体型的相关性

菊头蝠回声定位声波中含有强的恒频(con-stant frequency,CF)组分,通常在开始和结尾伴有短的FM组分(Schnitzler,1968).飞行状态能影响回音信号(张树义等,1999).在飞行中,蝙蝠发出的频率变低以补偿由飞行速度引起的多谱勒变化,返回的回声接近于蝙蝠停止时的声波频率(Schnitzler,1968).回声定位声波的频率随蝙蝠年龄和季节的变化会产生一些变动,但如果频率被身体结构制约,CF组分频率在蝙蝠静止时会保持相对恒定(Vater,1987;Heller et al.,1989;Joneset al.1994).Francis et al.(1998)对19种菊头蝠、Heller et al.(1989)对26种菊头蝠进行了体型测量和回声定位声波信号的测定,得出结论为:菊头蝠回声定位声波中CF组分的频率与体型大小成负相关.但Jones(1992)和Jones et al.(1993)认为体型大小对菊头蝠回声定位声波没有影响.     

马铁菊头蝠幼蝠能够辨别种群间回声定位声波差异

蝙蝠的回声定位声波普遍存在地理变化,然而尚不清楚幼蝠在扩散前能否辨别不同种群间的声波差异。本文采用"双选择声学回放实验",研究马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)幼蝠(1月龄)对回声定位声波地理变化的辨别能力及行为反应。采用4个行为参数衡量幼蝠对本种群(CC)与外种群(JN)回声定位声波的行为反应:每一回放室飞入的次数、飞行时间、停留次数、探测时间。Mann-Whitney U tests表明,马铁菊头蝠1月龄个体对回放声波的行为反应,除每一回放室停留的次数外,其他3个参数均存在显著差异(P0.05),且在本种群声波回放室(CC)的飞行次数和时间以及探测时间均高于外种群声波回放室(JN)。对4个行为参数进行主成分分析,Mann-Whitney U tests表明,回放本种群声波(CC)与外种群声波(JN)之间,第一主成分得分(PC1)存在显著差异(P0.01)。配对T检验表明,幼蝠对本种群声波反应更加强烈(PC1:t10=5.25,P0.001;PC2:t10=2.34,P0.05)。本研究说明马铁菊头蝠幼蝠能够辨别不同种群间回声定位声波的差异。     

普通长翼蝠福建亚种不同行为状态下回声定位声波研究

普通长翼蝠福建亚种为中国的地方性亚种。采用超声波监听仪和Batsound3 10软件对其回声定位声波进行录制和分析,发现回声定位声波为中等长度的FM型,伴有1～2个谐波,声波主频率为49 35±4 24kHz,一次完整声波的声脉冲时间为3 46±1 63ms,两次声波间的声脉冲间隔为96 09±33 84ms。分析表明,普通长翼蝠福建亚种在飞行和手持状态下的回声定位声波声脉冲时间均小于其悬挂状态,飞行状态下声脉冲间隔时间是各种状态中较小的,而飞行状态下回声定位声波的主频率则为所有状态中最高的,说明蝙蝠在飞行中要面临复杂的环境,辨别较多的障碍物,因此利用高频率声波进行回声定位,才能实现灵活复杂的飞行。     

皮氏菊头蝠夏季的捕食行为对策

利用蝙蝠超声波探测器和CoolEditor 2 0 0 0声波分析软件研究了皮氏菊头蝠 (Rhinolophuspearsoni)的超声波信号 ,同时在野外研究了其捕食行为。研究结果显示皮氏菊头蝠是FM/CF/FM型的食虫蝙蝠。其回声定位信号的CF声波两端均附有短暂的FM信号 ,每次声波脉冲包含 2段信号 ,第 1段信号的CF频率为 (6 1 0 8±0 0 19)kHz ,持续时间为 (4 6 85± 3 72 )ms ;第 2段信号的CF频率为 (6 0 97± 0 0 3)kHz ,持续时间为 (35 12± 2 6 7)ms。在对皮氏菊头蝠的捕食行为研究中 ,通过运用生物多样性指数分析和Spearman相关性分析 ,结果表明皮氏菊头蝠在常绿阔叶落叶混交林中主要以式捕食鳞翅目 (Lepidoptera)、鞘翅目 (Coleoptera)等中型个体的昆虫 ,对食物种类及其体型具有选择性。此外 ,其形态与回声定位功能之间还表现出相关性。     

拖网式食鱼蝠——大足鼠耳蝠的形态、回声定位声波及捕食策略

大足鼠耳蝠(Myotisricketti)是中国特有蝙蝠,其回声定位声波和捕食策略国内外均无报道,对大足鼠耳蝠该方面的研究报导是国内首次。大足鼠耳蝠体型较大,具有强大的后足,足上有强而有力的弯曲的爪,尾膜和距很长。大足鼠耳蝠回声定位声波为FM(调频)型,一般具有1～2个谐波,主频率较低(37.78±1.04kHz),调频带较宽(第一谐波频带宽为42.02±6.98kHz,第二谐波频带宽为25.79±7.89kHz),声脉冲时间较长(2.91±0.54ms),声脉冲间隔时间变化较大(32.30±15.10ms),能率环较高(11.27±5.84%);野外观察发现,大足鼠耳蝠主要在低水面上空飞行,利用大足从水面捕食猎物(拖网式捕食),猎物主要由鱼类组成。即分析和讨论了大足鼠耳蝠形态特征、回声定位特征和捕食策略的相互适应性。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.